DOHA MODERN INDIAN SCOOL

IDEAL INDIAN SCHOOL

GRADE 9 PHYSICS
FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
We have learnt about the motion of objects based on the definition of displacement,
velocity and acceleration. Now let us see the causes that influence the motion of bodies.
Have you wondered why certain natural phenomena occur and why they continue to occur
in the same way? For instance - why do the planets move around the Sun and why a ball
thrown up comes back to the Earth? There is a force, which controls the motion of objects.
We shall learn about that in this chapter.
FORCE AND MOTION:
A vegetable vendor applies force to push the cart, a driver applies force either to stop the
car or to change the speed or direction of motion and a football player kicks the ball to set it
in motion.
In all the above examples, the force applied on a body can bring about the following
changes:
• It can change the state of rest of a body or change its position
• It can change the speed of the body
• It can change the direction of motion of a body.
Definition of Force: Force is the external agent that changes the state of rest or uniform
motion of a body along a straight line.
Contact and Non-Contact Forces:
The forces which arises due to physical interaction among the objects are known as contact
forces.
Eg: Friction, Muscular force, Elastic force etc.
The forces which arises even without the physical contact among the objects are known as
non – contact forces.
Eg: Magnetic force, Electrostatic force, Gravitational force etc.
Resultant Force (or) Net Force:
Any object can be made to move by the application of force. Many forces can act
simultaneously on a body.

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 For example, several
people can jointly move a
boulder but a strong person
can move the same boulder
all by himself. That is, the
force applied by the strong
man produces the same
effect as that produced by the
net force applied by all. The force applied by the strong man is the resultant force.
The resultant force is that single force which when acting on a body produces the same
effect as that produced by a number of forces.

In the above case, Resultant Force F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces: Forces are said to be balanced if they nullify one another
and their resultant force is zero.

If the forces acting on an object are balanced, then it may be at rest or move with
uniform motion. i.e., Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion but they can change
the shape of the object.
Forces are said to be unbalanced if their resultant force is not zero.

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Unbalanced forces acting on an object change its speed and/or direction of motion. It moves
in the direction of the force with the highest magnitude.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION: A body continues to be in the state of rest or uniform
motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
First Law is also called the Law of Inertia.
INERTIA: The tendency of an object to resist the change in its
state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line is known
as inertia.
All bodies do not have the same inertia. Inertia depends
on the mass of a body. Mass of an object is the measure of its
inertia.
More the mass → more inertia and vice versa.
Inertia is classified as:
• Inertia of rest
• Inertia of motion
• Inertia of direction
Examples of Inertia of Rest
• A passenger standing in a bus leans backwards when the bus starts all of a sudden [ When
a bus starts to move suddenly, our feet which are in contact go with the bus, the rest of the
body remains where it is due to inertia of rest. Relative to the bus, therefore, we are thrown
backward]
• Fruits fall down when the branches of a tree are shaken.
• Dust particles on a carpet falls when we beat the carpet with a stick.
Examples of Inertia of Motion
• A passenger standing in a moving bus leans forward when the bus stops all of a sudden.
[when the bus suddenly stops. Our feet stop due to the friction which does not allow
relative motion between the feet and the floor of the bus. But the rest of the body
continues to move forward due to inertia of motion. Hence, we are thrown forward.]
• A man carelessly alighting from a moving train leans forward
Example of Inertia of Direction
• The water particles sticking to the cycle tyre are found to fly off tangentially
• Whenever a driver is negotiating a curve, the passengers experience a force acting away
from the centre of the curve

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MOMENTUM (P): The momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and its
velocity.
P = mv
where, m is the mass of the object, v is its velocity.
SI unit of momentum is kg m/s.
Momentum is a vector quantity and its direction will be same as that of velocity. It is
represented by P.
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION:
Newton's second law of motion states that rate of change of momentum is directly
proportional to applied force and takes place in the same direction as the applied force.
Mathematical Expression for Newton’s Second Law (F = ma):
Consider under the action of a force F for time interval t, the velocity of a body of
mass m changes uniformly from u to v
Initial momentum = mu
Final momentum = mv
Change in momentum = mv – mu = m (v – u)
m (v −u)
Rate of change in momentum =
t

According to the Second Law,

F ∝ Rate of change in momentum
m (v −u) m (v −u)
F∝ ⟹ F =k
t t

Where, k is a proportionality constant

⟹ F= k m a --------- (1)
The unit of force is so chosen in a way such that k = 1. Thus eq. (1) can be written as
F=ma
Definition of newton: Force is one newton, if it causes an acceleration of 1 m s-2 to a mass of 1 kg
along its direction.

1 N = 1 kg m s-2

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IMPULSE:
Mathematical representation of Newton's second law of motion is
m (v −u)
F= ⟹ Ft = mv - mu
t

When the time of application of force is short then Ft is defined as impulse.

Impulse is large force acting for a short duration.
SI unit of impulse = N s or kg m/s.
Example: When we kick a football, the kick lasts only for a fraction of a second. The force,
which we apply on a football, is an example for impulsive force.
NOTE: Have you noticed that while catching a fast
moving cricket ball, a fielder in the ground gradually
pulls his hands backwards with the moving ball?
In doing so, the fielder increases the time during
which the high velocity of the moving ball decreases
to zero. Thus, the acceleration of the ball is decreased
and therefore the impact of catching the fast moving
ball (Fig. 9.8) is also reduced. If the ball is stopped
suddenly then its high velocity decreases to zero in a
very short interval of time. Thus, the rate of change of
momentum of the ball will be large. Therefore, a large
force would have to be applied for holding the catch
that may hurt the palm of the fielder.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION:
Statement:
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Action = - Reaction.
if force on object A by object B (FAB) is action then force on object B by object A (FBA) is
reaction. Then
FAB = - FBA
NOTE: Action reaction forces do not cancel each other. That is because, action reaction
forces never act on the same body.
Hence even though they are equal & opposite in direction, they do not cancel each other.

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Examples of Newton’s Third law of Motion:
1. The birds, while flying, push the air
downwards with the help of their wings
(action force) and the air in turn exerts a force
on the bird in the upward direction (reaction
force)
2. A swimmer pushes the water in the
backward direction (action force) and the
water exerts a force on the swimmer
(reaction force) which pushes him forward

3. When a bullet is fired from a gun,

it exerts a forward force (action) on
the bullet and the bullet exerts an
equal and opposite force on the gun
(reaction) and the gun recoils.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM:
Statement: The total momentum of a system of two objects before collision is equal to the total
momentum of the system after collision provided there is no External force acting on them.

Proof:

Let mA and mB be the masses of two spheres and uA and uB(uA>uB) be their velocities before
collision. During collision at a time t, sphere B exerts a force FAB on sphere A and sphere A
exerts a force FBA on sphere B. If vA and vB are the velocities of spheres A and B after
collision,
According to Newton’s second law of motion,
𝑣𝐴 −𝑢𝐴
(FAB) = mA ( )
𝑡

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According to Newton’s second law of motion,
𝑣𝐵 −𝑢𝐵
(FBA) = mB ( )
𝑡

According to Newton’s third law of motion FAB = - FBA

𝑣𝐴 −𝑢𝐴 𝑣𝐵 −𝑢𝐵
mA ( ) = - mB ( )
𝑡 𝑡

mA(vA-uA) = -mB(vB – uB)

mAvA - mAuA = - mBvB + mBuB
- mAuA - mAuA = - mAvA - mBvB
mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
Therefore, Total momentum of the two balls before collision is equal to the total
momentum of the two balls after collision.
Hence Law of conservation of momentum is verified.