1.What is Arduino?

With the increasing demand for programming, there was a need for a device that could
program electrical devices therefore, Arduino was introduced. Arduino is a board made up of
several interconnected components like microcontrollers, digital pins, analog pins,
power
supplies, and crystal oscillators which give Arduino the ability to program electronic
instruments. You must be familiar with the idea that an Arduino board can be programmed to
illuminate an LED. The Arduino has its hardware and software using which it can
devices. Let us takea look at the Arduino board. program

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Microcontroller: The microcontroller used on the Arduino board is essentially

controlling all major operations. The microcontroller is used to coordinate used for
and execute the code written in a high-level language. the input taken
Analog Reference pin: Analog pins are used for general purposes
analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) which is performed using like supporting 10-bit
analog the Read) function.
Analog pins are particularly helpful since they can store 0-255 bits which is not possible
using digital pins.
Digital Pins: Digital pins are used for general purposes like
output. The commands that are used for setting the modes oftaking input or generating
the pins are pinMode),
digitalRead(), and digital Write) commands.
Reset Button: The reset button on the Arduino board is used for
of Arduino to their default values. In case you want to stop setting all the components
the Arduino in between you can
use this reset button.
 are used| tosupply
ground pins
power and usually 0V to
set a
suggests,
pins are
Ground Pins:
As the name board. The ground
Power and driving the
Arduino
needed for protocols for
communication

the power for the circuit. certain Arduino,

reference level Arduino needs to connect
serial bus): The this purpose. It helps
for
USB (universal universal serial bus is used
purposes and the pies.
microcontrollers with other raspberry

2.Different Types of Arduino Boards

such as
boards includes the following
The list of Arduino
Arduino Uno (R3)
Arduino Nano
Arduino Micro
Arduino Due
LilyPad Arduino Board
Arduino Bluetooth
Arduino Diecimila
RedBoard Arduino Board
Arduino Mega (R3) Board
Arduino Leonardo Board
Arduino Robot
Arduino Esplora
Arduino Pro Mic
Arduino Ethernet
Arduino Zero
Fastest Arduino Board

Most Popular Arduino Boards

ARDUINO PRO MINI MKR WAN 1300/1310

MEGA 2560 REV3

ARDUINO DUE UNO RA WIFi

ARDUINO MICRO
Features of Different Types of Arduino Boards

Arduino Board Processor JDigital I/o| Analogue l/0

Memory
2KB SRAM, 32KB
14 6 input, 0output
Arduino Uno 16Mhz ATmega328 flash
96KB SRAM, 12 input, 2 output
Arduino Due 84MHz AT91SAM3X8E 512KB flash 54
8KB SRAM, 256KB
54 16 input, 0output
Arduino Mega 16MHz ATmega2560 lash
2.SKB SRAM,
32KB flash 20 12 input, 0output
Arduino Leonardol16MHz ATmega32u4

Electronic Signals
communication:
There are two types of signals that are used for
Analog Signal: Analog signals can take any value in
a given continuous range of values.
Generally, analog signals used in Arduino are around 0V.to
SV. The analog pins can take data up
large values as input in the Arduino. These
to8-bit resolution therefore, they are used for taking
signals carry data in avery accurate form without many errors.
which are, high(1") and low(0).
Digital Signal: Digital signals can only take discrete values requires only two values. The
These signals are usually used to Arduino on or off which
known as the binary
collection of two values (0 and 1) can be used to generate asequence transmitted without much
ones. This is how data is
sequence which is a collection of zeroes and
errors.
memory requirement but this can lead to certain errors like quantization

Brackets
There are two types of brackets utilized in Arduino coding, as given below:
Parentheses: When writing a function in IDE, the parentheses brackets are used to include
addition to this,
the argument parameters, such as methods, functions, or code statements. In
the bracket is also used for defining the precedence order while dealing with mathematical
equations. These brackets are represented by ().
Curly Brackets: Curly brackets are used to open and close all the statements in the functions
or out of the functions. Note that a closed curly bracket always follows the open curly
bracket in the code for proper layout. These brackets are denoted by'{}.
Open curly bracket-'{"
Closed curly bracket -'}'
Line Com ment
There are two types of line comments, let us study them individually:
Single-line comment: As the name suggests, the single lines that follow two forward
slashes are known as single-line comments. These statements are known as comments
because the compiler ignores all the characters that come after two forward slashes in a
single line. Comments are hidden when the output is presented. Comments are added for
 he sole purpose of comprehension of the code and for writing necessary information for
user reference.
I/ This is aconment

Multi-line comment: The single line comment extends to one line and the Multi-line
comment is used for adding comments in multiple lines. The syntax is a forward slasn
followed by an asterisk symbol (*), ending witha */. It is mostly used for commenting
larger text blocks that are not interpreted by the compiler and solely for reference purposes
of users.
* This is a multiline comment*/

Coding Screen
IT you open the coding screen of your IDE, you will realize that it is divided into two sections
namely, setup) and loop0. The setup segment is the first block and is implemented first for
preparing the necessary environment needed for running other commands. This coding screen
is shown below:
Arduino IDE File Edit Sketch Tools Help

sketch_apr30a |Arduino IDE 2.0.0-rc6

X Adafuit ItsyBitsy MO Expr...
sketch_apr30a.ino
void setup() {
2 I/ put your setup code here, to run once:
3
4
5
6 void loop() {
/ put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
8
9
10

It is important to note that the setup and loop blocks must have statements that are enclosed
within curly brackets. Depending on the type of project you are working on, you can initialize
the setup in setup() anddefine other necessary statements in the loop() block. Let us study each
section individually
For example
void setup (){
Coding statement 1;
Coding statement 2;
Coding statement n;

void loop0{
Coding statement 1;
Coding statement 2;
Coding statement n;
Setup
Setup contains the very beginning section of the code that must be executed first. The pin
modes, libraries, variables, et., are included in the seiup section so that no problem occurs
when the remaining code runs. It is executed only once during the uploading of the program
and after resetting or powering up the Arduino board.
Zero setup () resides at the top of each sketch. When the program runs after completion, it
heads towards the setup section to initialize the setup and include all the necessary libraries all
at once.
Loop
Ihe loop contains statements that are executed repeatedly. Unlike, the setup section there is no
restriction on running this code once, it can run multiple times according to the value of
variables.

Time
The basic unit of measuring time in Arduino programming is amillisecond.
Isec= 1000 milliseconds
Commonly used functions inArduino:
pinMode(pin, mode):
Sets the specified pin to be an input or
output.
pin: Thenumber of the digital pin.
mode: INPUT or OUTPUT.
" digitalWrite(pin, value):
Writes adigital value (HIGH or LOW) to aspecified
digital pin.
pin: The number of the digital pin.
value: HIGH or LOW.
digitalRead(pin):
Reads the digital value (HIGH or LOW) from a specified digital pin.
pin: The number of the digital pin.
analogWrite(pin, value):
Writes an analog value (0-255) to a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) pin.
pin: The number of the PWM pin.
value: An integer between 0 and 255.
 analog pin.
from a specified
a n a l o g R c a d ( p i n ) :

Reads the analog value analog pin.

pin: The number of the
Time and Delays: of
program execution for the specified number
delay(milliseconds): Pauses the

milliseconds.
to delay.
milliseconds
The number of
o milliseconds:
number of milliseconds since the Arduino started running.
millis0: Returns the
started running.
number of microseconds since the Arduino
micros(): Returns the
Serial Communication:

Serial.begin(baudRate):
specified baud rate.
Initializes serial communication at the
baudRate: The baud rate (e.g.,
9600, 115200).
Serial.print(data):
Prints data to the serial monitor.
text, numbers).
data: The data to be printed (e.g.,

Advantages and Disadvantages of Arduino

Advantages of Arduino. electronics. Its easy
the best choice for starting your programming journey in
Arduino is own.
build simple projects on their
to-use interface allows users to experience in electronics before starting work
There is no need for experience
or hands-on learning through simple
with a genuine interest in Arduinocan begin
on Arduino. Anyone
These tutorials are available
free of cost for creating some
tutorials and some guidance.
beginner-level and advanced projects. create some projects
offer a wide range of options. You can use:Arduino alone to Raspberry Pie.
Arduinos
extra features by integrating it with other devices like
or you can add some and platforms.
open-source tool that can be accessed from different locations
Arduino is an different microcontrollers
of Arduinos, they can be used on
Due to the inexpensive naturemicrocontrollers.
like Atmel's ATMEGA 16U2
Depending on the need of your project, you
can availof any Arduino that satisfies the
that offer different size ranges,
needs.These Arduinoare available in different designs
power, and specifications.
Disadvantages of Arduino
Raspberry pies and other
Despite being able to communicate with other boards like
installed to use
Arduinos, the communication of Arduino is very restricted since it is
certain basic communication protocols.
Arduinos have been designed for beginner-level projects as a result they have Limited
Memory and Processing Power which limits the projects that can be made using Arduino.
Due to the lack of excess security in Arduino boards, .they can be easily hacked which can
result in loss and data leakage.
When it comes to accuracy, the Arduino board is not the best choice since it lacks the
precision needed for analog to digitalconversion.
 Arduino responds and coordinates tasks based on the responsiveness of other components
duc to which it can not be programmed for real-time applications.
Application of Arduino
Arduino finds its applications in various fields due to their ability to perform different things.
betussce some ofis'application_
Arduinos are used in 3D printing where they perform the task of selecting how the printing
will be performed.
Arduinos are used for creating basic designs by makers, designers, hackers, and creators
across the globe to create some great projects. Some,of the projects are Laser Turret
Controller, Retro Gaming With an OLED Display, and Traffic Light Controller. Midi
Arduinos are used in the field of robotics for programming
like sensing and responding to environmental conditions. robots and adding basic features
Arduino is used in IoT(Internet of Things) since it can collect
information using sensors.
The collected data is then processed and transmitted for developing
various smart devices.