RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

2ND SEM S.Y. 2024-2025

CE05
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

Glass
Chapter 9

GROUP 8
NAME ACTUAL WRITTEN GROOMING
REPORT REPORT
Castillo, Jhona Faye L.

Cascante, Aljon M.

Payawal, Marcus Louis B.

CEIT – 02 – 401A
TF / 9:00 AM – 10:00 AM

DATE

Engr. Aleli N. Rey

PROFESSOR
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
2ND SEM S.Y. 2024-2025

CE05
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING

Glass
Chapter 9

GROUP 8

TOPICS:
9.0……………..……………………………..……… Castillo
9.1……………..……………………………..……… Castillo
9.2……………..……………………………..……… Cascante
9.3……………..……………………………..……… Cascante
9.4……………..……………………………..……… Payawal
9.5……………..……………………………..……… Payawal

CEIT – 02 – 401A
TF / 9:00 AM – 10:00 AM

DATE
 Engr. Aleli N. Rey
PROFESSOR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
9.0 Glass ……………………………………………………………………….. 01
9.1 Introduction of making glass; its importance…………………………… 04
9.2 Manufacture and processing of glass…………………………………….. 05
9.3 Property and performance of glass in construction…………………….. 18
9.4 Design and application……………………………………………………. 23
9.5 Service and end of life…………………………………………………….. 27
References: ……………………………………………………………………….. 29
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GROUP MEMBERS

Payawal, Marcus Louis B. Cascante, Aljon M.

Castillo, Jhona Faye L.

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9.0 Glass
What is Glass?
Glass is a solid-like and transparent material that is used in numerous applications in our daily
lives. It is made from natural and abundant raw materials that are melted at high temperatures to
form a new material.
Types of Glass
- Sheet Glass - Sheet glass, or also known as rolled glass is produced by passing molten
glass through rollers to shape it into a flat, uniform sheet. This glass can have a variety
of surface textures, from smooth to patterned, depending on the design of the rollers.
Commonly used in glazing greenhouses.

• Float Glass - A flat, uniform type of glass that is produced through the float glass process,
where molten glass is floated on a bed of molten metal to form smooth, even sheets.
Commonly used in windows, glass doors, and shop fronts.

• Laminated Glass - A type of glass made by bonding two or more layers of glass with a
plastic interlayer, usually polyvinyl butyral (PVB). It also improves sound insulation and
can provide UV protection. Commonly used in bridges, windshields, skylights of high
building and aquariums. And even the best choice in making glass canopies as it can
reduce harmful rays.
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• Stained Glass - Colored glass that is crafted by adding metallic salts during the
manufacturing process, giving it a range of vibrant hues. Commonly used in churches
and Cathedral, or even in house’s door and windows.

- Toughened Glass - Toughened glass, also known as tempered glass, is glass that
undergoes a heat-treatment process where it is heated to high temperatures and then
rapidly cooled. Commonly used in home interiors, such as windows, shower screens,
partitions, and swimming pool fencing.

- Smart Glass - A type of glass that can alter its optical properties, such as transparency or
reflectivity, in response to external factors like electric current, heat, or light. Commonly
used in places that needs privacy such as office partitions, bathroom windows, conference
rooms, and some healthcare facilities
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9.1 Introduction of making glass; its importance

How is glass produced?
Glass production refers to the fundamental process of creating raw glass from natural materials.
It involves several steps:
1. Raw Material Selection and Preparation
Glass is made from a combination of raw materials, which is:
- Silica Sand
- Soda Ash
- Limestone
- Other Additives like metal oxides and boron
2. Melting Process
- The raw materials are heated in a furnace at 1,700–1,800°C until they melt into a uniform
liquid. This process removes impurities and air bubbles, ensuring high-quality glass.
3. Refining and Homogenization
- The molten glass is stirred and refined to eliminate inconsistencies, ensuring a smooth and
even texture. Any remaining gases escape, making the glass clearer and stronger.
4. Forming and Shaping
Once the glass is in its molten state, it is ready to be shaped into different forms through
manufacturing techniques such as:
- Floating – The molten glass is poured into a bed of molten tin, creating a smooth,
even sheet.
- Blowing – Air is blown into a molten glass blob to expand it into a hollow shape.
- Pressing & Molding – The molten glass is pressed into molds.
Why is it important?
Glass is essential in construction to improve natural light, aesthetics, and energy efficiency.
Technologies like double glazing help regulate temperatures and lower energy use. It enables
open designs for clear views and enhances acoustic insulation, making it a versatile choice that
supports sustainability and comfort in modern architecture.
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9.2 Manufacture and processing of glass

Raw Materials
- Sand, Limestone, Dolomite, Soda ash, Alumina and also glass itself is also an important
ingredient, its recycling reduces the need of raw materials and accelerates the melting
process. Benefits of it is energy consumption is limited and less C02 which one of the
main greenhouse gasses emitted in the atmosphere.

1. Silica (SiO2) also known as silica sand, is primary component of glass which about 70-
75% of glass composition. It forms the glass structure and provides the necessary
transparency and strength, durability and thermal resistance. Melting point is around 1700
°C.

2. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) also known as soda ash, it decomposes into sodium oxide
and carbon dioxide when heated. It reduces the melting point of silica. It is 12-15% of
glass composition. Soda ash makes glass water-soluble, requiring stabilizers like
limestone to counteract this effect.

3. Limestone (CaCO3) used as source of calcium oxide (CaO). When limestone is heated,
it decompose into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. It stabilizes glass and improves
durability, it’s about 5-15% of glass composition.

4. Dolomite (MgO) it provides magnesium that improves resistance to thermal shock and
mechanical strength. It’s about 2-5% of glass composition
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5. Alumina (Al2O3) it provides aluminum oxide that increases resistance to scratching. It

also add strength and durability in glass. It about 1-3% of glass composition

6. Cullet (recycled glass) recycled or broken glass used as a raw materials in glass
manufacturing. Reduce cost and use of raw materials and conserve energy
Type of Cullet:
- Internal (Plant) Cullet: waste glass generated within manufacturing plant, such
as defects, production scraps or off cut.

- External (Post-Consumer): Collected from recycled bottles, jars, windows, and

other glass products.
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Benefits of Using Cullet

- Reduces Energy Consumption: Cullet melts at low temperature than raw
materials
- Lowers Raw materials Demands: Reduces the need for mining sand, soda ash,
and limestone.
- Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Since it melts faster, it reduces CO2
emissions from the decomposition of limestone and soda ash. For every 10%
increase in cullet usage, CO2 emission reduced by 5%.
- Improves Furnace Lifespan: Lower melting temperature reduce strain on the
furnace.
Limitations of Using Cullet
- Contamination Issue: Cullet must be free from ceramics, stones, metal caps and
plastic to prevent cause of defects in new glass
- Color Sorting Requirements: Must be sorted by color since mixed color can
affect the final product’s appearance.
Percentage of Cullet Used in Glass Production
- Glass bottles & Containers: 40-80%
- Flat Glass (Windows, Mirrors): 20 -30%
- Fiber Glass: 30-50%
- Quality Optical & Specialty Glass: 0 – 10& due to purity requirement.
Cullet Processing and Integration
- Collection – Gathered from recycling centers, households, and industries.
- Sorting – Separated by color and non-glass contaminants removed.
- Cleaning – Washed to remove labels, and dirt
- Crushing – Broken into small pieces to enhance melting efficiency
- Melting & mixing – added to the raw materials
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Manufacturing of Glass
Float Glass
The manufacturing of glass involves several chemical processes. Here is a brief overview of the
chemistry involved:

1. Batching (mixing of raw materials)

- Mixture of raw materials for melting is known as the batch. Glass Processing Batch
Mixers are considered a major part of glass production plants. The exact formation varies
whether transparent or colored glass is desired. For transparent it requires lower iron
content, while colored glass can tolerate higher iron levels. This various raw materials are
transported to the factory by truck or train and stored in the batch house for regularly check
to guarantee the purity. Then deliver or pass to the furnace.

2. Furnace (Melting)
Area where the raw material are being molten at a temperature of 1550°C to 1600°C until
it becomes liquid, and chemical reaction occur between different elements. In this process
the furnace are continually monitored to optimize the thermal balance in the furnace. And
before it was spread over molten tin at 2,000°F it was cooled down from 1400°C to 1100°C.
9|Page

3. Float/tin bath (Forming)

Glass coming from the furnace flows gently and spread out which literally floating to molten
tin and heated from above to form sheet of glass usually called glass ribbon. Molten glass
and molten tin does not mix up due to their physical and chemical conditions. At edges of
the glass there is top rolls machines. These top rolls machines are main factors to adjusting
the thickness and width of glass to what customer desired. At the end of the float bath the
glass is cooled down further and leaves the tin bath at around 600°C and driven to Lehr.

4. Lehr (annealing and cooling)

In the lehr zone the glass is annealed and gradually cooled to relieve stresses and prevent
splitting in the cutting phase. The lehr is made of two parts; first one is the annealing zone
where the temperature decreases from 600°C to 480°C and the stress is fixed. The second
part is cooling zone is where the glass ribbon is gradually cooled between 50°C to 80°C.
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5. Cold end (Cutting)

Cold end is the last part of the production line it includes quality control, cutting, and
stacking. The entire glass ribbon is continuously checked to detect all kinds of defects.
After checking the glass was cut and automatically stacked by machine called transloaders
ten transport to warehouse or to customers.

For other types of glass

Laminated Glass

1. Selection & Preparation: Laminated glass starts with two or more sheet of float glass.
- Cutting and Sizing – float glass is cut to required size, holes are made at this stage.
- Edge finishing & Polishing – the edge are polished to remove sharp edges and
prevent stress fractures
- Cleaning – remove dust, grease and contaminants before lamination
2. Selection of interlayer: Interlayer is the key component that holds the glass together
when broke.
- Common Interlayer Material
a. Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) – Most common, flexible and provides sound
insulation.
b. EVA (Ethylene – Vinyl Acetate) – Used for decorative laminated glass
c. SentryGlas Plus (SGP) – Stronger and more durable, used for bulletproof
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- Interlayer Placement: Interlayer film is cut to the same size as the glass. It is
placed between the glass sheets.
3. Pre-Pressing Process (Cold pressing): heat (60-90°C) and pressure are applied to
bond the layers. The pre-laminated glass is temporarily held together for further
processing.
4. Autoclave Process (Final Bonding & Strengthening): Pre- laminated glass is placed
into an autoclave, a high pressure oven. Glass under go to 120-140°C temperature and
150-225 psi in 30-60 minutes. This process removes any remaining air and ensures a
permanent bond between the glass and interlayer.

Toughened Glass

- Batching: same as Float glass

- Melting: same as Float glass
- Forming: same as Float glass
- Cutting and shaping: Glass is cut to required dimension using automatic machine
before tempering, since toughened glass cannot be modified after processing.
- Cleaning & Inspection: Glass is thoroughly washed to remove dust and oils
- Heat Process:
a. Heating Stage: The furnace heat the glass to 20°C -620°C (softening
temperature just below the melting point).
b. Soaking Period: glass is held in this temperature for 1 – 2 minutes to ensure
uniform heat distribution.
- Rapid Cooling (Quenching process): heated glass is immediately move into the
quenching chamber. The outer layer cools rapidly, while the inner core cools slowly. Tis
creates compressive stress on surface and tensile stress in the center making the glass
durable
- Final inspection:
a. Strength testing – to ensure the glass is meets international standards
b. Fragmentation test – Sample is broken to verify shatter into small, blunt pieces rather
than sharp edges.
Bottle Glass
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- Batching: same as Float glass

- Melting: same as Float glass
- Forming bottles:
a. Blow to Blow process: For narrow neck Bottle like beer and wine.
- A molten glass portion is dropped into a parison mold
- Compressed air blows it into a preliminary bottle shape
- Transferred to a final mold
- Another blast of air expands it into the final shape
b. Press and Blow process: For wide-mouth containers like jars
- Molten glass placed into a mold
- A mechanical plunger presses it into the parison shape
- The parison is transferred into final mold
- Air is blown to achieve final bottle shape

- Annealing (Cooling & Strengthening)

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a. Formed bottles pass through an annealing lehr

b. The temperature is gradually reduced from 600°C – 700°C to a room temperature
c. Controlled cooling relieves internal stresses, preventing breakage
- Packaging & Delivery: Bottle are sorted, packed in crates or cartons, and prepared for
shipping to beverage or food manufactures.
Rolled Glass

- Batching: same as Float glass

- Melting: same as Float glass
- Rolling Process: The molten glass is passed between two rollers, imprinting the desired
design onto surface.
Plastics
Raw materials - Plastic Glass is made from synthetic polymers derived from petroleum-based
chemicals
1. Acrylic (PMMA – Polymethyl Methacrylate - Used for transparent sheets window, and
optical lenses.

2. Polycarbonate (PC) – A high-impact, shatter resistance alternative for glass.

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3. Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol – used for medical and food packaging

Processes:
1. Batch Cell Process

- Polymerization – Liquid methyl methacrylate monomer is mixed with catalyst to start the
polymerization
- Molding – the liquid mixture is poured into a mold between two glass
- Curing – the mold is heated to solidify the plastic into a clear sheet
- Cooling and cutting – The solidified sheet is cooled and cut to required sized.
2. Extrusion Process:

- Melting – Acrylic or polycarbonate pellets are heated in extruder.

- Shaping – The molten plastic is forced through a die to form continuous sheet
- Cooling – The sheet passes through rollers to cool and maintain uniform thickness
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- Cutting & Processing – the plastic glass is cut into required dimension and may be
coated for scratch resistance.
3. Injection Molding Process:

- Melting & injection process – the plastic pellet are heated and injected into a mold
- Cooling & Solidification – The molten plastic takes the shape of the mold and cools
- Ejection & Finishing – The molded piece is removed, polished and coated if needed.

Insulated Glass
Raw materials
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1. Float Glass: is typically the starting point, chosen for its high clarity and strength. It’s
essential that the glass is free from impurities, as any imperfections could affect the IG
unit’s insulating properties.
2. The spacers: usually made of aluminum or stainless steel, separate the two glass panes,
creating an insulating air space. This space can be filled with gases like argon or krypton
to enhance insulation.
3. Desiccant: Desiccant is a moisture-absorbing material that is added to insulated glass
units to prevent condensation from forming on the interior surface of the glass.
4. Sealants: applied around the edges, ensure that the air space remains airtight and
prevents moisture from entering
Manufacturing process:

1. Cutting and Sizing - Precision cutting machines are used to cut large sheets of float glass into
specific sizes, depending on the project requirement.
2. Washing and Cleaning - Any debris, dust, or oil present on the glass surface can compromise
the adhesion of the sealants, leading to air or moisture leaks over time. After washing, the glass
is dried and inspected for any remaining contaminants.
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3. Spacer Application - spacers are applied between the glass panes to create an insulating air
gap. The width of the spacer determines the thickness of the air space, which directly affects the
IG unit's thermal performance. Spacers can be filled with a desiccant material to absorb any
moisture that may be trapped within the air gap.

4. Filling the Insulating Space with Gas - insulating air space between the glass panes is often
filled with inert gases such as argon or krypton. These gases have lower thermal conductivity than
air, which improves ability to reduce heat transfer.

5. Sealing the Unit - Double-sealing techniques are commonly used, with one seal providing
structural integrity and the other serving as a moisture barrier.
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6. Final Inspection and Testing - This stage includes checks for visual defects, dimensional
accuracy, and overall performance. Advanced testing equipment is used to measure the unit's
thermal efficiency, ensuring it meets industry standards
9.3 Property and performance of glass in construction
Properties of glass
Physical properties
1. Transparency:
Glass materials offer high transparency and excellent light transmission, allowing natural light to
penetrate buildings. Transparency is the main property of glass which allows the vision of the
outside world through it. The transparency of glass can be from both sides or from one side only.
This property enhances the aesthetic appeal and contributes to energy efficiency by reducing the
need for artificial lighting.
Performance:
1. Windows & Glass Façades – Maximizes natural light in building, reducing
energy consumption.
2. Lenses & Optical Instruments – Used in eyeglasses, cameras, and
microscopes for clear vision.
3. Greenhouse panels – allows sunlight to pass through.

2. Brittleness: Glass is rigid but breaks under impact due to low toughness.
Performance:
1. Tempered glass – Strengthened glass use for car windows and showers doors
2. Laminated glass – Layer glass with interlayer in between preventing shattering, used
in wind shields and security glass.

3. Hardness:
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Glass is relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness scale rating of around 5.5-6.0. This means it is less
prone to scratches and marks compared to many other materials, suitable for surfaces that
experience regular contact.

Performance:
1. Scratch – Resistance Coating - Used in smartphones screens and camera lenses.

4. Density:
Glass’s specific density, which varies depending on the type of glass, contributes to its stability in
architectural applications like skyscraper windows and glass floors. Therefore, glass ensures
maximum structural integrity while allowing for natural light. Glass can affects structural
performance and load-bearing capacity.
Performance:
1. Glass Blocks: Used in walls and partitions, offering both strength and aesthetic appeal.
2. Structural Glass: Used in high-rise buildings and glass floors, providing stability and support.

Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge in China

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Thermal Properties
1. Heat Resistance – Can withstand high temperatures without breaking.
Performance:
1. Oven doors, Cookware
2. Laboratory Glassware

2. Thermal Conductivity:
With relatively low thermal conductivity. This means it does not easily transfer heat, making it an
effective insulator. Glass helps conserve energy by acting as an effective thermal barrier. It
reduces heat transfer, improves energy efficiency, and maintains comfortable indoor
temperatures.
Performance:
1. Insulating panels in building
2. Windows
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3. UV and Infrared Absorption:

Certain types of glass can absorb harmful UV and IR radiation while allowing visible light to pass
through. This helps protect interiors from sun damage and reduces heat gain.
Performance:
1. UV-Protective Glass: Used in museums and galleries to protect artwork and artifacts from UV
damage.

Chemical properties:
1. Chemical Resistance:
Glass doesn't react with most chemicals, so it's safe for storing liquids and substances. It also
doesn't absorb liquids or gases, which helps prevent contamination.
Performance:
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1. Chemical Containers: Used for storing acids, medicines, and lab solution.
2. Food Packaging (Glass bottles & jars) – Preserves freshness without contamination.

Mechanical Properties
High Compressive Strength – Glass can withstand pressure when compressed but it is weak in
bending and stretching. It also can withstand high pressure when force is applied evenly across
its surface.
Performance:
1. Skyscraper windows
2. Airplanes

Electrical properties
3: Electrical Insulation:
Glass is an excellent electrical insulator, with high electrical resistivity. Its ability to insulate against
electricity is valuable in construction projects, where it is used in electrical insulators to prevent
electrical conduction and ensure safety. This prevents the flow of electric current, making it safe
for use in electrical applications.
Performance:
1. Light Bulb
2. Glass power line insulation – prevent current from flowing into unwanted areas.
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Acoustic Property:
5: Sound Transmission:
Glass also helps get rid of environmental noise. Glass can reduce noise transmission by reflecting
and absorbing sound waves.
Performance:
1. Used in recording studios and concert halls to minimize noise.
2. Soundproof Windows: Used in homes and offices to reduce external noise pollution.

9.4 Design and application

DESIGN OF GLASS IN CONSTRUCTION
1. KITCHENWARE GLASS DESIGN

Kitchenware glass are composed entirely of borosilicate glass. This is due to the
material's exceptional durability, which allows it to withstand daily wear and tear of all
kinds. It doesn't release any harmful chemicals into food and is non-toxic. Furthermore,
borosilicate glass is a perfect option for any home because it is non-porous and does not
absorb stains or odors.
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APPLICATION:
• BOTTLE WINES
• PLATES
• CUPS

2. ELECTRONICS GLASS

Glass is a key component in the industry of electronics, influencing the design and
functionality of several gadgets. Glass's many uses, from cellphones to space
exploration, highlight its adaptability and crucial role in pushing the boundaries of
technology. Examine the complex relationships between electronics and glass below.

APPLICATION:
• TV
• CELLPHONES
• LAPTOPS

3. AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Specifically made glass for windshields, side windows, rear windows, and sunroofs is
referred to as automotive glass. It offers defense against collisions, weather, and UV
rays and is designed for safety, durability, and visibility.

APPLICATION:
• WINDSHIELDS
• SIDE AND REAR WINDOWS
• SUN ROOFS

4. STRUCTURAL GLASS DESIGN

It is glass that supports a portion of the weight of the construction. Because it is made
out of panels of load-bearing, reinforced glass that are typically glued together with a
powerful silicone adhesive, architects and engineers are able to design structures or
building elements that look as though they were made entirely of glass.

APPLICATION:
• GLASS BRIDGES
• BALUSTRADES & STAIRS

5. THERMAL AND ACOUSTIC INSULATION DESIGN

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Thermal Insulation is intended to improve building energy efficiency by minimizing heat

transfer. By lowering heat gain in the summer and minimizing heat loss in the winter, it
aids in maintaining indoor temperatures. The purpose of acoustic insulation glass,
sometimes referred to as soundproof glass, is to lessen noise transmission, creating
more peaceful and comfortable interior environments. It is frequently utilized in places
that are sensitive to noise, such as houses, workplaces, and hotels.

APPLICATION:
• RECORDING STUDIOS
• COMMERCIAL OFFICES

6. SMART GLASS DESIGN

is a kind of glass that reacts to temperature or

electrical signals by altering its optical characteristics, turning opaque or tinted. This can
be used to conveniently give a room privacy or visibility, as well as to improve energy
efficiency by keeping heat and sunlight out of a building on hot days

APPLICATION:
• PARTITION WALLS
• WINDOWS
• DOORS

9.5 Service and end of life

SERVICE OF GLASS
The service life of glass is influenced by environmental, mechanical, and material factors.
Environmental factors such as pollution, humidity, UV rays, and temperature swings can erode
coatings and compromise structural integrity. Vibrations, wind loads, impact, and surface
scratches are examples of mechanical factors that can cause accumulation of stress and a
possible failure.
1. Cleaning and Polishing

Clarity can be restored, and small scratches can be

minimized with polishing services. For long-term upkeep,
protective coatings can be applied. Water stains, dirt, and
persistent stains are removed by professional deep
cleaning.
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2. Inspection and Preventive Maintenance

Verifying the correct alignment and functioning of shower

enclosures, glass doors, and window frames. Regular
inspections for structural weakness, seal leakage, or wear.

3. Repair and Restoration

In order to restore the glass's original functionality and look,

problems like chips, cracks, scratches, and stains must be
fixed. By improving the glass's strength and appearance,
restoration methods aim to guarantee its longevity and
safety.

4. Replacement Services

To restore functioning, safety, and aesthetics, glass

replacement involves removing out broken or damaged glass
and replacing it with new, properly fitted glass, exact
measurements are usually needed to make sure the new
glass fits snugly and is sealed correctly to stop leaks, drafts,
and additional damage.

Proper installation, maintenance, and protective coatings can extend the lifespan of glass,
ensuring long-term performance in architectural and industrial applications.
END OF LIFE OF GLASS
1. Recycling

One special advantage of glass is that it can be recycled 100%

of the time without losing quality. In the recycling process,
spent glass is gathered, cleaned, and melted to create new
glass items. It is possible to repeat this technique indefinitely.

2. Landfilling

Glass could end up in a landfill if it is not recycled, for

example, if it is contaminated or not separated from other
waste. Glass can be buried and stay unbroken for
thousands of years, even though it doesn't break down.
Natural factors can also because it to gradually fragment
into small pieces, but it never completely decomposes.
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GLASS AND GLAZING

SECTION 1801. General Requirements

(a) This chapter shall apply to exterior glass and glazing in all Occupancies except Groups A, B,
and J Occupancies not over three storeys in height, and to interior and exterior glass and
glazing in all occupancies subject to human impact as specified in this Code.

(b) Standards for materials shall conform to the provisions set by the Secretary on glass
dimensional tolerances, breaking stress levels, and design safety factors.

(c) Each light shall bear the manufacturer's label designating the type and thickness of glass.
Each light with special performance characteristics such as laminated, heat-strengthened, fully
tempered, or insulated shall bear the manufacturer's identification showing the special
characteristics of such glasses by etching or other permanent identification that shall be visible
after the glass is glazed.

SECTION 1802. Area Limitation

Exterior glass and glazing shall be capable of safely withstanding the load due to wind
pressures for various height zones above ground acting inward or outward. The area of the
individual light shall be not more than the maximum allowable area of glass according to the
wind load multiplied by the appropriate adjustment factor.

SECTION 1803. Glazing

Glass firmly supported on all four edges shall be glazed with minimum laps and edge
clearances in accordance with Section 1801 paragraph (b), Provided, that glass edge
engagement shall be not less than what is required for wind and earthquake loads. For glass
not firmly supported on all four edges and used structurally, the supports shall be built to
withstand wind and earthquake loads. The glass shall be considered firm when deflection of the
support at design load does not exceed 1/175 of the span.

SECTION 1804. Louvered Windows

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Plate glass, float glass, and glass panels in jalousies and louvered windows shall not be thinner
than 5.6 millimeters and shall not be longer than 1.20 meters. Exposed glass edges shall be
smooth.

SECTION 1805. Impact

Frameless glass doors, glass in doors, fixed glass panels, and similar glazed openings which
may be subject to accidental human impact shall conform with the requirements set forth by the
Secretary on impact loads of glass: Except in the following cases.
1. Bathtub and shower enclosures shall be constructed from approved shatter-resistant
materials, such as:
- Wire-reinforced glass not less than 5.6 millimeters thick
- Fully tempered glass not less than 4.8 millimeters thick
- Laminated safety glass not less than 6.4 millimeters thick
2. Glass lights located not less than 450 millimeters above the adjacent finished floor or walking
surface.
3. Glass lights when the least dimension is not greater than 450 millimeters.
4. Glass lights 1.50 square meters or less in area.
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REFERENCES
Baraiya, K. (2019). Characteristics & Properties of Glass as a Building Material. Gharpedia.

https://gharpedia.com/blog/characteristics-properties-glass-building-material/

Eli. (2025). Types of Glass Used in Construction and Their Properties. Build-construct. https://build-

construct.com/building/glass-

construction/#:~:text=This%20article%20provides%20a%20detailed%20overview%20of%20the,

why%20glass%20is%20indispensable%20in%20contemporary%20architectural%20design

Glass as a building material. (n.d.). Understand Building Construction.

https://www.understandconstruction.com/glass.html#:~:text=Production%20of%20glass%3A&te

xt=Traditionally%20glass%20was%20made%20by,glass%20has%20been%20the%20same.

Glass, L. (2025, January 29). What is laminated glass and what are the benefits? Lee Glass & Glazing.

https://www.leeglass.com/news/laminated-glass-

benefits/#:~:text=Laminated%20glass%20is%20constructed%20of,uniformed%20layer%20even%

20when%20broken.

Glass Materials in Structures. (n.d.). Turn2engineering. https://turn2engineering.com/civil-

engineering/structural-engineering/glass-materials-in-structures

Glass Performance Factors 101: Comprehensive Guide to. (n.d.). glassforum.

https://glassforum.org/glass-performance-factors-comprehensive-guide/#htoc-performance-

metrics
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