»D | --———-Unai =- 300 PROBABILITY Pxobabitety : © pxobabitsty A lo saince of decciedy - making swith coleulaled sks 4 te dace of - Ya lin chow G sample spac 3) and are not dixpink | tien PCnus) = Pca) + PCB) - Plans) Ava = Av Cina), whexe A ond Ana axo rudually foink dif = pl(aus) = P [av (ans) J * Pla) + P (ined Tey Autom 3} * Pw) +P0BY - PLAnB) or om (4) orwwovels F fxm ASeoram 3.3 Of)J P thus) = Pla) + [plang) +plane)3 —p (ane) = Plp) +P (inB) u(ane)J - P(angd fe Uiine) and lane) axe déijesnt: ] > Plav8) = playspiB)~P (ane)9 Maltin ‘Theoxam af paohabittly fox two quenks A and B Plana) == Pla) - PlBin) , Pla) ¥o | = P(e) - Pale) , p(B) x0 Whore PBA) sopresents tondEtienal Probohtlety of Olcurence of B when He A event fas abwady Aappyred and P(nia) 8 Condédfonal Pope Aappord of A, qin Hol B has abstadsy happy Ret og wait athe hn Poy = 2, pes) = 2B) on prangy = DLANB) ns) nics) nes) por Be Undétional avent pip, He qdavourable @Oubeomes must be one of fhe Aample posits of B dey Gor Ha event Ale, Me Sample space fi B cand out ihe 018) Aample pout / nana) por tah fo fhe ocowence of Me ovent A, Honco nana) P (Ala) a RewrEltuig , we gee Pinna) = lB) MMB) _ PB). PCAyB) nes) n(B) Jericdoodg PtanB) = Mtr) x NAMB) _ P(r). Pepin). nts) nw)o> ) Confinuows Pbatbubion Funchion : BR x & a nbinucus xardom vartable with the pedid. $00), dan the functor x FG) = Plxen) = fdteidb, wert 0d = & called He lAbEbutun qfunckin cd.f) om Bomatines Lhe Ccumnudtalite distetbution qfunctin Co-d-f) of a xandom Variables %. Pxopetin @ DiiboEbution gfunction : Os FO) EI | mw snse pum analysis CRiamen sitegral) , we Knew that Fla) - dre = ft) v0 h > FO) B non dacwasthg qunctdon of 2. z ab Ft) . bin @) - Lim . oe F J Sova -{ for de ' y 04 FH) 4) FOL) Ba conffnucus § qunchiin of % on Lha sf ght, Ghe dBuentfruilbs a Fix) axe af He most Lounlable . Tk may bo noted drat b a Ptae web) = F4tordy = [sere - [feed de a oo -a = plxeb) -P (xa) = Fb) - Flat - Abr hors » b [_PCazs 2b) = Placxeb) = plasxeb) fF de ---02)20] pla - 4 Fo) fr) dF es) Sen de. oT dF tt) 3 knewn 0s probabélihy differontal bX. 6) [Witte Animas qf probability? The cariorns Lhus provide a Aek of sutles which difine sulakierstips bekwecn obbrack entitis , These gule can Le used to deduce betwen ind He Hiroremns tan be brought together to de-luc1e mene Lemplex Lheonams. These Horas fave no ampxital meanig wlbawugh thay can be given an Sntexprelalicy toms enpréial Phonomenen . The simpoxtank pout , fowewer, & Bok Be malkemalital dovelopmenk of probabtittty Preoxum & th ne way , condébiinot aygon tke uitepretaion given fe Be Moony. he hot of all possible oulvornes ofa sgiien seandom Lapetinent B soled He ramp space wassotaled wilh Hin epetment » Fah powtble oubeme 0% clement sha Apace & talled 2 Larple point oa an Qbemen Cary event, Random Van‘able : : A snandom variable Cn.vy Boa Gun clic Xl) weth demain 3 ank range (-6,6) buch Bol for eveuf seal pumben a, Bin werk (wi x le) 4a) ée.Propertits of DAtrtbutiv Fanchion : sh fo ka df of ho xv x and of ath, Sen Plazxéb) = FCb) -Fla) 00h * 5 : Puoed The events azxeb and ‘x60’ sare difeint cand Bus unfor A the donk \xeb. Hence by additeén Hees of probability : Plasx2b) 4 OC x20) = P(xeb) > pl azxeb) =P(réb) -Plxe2a) > Ptb)~ Fla) Ht pA dS ob one dimensional xv. x, Phen @ ofetx) 41 em) Fx) 2 FLY) xy $n ober words , alt dA txtbubén Gfurchearis ae meno bombably — pon - docwasing sand Lin bokwan oand 1. Sp ph ded of one dinansional 1.V x, then bin pido and plo) km pide) pe Arab Jak the orpres nohitch He panple Apa 8 asa teusntabla Valuer of wxelten as qollows. ao ps)- 9 2 penexexemida S plinzvens) nz) n=0 Fle) = 6 i b t2 MR OS rena Fen) 4 LR OF Ptnn)-roo a7 n=) bye feo - hm © Aa 4 Flo) ready 4 we [rte3n = Fly}2 Flo) -~F tw)\ 4 Lpce)-rto)} \> Fle) Fla) = *{*) Ate Lh pC)

fy————_. a Whot A He chance Hat a will contain 53 sundays’) bon. deap year = 36 days = 52 weeks and 2 days The folowing ue the powthle tembateota gon hor two ‘over’ days : § dun, Mont, fen Tue {Tue , wed, f Wed thu Sha, wath Spur, sat} fat, Aur) Requibied probability = £ nts) n(n) NO) = § gun, mon 4h sak , Suny Ae Laun't Seren V5 fue} {wed 9 (mH {sak Rese ae Y Requived probahstlity 2 ee Heap year Aolected at nandorn—————— UNIT = Yy_ a Matwemancar EXPECTATION MatRematiicad Expectation of Random The prohabilcty Aibduten fo a xandem Vartoble, We oflan want fo compute Me mean on cupected value 4 Biz xandem vartable » Ye erp ected valse a xandemn Vass able ua heights aw the probab il os asratated wilh the lorresponding Values s the mathemalfcl expan hos lempulting fhe orpocted yolue Fa diate sandem variable xX wklh prshobb lily mans gunchiin (p.m.4) fin B fuen below t FU) = Zaha), Chon diicrole nv) __ ou) The Walhematuionl oxpresuin ox umpubr He Lapoctedl Value of a wenkfrucus yandem Vartable x with probability — densely functiin (pd. FSO) 8 , Aowerar , as pws a Food = fx didn, Chon entfruow me) _ oe oe) Provided the xfght hand Alegel wi a) ori |r Bb abwlutey covergint £0s9 proukded te eey pe 2 J) letoul de = fm fer) du 2 = Zltti)= Zixl fay ce xdadetheén Theorem of Expectation - th x and y ore sandem variables, then EQay) = EG) 4EQ) prootded call the xpodtabors out, Paoot : Loe x cond y be continuous avs with pout pd. 4. tay 04) and maxgthal pdt 6-fyer) and Jyl4) Sospocktvoly «Then by dof Eu): f detode on ob d Fo = f r an 4 ae yt, y) dy _— 0) try) dey Caged bw ay Od dhdy a Jey tay) ady ab > Eu) 4 £CY) Tho sustt fan bo eitended by n Vavtab la AB gulen below.ie Mullick Teonam of Expotakich x ond Y are fncbepondent nandom vastab Lo, Shar) FE Gy) = EOD. Et), proof Pwleediiig os th prepoty 3, we Bawe a Etxy) = f ry dey Giyddidy ab ob wb ° I foxy fy ti) dy y) du dy 2 «Talis ¥ and y a Frdapendert: | J nyt bY yty cy ey and Tukg ofdditeen Troonam of enpeckiahin @ ond @J Edx) ly) provided XY and y aw sidepardent Proportils Fxpactation ; is Property |: ddéhin Theosem of Expoctaten at x sand y sox svandem Vawuable , Han Eby) EU) 46LY) provtded all Be expectation lst prod: wae k andy be Unbhrucus sv B with pork pdt fey Guy) and marginal pd th fy) and fy ty) sespectively . gen by defn, “ Fid: fxdytdds — ~«= — > | y dy ( (y) dy 0) mo EGA) ih cory 4ey ty) de dy -b -o wm =f Fade Cupdidy if ydry (iy de dy -b ob ob ? Jaf “iy mydyjde 4 J EP Soy ta wrx 4, L L- gd a Le “ ; oF wf mde + fawtoas = Ey) +ECy) qh ret fon be artendend 40 7 Vascliob los aus giuan bolocp. Phuporty % Nullpltahch ‘eonam af pedattin qt X and y oe Srolapondlent. ‘gandem vartable , Bon ECxy) 2 £00: gly) Proof : proueeding as pepe me hase guy) Lf ny dry uy de dey “ a i, wy fy dy ty) dudy tun x and ¥ axe Tndeportint ] ob = ty td ), 2 txt af yty updy ee #Cy), provided x and y we Sndependlant ._=" porty 3: Pe If x B a xardem variable and '0' 3 Lerstant °F yavted) = a£ Srey PE (apcrdia) = E Pvt yjva, doh WC), @ qundsch of ¥, bo vw and al Sxpedabchs ontit. ctha Jost sintequal does nok dspord en b, ff i tends b tow as hyo Moen Oy (48 Mow |e le letoy civ ea fy thx Fa pea ea 2s dro <2 Hen by Dominated covergenes Ghaoxem (8.0.1), bh 4 He Limek instdo bho srlegal. 4G th (4), wegeh ob ; (fe thy ron mdb Lem) tes) ef hdo Je, | dee) =o > “ 9 Gr (HH? = Bele) ye, ne 4 () 4 wantonly tonbirueus sh 1b! Paopoxty 8: "$00 ond 6,00 ox fen Otel. Pruvef Lonfugate fundken , g, te CE). where He WS De Lemgplke lenjugate ea $, (0) = ECe™) - Elles kx reuate xi] dt EY taskx chit) © Lies COX eesin Leaj = Ele) - gee)—<— Proposiey 24 : | R be dancin wf arv. XS Aymmebita iy about toe, 0% A Fle) Ur) = fer) Fb), Ban (0 ab real valued and ever qurctin of. Prot: py dsfenilin par Rave fe ce fe eydy — (xe-4) * be, g,(0 = Ve garde= J _# ay ; De fe fry) 49? dW) > db.) B an aven dunckeér of f+ From i) and or we gee 1 ge ~ GL) = GO Dine drt 8 2 rial Valued and avon qurckin bE. p B tomo xv with charackedtihé quncleos J, CE), a Bp, = FU) Gab, Lan Uh Ler rs os Z, du), — Py Proof! — ted = Lee oe Exfjcantiakig Cunder te Integral pr)” 1! Brmes won bo k, We get eC OG) «fear Soodx ctf at fin) dx : [e an : of. e e4e)de, | ; LY 2 dt bee 2, 2 Uf xtfoodds = CeCe) =f py! “bs te ge a lene , ko (4) ] rs ate} ko? te) | fe geo)Puspoty 6: —_ , Bs, () = By (Ue), c being ca tenstont « a Ih Xand ty axe Tadgpardante xandem vertables , fem Bx, 4 tlt) = Gx, te) brat) oa vox gentrally on Independant. xandem Voxtab Lod Koz ba, A, OF Baw? Bayt naa ARAUED = Ox, (ED Pan CO - xp) — londthtinal Pypactalion: - - £ xX and y we bwo xandem vasables , fan tovartance helweon thm 4% dofined a tovtxy) = E Lf wen LYE) = & Tey-xety) - YER) vECME) = Elxy)-EQEG) _ BOAECY) + Eqoety) - gtxy) -EELY) Sh x ard Y are Independant Bion ECXY) and Gang sh Mat cose = wv Quy) = EO) Bey) eC e Expocted value af 2. Random Veale The walamabcal exproiin don Lompuling Re Cumcted value q a ASiote xandem vYextable y wbth prohabibe 2 fl pan uncer (p.m.4) fo0 B gws balovo 2 BODE) E(x) - Erte), fon diseate 4.v)UNITS BINomiAL pisTRIBUTION Binomiad B.%tatbution : @ sandem varfable xB sat to polllew hinemfal dAtaibubiin ff assumes erly non-negative volcs ond. Bs prctabliltty mars qunchien Li aiven by: Plxex) = Ptrd= jin) Pa x20, 1,2,-0n 5 qel-P ° 7 obkuueste Moment § Bloramial déstxfbubim : The but Gout memanti about oigin of Bonomial ABtribubiin xe Chtaired as ofllows ' 9 tne Ween = SC) PG op 2 (i) ward ho en “ge van o ia Vinemial ABtbrtbulcin Li np. qu by. EG?) - 3 (2) qn Doo n etry) nto) , | A-2 - ; 1 xx) (**) 4 . = 2 o = Ata p 5 z (n2)Pt"g" " oe = Alo) Pocgrpy? , Pp = ntn -t) p> ¥np2 pate V2 BL O14 xb o[n )e%y ba! = EG?) ~ § Brod= 2 5 420 a8 n = nln-1dUn a) p3 a oe a28 g \x-2 : Mind tn-2) p%Xqap)m3, 43M (np? (gap)? np =N (n(n -2) p3 4 3N(N-1)p2 4np. Alrclaaty FO NI O92) 4-3) 4 be (ney) Or) RAH (HAND AK Aobots Aa 270-3) 4 By fy “Cy -2) 4 0% Gr) 4 (By giving to x He Values |, 2 and 3, we gird He values ap abibaxy venalaids 8 and 0) Hy’ = EC) = 2 MA) pian = in-1) Un-2) (9-3) phy ba (na) (1-2) P34 in.17 FL np Yon sin pteptcatied (ontaal Moranrt of Blnomfal datxfhulten « Vo = Hy*py'* = 07p?.nP24 np.-Pp?- np LL-P) =npq, Ha = fay! — Spin"! a9p!? = Yntnnd tn 9)p°+ 3n(n-)p* npg ~3E 0 (0-1) ps nP Fa = np C-3np?43np +97. 9p 41 -3npq) = np 33np (-P) +2p%- 3p sv-anpry = np (op2apar) = np (2p? ap4q) =npq Cap ) = MPL L44P-2P4 npg (4-p) Vy = fy! =p! ya bpot 3p," empg 4 ragin-2) P99re Jon simptlecctcor | eM Py = fe’ p20 Cg -P)? C4-P)? _ C\-ap)? 3 33 . - (-9P) 9°p793 — ie 8 " - np4 py, a= by n 1 a NP4 Lirain-2) pq) fa 2 pg 2 a og Pa q = 34 1-bPY 1: Veo: Le. 9p amas 4 oP) aay 72 B39 1- bra Potssen PAltbubon + a — —_—__—_— I standem vaxtable x A Said to bo folic a pounwen dadeebukin 3 ie asmume only one -nagalite vabuos and ts Prolabiltty mas Ghunctcin A given by * Pla, ¥) = Plxe) (or Rey ee ace 9 thom ise Bi UW knw at Ha panamelen of Hx dpbthubin 23 aura, de shall use the nolaleén X_PtAV te dlenoke Hak XG 4 peuson Yasiobe we Postouneter d Vomurts ef paiiton Pibeetbulin i ' a wre FG) = S2PG = Sx.e>@ we wo 420 2 x mm a) he : 0 Then a ” mht) areted Hence Bie mean of Ya porwon dilrsputw 4); ob ob Wels FO%2 S xp AI= F bat aarh CO” X20 Mee 2 a) yb : es aly) My a ek 120 = = Mere & nee a ay | mt = Were 1a > My 1 3 ob 2 Ys = FO3)= 5 wpa le S : oe x0 a) {rte (1-294 Rhos} ‘O 2 O Sau hi ed el rae MY goby) 4-2 a - 399] EO a ev N 2, ean }2 peti +) ». sey Fed, ge ye”, A = 98,aata® , % byl = EG) > Soh, Pex, a) 120 : 2 Sxtvo-ad O-3)#bx CNG HF OI 49 only A pea) x Rig fo os d3t 2 yx { tek Cob yee =e x a ey ls A \ 2, cian! |*P° | Za MEY Is, toa?) PA = NY te-dod) abe Carded J 4422 CePod) 4d = Ny AB pt NED . The Gout Lontxal moments 02 now oblancd sr Pollows ' Boz bole wi? (XRD M2 ; Tua tho yroan and the vartance of bho power Addbilhutase wore each oytal Loa | 7 —————_—_—_ - nO EE TTR \ : | | Va = Bo! '49H = CMe aN A) BALMER) +207 od | Pu = py !-tpe' by 4 bbs! op, = OMebie ety a) " * Wh C893 AN) A EAY OM y | chee May) -3n (o- offetonts of skowrwnand Murtosel ore gfven by ° Boobs 2 Ry A: and 5 ee. : > wo NA ha = Yu 2 34h and heh oi » 1? ’ Hence dhe pouwon cise bukin A always 2 Alawed Afiesbalor peak Jo te Lint a Doe fio Oot PE Relabin din ie moments Of Bihomial Babbxtbuben By dah» Yo = EGx-200Y' = 2 ten" (2) P%gr™ Pifforntiabe’g wp. 1-fo P, 4ve get diy F [8 a ie Z (2) Gorn xn) pg 4 Gene” n-0 Jap%!g? _ ln» praert-!) 1 = a - ae 2 (n) oer Iptghay < (A)cx-or) "p” Es xD a" (4 - 2% : ry 4 ) (inp) = em 2 ct op) pix) + z (rnp) ie) x0 10 Pa- n = ry . eon & Corp)" PIF Ss [x-0e) Y") poy j oe * | 2) Ts By | 2) Hany 2 PO Lovpy a t “) (RonoAsky exmula ) Bw Pp pubifag y=1,9 and 2 Auccessiely sf , We got ba = Po (apo + db) = neg | reall i foo! ona },-0) | \tg 5 p+ dhe s+ ty [an ap =P dem = p94. Spee) = Pq 4 (PP?) =npq. C)-2p) =npy (oP) : | By = Ps [ang » 2] =Pa ann +d, {nro carl) — ee =Pq 1 30q ond Pc) (1-29)4) = Py 1 8n%q an it (p-3p2n2P?)] = Pq [3n*pqan (i-bP +6P7) J = PY Lan pq +n C 1-690] =mp4 L3neq +1 -pqy = hPL vit 3Py tn-2) | .