1.

Functions

1.1.2 One-to-one functions and Many-to-one functions

There are three types of relation or mapping:

(i) A one-to-one relationship/function

(ii) A many-to-one relationship/function
(iii) A one-to-many relationship/mapping

A B A B A B
1 2 1 1 1
1
2 4 2 -1
-1
4 2
3 6 2 4
-2
4 8 3 9

-3

Diagram (1) Diagram (2) Diagram (3)

Diagram (1) shows a ………………………relation; example : f(x) = 2x, and it is a …………………….function.

Diagram (2) shows a ………………………relation; example : f(x) = x2, and it is a …………………….function.

Diagram (3) shows a one to many relation; example : f ( x ) = f ( x )=± √ x , and it is not a function.

Example 1.1.2(a):

3
Given (a) f( x )=x , x∈ R
2
(b) g( x )=x +1, x∈ R

(c) h( x )=cos x , 0<x<2 π

x
(d) k: x →2 e −1 , x ∈ R

(e) p( x)=± √ x+1, x≥−1

Determine the types of relationship/function.

Note: If you have the graph, how do you determine a given function is a one-to-one function?
1.1.3 Domain and range of a function

Example 1.1.3(a):

Refer to diagram (1) and diagram (2), state the domain, codomain and range of the functions.

Domain Codomain Range

Diagram (1)
Diagram (2)

Example 1.1.3(b):

3
Given (a) f( x )=x −1 , −2<x<2
2
(b) g( x )=x +1, x∈ R

(c) h( x )=cos x , 0<x<2 π

x
(d) k: x →2 e −1 , x ∈ R
(i) State the domain and range for function above.

(ii) Determine which one is a one-to-one function

Example 1.1.3(c):

2
Given f( x)=( x−1) , x≥1 ,
determine whether f is a one-to-one function.

Example 1.1.3(d):

Given f( x )= √2 x +1 is a real function, find its domain and range.

Example 1.1.3(e1):

2
Given f( x)=( x−3) +1, x≥a .
If f is a one-to-one function, determine the minimum value of a.

With this value of a , state the range of f.

Example 1.1.3(e2):

Sketch the graphs of the f and state the range.

{ x
f(x)=¿ e , x≤0 ¿ ¿¿¿
Example 1.1.3(f):

Given f: x →ln(2 x+1) .

Determine the set values of x such that f is defined.

State the range of f.

Example 1.1.3(g):

x
Given function f defined as f: x →1−2 e , x∈ R
(i) State if f is a one-to-one function. Give the reason for your answer.

(ii) Find its range.

Example 1.1.3(h):

Sketch the graphs of the f and state the range.

f (x)=¿{x , x≤−1¿{1 , −1<x<1¿ ¿

2
1.1.4 Composite functions

The meaning of composite function:

If functions f and g are defined as follows,

f: x → √ x−1, x≥1
g: x→ x 2−1, x∈ R

Find (i) fg(2) =

(ii) gf(5) =
(iii) fg(1) =
(iv) gf(0) =
(v) Find the composite function gf. Sketch the graph y = gf(x). State the domain and range.

Example 1.1.4(a):

Example 1.1.4(b):

If
2
f: x → x −1 , x∈ R
g: x → √3−x , x ∈ R , x≤3
Find the composite function fg. State the domain and range of fg.

Example 1.1.4(c):

Given that

f: x→e x , x∈ R
g: x→−x , x∈ R
h: x →ln(1−x ), x ∈ R , x<1

(i) Find the composite functions fg and gh. State their domain and ranges.
(ii)

Example 1.1.4(d):

Given that functions f and g are defined as follow:

2
f: x→1−x , x∈ R
 g: x→ x , √ x≥0
(i) Find the composite functions fg.
(ii) Sketch the graph of y= fg. State the domain and range.

Example 1.1.4(e):

Given that functions f and g are defined as follow:

f: x →ln x, x >0
g: x → x+1 , x∈ R

(i) Find the composite functions gf. State the domain and range of gf.
(ii)

Example 1.1.4(f):

Given that functions f : x →2 x +1 , x ∈ R

Find the function g if

(i) the composite function fg is fg : x →6 x+11 , x ∈ R

1
x→ , x≠1
(ii) the composite function gf is gf : x−1

Example 1.1.4(g):

Example 1.1.4(h):

Find function f, given that

x
g( x )= √ x, x≥0, and gf( x)=e , x∈ R.
Find the range of f.

Example 1.1.4(i)::

Example 1.1.4(j)::

Example 1.1.4(k)::

Given that

f: x→e x , x ∈R
 g: R

Find the composite function gf and state the domain and range for this composite function.

Example 1.1.4(l)::

Given that functions f and g are defined as follow:

x →1+ x, x ∈ R
f:

g: x→ √ x , x≥0

(i) Find the composite functions fg.

(ii) Sketch the graph of y= fg. State the domain and range.

Example 1.1.4(m)::

Given that functions f and g are defined as follow:

f:
g: x → x+1 , x ∈R

(i) Find the composite functions gf. State the domain and range of gf.
(ii)

Example 1.1.4(n)::

Given that functions f : x → x−1 , x ∈ R

Find the function g if

(i) the composite function fg is fg : x →2 x +10 , x ∈ R

(ii) the composite function gf is gf : x → x 2−6 x +1 , x ∈ R
1.1.5 Inverse functions

The ,meaning of inverse function:

−1 −1
If f(9) = 18, f(10) = 20 then f (18) = ,f (20) =

and f f -1(18) = f -1 f(9) =

∴f f -1( x )= and f -1f( x )=

Example 1.1.5(a):

Given f: x→ √ x−1, x≥1 .

(i) Sketch the graph of f and state the domain and the range of f.
−1
(ii) Find the inverse function, f .
−1 −1
(iii) Sketch the graph of f and state the domain and the range of f .

Notes:

−1
(1) The inverse function f exists only if ……………………………………………………

(2) The one-to-one function can be determined graphically, that is ………………............

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

−1
(3) Domain of inverse function, f =

−1
(4) Range of inverse function, f =

−1
(5) What is the relationship between the graphs of f and f ?

−1
(6) If the graphs of f and f intersect, the intersection point falls on the line …………….
Example 1.1.5(b):
x→ x 2−6 x+2, 0≤x≤7.
The function f is defined by f:

(i) Find the minimum value of f( x ) .

(ii) Sketch the graph of the function and state the range
−1
(iii) State, with reason, whether f exists or not.

Example 1.1.5(c):
2
Find f
−1
for f: x→ x −2 x+3, x≥1.
−1
Sketch the corresponding graphs of f and f on the same diagram.

Example 1.1.5(d):

The function f is defined by

x →ln( x−1 ), x >1 .

f:
(i) State the domain and range of f.
−1
(ii) Find the inverse function, f .
−1
(iii) State the domain and range of inverse function, f .
−1
(iv) Sketch the graphs of f and f on the same diagram
−1
(v) What is the relationship between the graphs of f and f ?

Example 1.1.5(e):

The function f is defined by

x
f: x→10 +2, x≥0
(i) Sketch the graph of f.
(ii) State the domain and range of f.
−1 −1
(iii) Explain why an inverse function f exists and find f .
−1
(iv) State the domain and range of inverse function, f .
−1
(v) Sketch the graphs of f and f on the same diagram
−1
(vi) What is the relationship between the graphs of f and f ?

Example 1.1.5(f):

Given that functions f and g are defined as follow:

f: x →2 ln x , x >0
x→ √ x , x≥0
g:
 −1
(i) Sketch the graph f, and explain why the inverse function, f , exist.
−1
(ii) Find f , and state its domain.
−1
(iii) Find the composite function, g f , and state its range. [STPM 94]

Note:

1. The inverse function f -1 exist if ……………………………….

D -1=
2. The domain of f -1, f …………….

(a) state the domain and range of a function, and

find composite functions;
(b) determine whether a function is one-to-one,
and find the inverse of a one-to-one function;
(c) sketch the graphs of simple functions,
including piecewise-defined functions;\