CAD-CAM, NC & CNC Machine

Definition of CAD : Memory

It is an integration of Computer Science techniques in 1. Primary Memory
Engineering design. Memory type Category Volatility
Random-Access Read-Write Volatile
Memory (RAM) Memory
Read-Only Memory Read-Only
(ROM) Memory
Programmable ROM
(PROM)
Erasable PROM Read-Mostly Non-
(EPROM) Memory Volatile
Electrically Erasable
PROM (EEPROM)
Flash Memory
2. Secondary Memory
CAD Technology = • It is also known as External memory/Storage
Design Techniques + Computer (Hardware + Software) memory/Auxiliary memory/Backup memory.
Configuration of hardware components in CAD : • It is used for storing data and instructions
permanently and are non volatile.
Example- Hard disc, Pen drive, CD, DVD
Sequence of Operation in CAD

2. Engineering analysis
3. Design review and evaluation
4. Automated drafting

Input device for CAD system:

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Light pen
4. Joystick
5. Digitizer
6. Scanner
7. Graphics tablet
Display device (Used as output device) :
Cathode-Ray-Tube (CRT) • Modern CAD system is based on ICG (Interactive
Computer Graphics).
• Primary colours used in CRT screen are Red, Green Methods of solid modelling–
and Blue. 1. Constructive solid geometry (CSG)
• CRT monitor is used for physical interaction 2. Boundary representation or B-Rep
between computers and user. 3. Parametric (Analytical) solid modelling
Output device for CAD system 4. Pure primitive instancing
5. Generalized sweep
 Drum plotters Application of solid modelling–
• Pen plotter  1. Graphics
Flat − bed plotters 2. Design and analysis
3. Manufacturing
• Hard copy unit 4. Assembly
• Electrostatic plotters 5. Inspection and testing
Mechanical Engineering Capsule 100 YCT
• Boolean operations are a mixed way of combining
solids to form solid models.
Curves, surface and solids–
For obtaining a mathematical curve–
Curve fitting techniques are used–
1. Cubic spline curve
2. Parabolic blended curve
B-spline curve–
• With this method, complex geometric curves are
generated with continuity at joints when piecing
curve together.
• Main advantage of B spline curve is local control Integration of technical and business function in
over curve shape. CIM
Bezier curve
Difference between CAD and CAM
• The direction of curve at the joints can be defined
and changed simply by specifying the position of the CAD CAM
control point. Purpose Making 2D Using 3D models
• Bezier curve passes through first and last control technical drawing to design
point. and 3D models machining process
• Bezier curve shows axis independent and global Procedure Sketching with 2D Automatic and
control. primitives manual path
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) planning for
Computer aided manufacturing may be defined as machining path
any support that can be provided by computer in
Software Autodex, Edge CAM,
manufacturing a given product. AutoCAD, Solid- NXCAM,
Computers may play a direct role or indirect role in work, Solid edge, MasterCAM
manufacturing a given product. CATIA
1. The direct role refers to computerised operation and
Advantage Much easier, more Automatization of
control of a manufacturing process.
accurate and faster machining process
2. The indirect role of computer in manufacturing drafting
refers to :
Computer aided process planning.
Computer aided NC part programming.
Computer aided material handling and storage.
Step involved in CAM operation–

Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

Computer integrated manufacturing is an extension
of CAD/CAM.
CIM aims an integration of :
(a) Manufacturing tools like CAD/CAM, Flexible
manufacturing systems, group technology, just in
time concept, inventory control etc.
(b) Other functional areas of organisation including
marketing, purchase order control, personal
management etc.
Mechanical Engineering Capsule 101 YCT
 Designing Software used in creation of solid 2. Line command
model 3. Multiline command
Software License OS 4. Polyline command
name 5. Polygon command
Auto CAD Commercial Software Windows, 6. Rectangle command
Mac 7. SP line command
CATIA Commercial Software Windows 8. Ellipse command
Pro/Engineer Commercial Software Windows Modify Commands in AutoCAD–
Solid works Commercial Software Windows Command Function
Auto CAD 1. Erase Used for correction in drawings.
Auto - Auto desk Command
C - Computer 2. Copy Used to copy the object.
A - Aided or assisted Command
D - Design or drafting 3. Mirror • Symmetrical objects are made
Standard graphics file format for exchange of Command by using mirror command.
CAD data– • Only half part of object is
File format Established by created and then they are mirrored
IGES National Bureau of to find complete drawing.
(Initial Graphic Exchange Standards (NBS), USA • Reflection is mirror image of
Specifications) object.
STEP International Standard 4. Offset Used to create parallel lines
(Standard for Exchange of Organisation (ISO) Command concentric circle and parallel
Product Model Data) curves.
DXE Auto CAD
(Drawing Exchange)
AutoCAD saves users drawings as DWG file. 5. Array • Used to create coppies of
Draw commands in Auto CAD– Command objects arranged in a pattern.
1. Circle Command- • It make multiple copies of an
Circle can be created by specifying various object in rectangular or circular
combination of centre, radius, diameter, points on pattern.
circumference and tangent.
6. Move Drawing of object can be shifted
(I) 2 Points (2P)
Command up, down, left or right position
(II) 3 Points (3P)
with respect to original position.
(III) Tan Tan Tan (Three tangent) (TTT)
(IV) Tan Tan Radius (Two tangent and one 7. Rotate Rotate command provides facility
Radius) (TTR) Command of movement on a circular path to
the drawing.
8. Scale Size of drawing can be adjusted
Command with the help of Scale Command.
9. Trim Used to remove a small portion of
Command line.
10. Break Used to break the line or
Command geometry in two parts.
11. Fillet For converting sharp edges into
Command circular edge.
12. Chamfered Used for reducing the sharpness
Command of the edge.
13. Stretch Used to increase the length of any
Command object or line.
14. Extend Used to complete the geometry by
Command increasing the length of any line.

Mechanical Engineering Capsule 102 YCT

 Symbol of modify command in AutoCAD 2. Rotation
Symbol Command
Rotate

___ Trim
/----
__ Extend
----/
Mirror
 cos θ − sin θ 
Rotation matrix {R} = 
 sin θ cos θ 
Scale
3. Scaling-

Stretch

Move

S x 0 
Copy Scaling matrix {S} =  
 0 Sy 
• If scaling factor Sx & Sy > 1 then size of object
increases.
Join • If scaling factor Sx & Sy < 1 then size of object
Chamfer decreases.
• For uniform scaling Sx = Sy
Fillet 4. Reflection or mirror

Graphic Functions
It incorporates a variety of graphic functions to help
the user to generate and modify drawing and images.
Output primitives
The entities used to create drawing are referred to as
output primitives, Line point, arc, circle, surface. Reflection matrix about 1 0 
To generate output primitives the algorithms are– x-axis [Mx ] =  
0 –1
Line generating algorithms–
1. Bresenham's line drawing algorithm. Reflection matrix about  –1 0 
2. Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm. origin [Mo ] =  
 0 –1
3. Algorithm for line drawing using slope method.
Circle generating algorithms– Reflection matrix about  –1 0 
1. Bresenham's circle drawing algorithm y-axis  M y  =  0 1 
 
2. Midpoint circle drawing algorithm
Reflection matrix about 0 1 
Two dimensional Geometric Transformation  M yx  = 
y=x 
1. Translation 1 0 
Reflection matrix about  0 –1
y = –x  M y– x  =  
 –1 0 
3D Geometric Transformation
Translation 1 0 0 t 
x
0 1 0 t 
 y
= Translation matrix
tx  0 0 1 t z 
Translation matrix {T} =    
ty  0 0 0 1 

Mechanical Engineering Capsule 103 YCT

 Rotation 1 0 0 0 V. SPLIT (Standard processing language internally
0 cos θ – sin θ 0  translated)
 x x  VI. PROMPT
0 sin θx cos θx 0  2. Program tape
 
0 0 0 1 The part program is entered on the program tape.
= Rotation matrix (about x- axis) The program is entered on the tape in the form of
Scaling punch holes.
Sx 0 0 0
0 Sy 0 0 
3. Machine control unit
 = Scaling matrix The part program tape is read by the tap reader.
0 0 Sz 0 The controller takes input from the tape reader.
 
0 0 0 1 4. Machine Tool-
Mirror or It is operated by the controller of the machine
1 0 0 0 
Reflection 0 1 0 0 control unit.
  Machine M / C Tool
0 0 1 0 Program → Control Unit → Processing
  (instruction) ( MCU ) Equipment
0 0 0 1 
= Reflection matrix about x-y plane • Application-
NC Machine- Metal cutting, Automatic drafting, spot welding,
It is a numeric control machine in which numbers, press working, inspection
letters and symbols are used as input to control the Advantage of NC machine over conventional systems
operation.
• Flexibility with accuracy
• NC machine tool is operated by a series of coded
instruction. • Repeatability
• Reduced scrap
• High production rates
• Good quality of product
• Less skilled operator
Numerical control contouring simplifies the
manufacturing process and the type of
Functions of NC Machine Tools- positioning is continuous path positioning
1. Starting and stopping of the machine tool spindle In order to accomplish the machining process,
2. Controlling the spindle speed the cutting tool and workpiece must be moved
3. Positioning the tool at the desired location & guiding relative to each other. In NC, there are three
it basic types of motion control system–
4. Controlling the feed rate 1. Point to point– In PTP, the objective of the m/c
5. Changing the tool control system is to move the cutting tool to a
Component of NC machine tool system- predefined location.
1. Part program- It is a set of step by step instruction 2. Straight cut
to the machine tool for carrying out the operation. 3. Contouring
There are two method for part programming Computer Numeric Control (CNC) Machine-
(i) Manual part programming In CNC machine, program are designed or prepared
(ii) Computer aided part programming first, then it is fed to the CNC machine.
• NC Part programming languages- According to program, the CNC machine controls
I. APT (Automatically programmed tools) the motion and speed of the machine tools like
Only capital letters are used in APT language (lathe, mills, shaper etc.).
APT part program consist four types statements. • Feed drive in CNC milling machine are provided by
(i) Geometry servo motor.
(ii) Motion
• Feed motion in CNC drilling machine are provided
(iii) Post processor
by stepper motor.
(iv) Compilation control
• An interpolator provide two functions in CNC
Modem version of APT can be used for both
machine–
positioning and continuous-path programming.
II. ADAPT (Adaptation of APT) (i) It calculates individual axis velocity.
III. EXAPT (Extended subset of APT) (ii) Drive the tool along the programmed path at the
IV. UNIAPT given feed rate.

Mechanical Engineering Capsule 104 YCT

• In a CNC machine tool, encoder is used to sense and 2. Closed loop type CNC machine-
control table position.
• Main component of CNC machine
1. Input devices-
Input devices are used to input the part program in
the CNC machine.
Commonly used input device in CNC are :
(a) Punch tape reader
(b) Magnetic tape reader
2. Machine control unit (MCU)
It performs all the controlling action. • Classification of CNC machine based on
machining center
3. Machine Tool- A CNC machine tool always has a Horizontal CNC machine
slide table & a spindle to control the position and Vertical CNC machine
speed. Universal CNC machine
4. Driving system- It consist of amplifier circuits • Classification of CNC machine based on
drive, motor ball, lead screw. Application
CNC Lathe
5. Feedback system-
CNC Milling/Drilling
It contains position & speed transducers that CNC Grinding
continuously monitor the position & speed of the CNC Gear Cutting
cutting located at any instant. CNC Special purpose M/C
• Application of CNC machine
Automotive industry
Metal removal industries
Electrical discharge machine industries
Advantage of CNC
1. High flexibility
2. Reduced scrap rate
3. Improved quality
4. Low maintenance required
5. They are versatile
6. Reliable
7. No possibility of human error
8. Safe to operate
9. Machining is accurate
10. Uniformity in designs.
Important G codes
Code Function of code
G 00 Rapid movement
Classification of CNC machine-
G 01 Linear Interpolation
1. Open loop type CNC machine
G 02 Circular Interpolation (CW)
G 03 Circular interpolation (ACW)
G 04 Dwell
G 05 Spindle stop
G 17 XY plane designation
G 18 ZX plane designation
G 19 YZ plane designation
G 20 Clockwise circular interpolation for long
dimensions
G 21 Input values specified in millimeters
G 28 Automatic return to reference point
G 32 Code for constant lead threading on CNC
lath machine
Mechanical Engineering Capsule 105 YCT
 G 33 Thread cutting Computer Fundamental
G 40 Cutter compensation cancel Any computer system consists of three main units.
G 41 Cutter radius compensation left offset
G 42 Cutter radius compensation right offset
G 43 Tool length compensation (plus) CPU consists of three basic components–
G 44 Tool length compensation (minus)
G 49 Tool length compensation cancel
G 80 Cancel canned cycles
G 81 Drilling cycle
G 90 Absolute positioning
G 91 Incremental positioning
G 92 Absolute present, change the datum position
Important M codes •
The computer is integrated device which contain
Code Function of code CPU central processing unit as the nerve/brain of the
M 00 Program stop system.
M 01 Optional stop • The capacity of the storage unit to store data is
M 02 End of program expressed in terms of bits–
M 03 Spindle CW A bit is the unit of binary No. (0, 1)
M 04 Spindle CCW 1 byte = 8 bits
M 05 Spindle stop 1 Kilobyte = 1024 bytes
M 06 Tool change 1 Megabyte = 1024 kilobytes
M 07 Tap oil on 1 Gigabyte = 1024 Megabyte
M 08 Coolant on Cursor control devices–
M 10 Clamp on • Absolute touchpad
M 11 Clamp off • Thumbwheels
Direct Numeric Control (DNC) • Mouse
Direct numeric control is a system that uses a • Trackball
• Light pen
central computer to control several machines at the
same time or in real time. • Displacement joystick
The tape reader is omitted in DNC. • Force joystick
The part program is transmitted machine tool BIOS–
directly from the computer memory. Computer program that is typically stored in
EPROM and used by the CPU to perform start-up
procedures when the computer is turned on.
Some important computer related full forms
Abbreviation Full form
OMR Optical Mark Reading and
Recognition
OCR Optical Character Recognition
MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
BIOS Basic Input Output System
• Components of DNC URL Uniform Resource Locator
Central computer USB Universal Serial Bus
Bulk memory for storing programs VIRUS Vital Information Resource Under
Communication network Siege
CNC machines CRT Cathode Ray Tube
• Advantage of DNC Internet Protocol
IP
1. Greater computational capability and flexibility
2. Elimination of punched tapes and tape readers HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
3. Convenient editing and diagnostic features LAN Local Area Network
4. Convenient storage of NC part programs in WAN Wide Area Network
computer files MAN Metropolitan Area Network
5. Reporting of shop performance.
Mechanical Engineering Capsule 106 YCT

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