Chapter 5, Solution 1.

(a) Rin = 1.5 MΩ

(b) Rout = 60 Ω
(c) A = 8x104
Therefore AdB = 20 log 8x104 = 98.0 dB

Chapter 5, Solution 2.

v0 = Avd = A(v2 - v1)

= 105 (20-10) x 10-6 = 0.1V

Chapter 5, Solution 3.

v0 = Avd = A(v2 - v1)

= 2 x 105 (30 + 20) x 10-6 = 10V

Chapter 5, Solution 4.

v0 = Avd = A(v2 - v1)

v −4
v2 - v1 = 0 = = −20µV
A 2 x10 5

If v1 and v2 are in mV, then

v2 - v1 = -20 mV = 0.02
1 - v1 = -0.02
v1 = 1.02 mV

Chapter 5, Solution 5.

I
R0
-
vd Rin

+ + +
Avd v0
-
vi + -
-
 -vi + Avd + (Ri - R0) I = 0 (1)

But vd = RiI,

-vi + (Ri + R0 + RiA) I = 0

vi R i
vd = (2)
R 0 + (1 + A)R i

-Avd - R0I + v0 = 0

(R 0 + R i A) v i
v0 = Avd + R0I = (R0 + RiA)I =
R 0 + (1 + A)R i
v0 R 0 + RiA 100 + 10 4 x10 5
= = ⋅ 10 4
v i R 0 + (1 + A)R i 100 + (1 + 10 )
5

10 9 100,000
≅ ⋅ 10 4 = = 0.9999990
(
1 + 10 5
) 100,001

Chapter 5, Solution 6.

vi
+ -

R0
- I

vd
Rin

+ +
+ Avd
- vo
-
 (R0 + Ri)R + vi + Avd = 0

But vd = RiI,

vi + (R0 + Ri + RiA)I = 0

− vi
I= (1)
R 0 + (1 + A)R i

-Avd - R0I + vo = 0

vo = Avd + R0I = (R0 + RiA)I

Substituting for I in (1),

 R 0 + R iA 
v0 = −   vi
R
 0 + (1 + A ) R i 

= −
( )
50 + 2 x10 x 2 x10 5 ⋅ 10 −3
6

( )
50 + 1 + 2x10 5 x 2 x10 6
− 200,000 x 2 x10 6
≅ mV
200,001x 2 x10 6
v0 = -0.999995 mV

Chapter 5, Solution 7.

100 kΩ

Rout = 100 Ω
10 kΩ 1 2

+
VS + +
- Vd Rin + AVd
- Vout
-
-
 At node 1, (VS – V1)/10 k = [V1/100 k] + [(V1 – V0)/100 k]

10 VS – 10 V1 = V1 + V1 – V0

which leads to V1 = (10VS + V0)/12

At node 2, (V1 – V0)/100 k = (V0 – AVd)/100

But Vd = V1 and A = 100,000,

V1 – V0 = 1000 (V0 – 100,000V1)

0= 1001V0 – 100,000,001[(10VS + V0)/12]

0 = -83,333,334.17 VS - 8,332,333.42 V0

which gives us (V0/ VS) = -10 (for all practical purposes)

If VS = 1 mV, then V0 = -10 mV

Since V0 = A Vd = 100,000 Vd, then Vd = (V0/105) V = -100 nV

Chapter 5, Solution 8.

(a) If va and vb are the voltages at the inverting and noninverting terminals of the op
amp.

va = v b = 0

0 − v0
1mA = v0 = -2V
2k
(b)

10 kΩ

-
2V
+
ia va
- 2V
10 kΩ
+
+-
vb + + +
2 kΩ
vo va
1V + ia vo
- - -
-

(a) (b)
Since va = vb = 1V and ia = 0, no current flows through the 10 kΩ resistor. From Fig. (b),

-va + 2 + v0 = 0 va = va - 2 = 1 - 2 = -1V

Chapter 5, Solution 9.

(a) Let va and vb be respectively the voltages at the inverting and noninverting
terminals of the op amp

va = vb = 4V

At the inverting terminal,

4 − v0
1mA = v0 = 2V
2k

(b) 1V

+-
+ +
vb vo
- -

Since va = vb = 3V,

-vb + 1 + vo = 0 vo = vb - 1 = 2V

Chapter 5, Solution 10.

Since no current enters the op amp, the voltage at the input of the op amp is vs.
Hence

 10  v o vo
vs = v o  = =2
 10 + 10  2 vs
Chapter 5, Solution 11.

8 kΩ

2 kΩ
a io
−
+ +
5 kΩ b
+
3V 10 kΩ 4 kΩ vo
−
−

10
vb = (3) = 2V
10 + 5

At node a,

3 − va va − vo
= 12 = 5va – vo
2 8

But va = vb = 2V,

12 = 10 – vo vo = -2V

va − vo 0 − vo 2 + 2 2
–io = + = + = 1mA
8 4 8 4

i o = -1mA

Chapter 5, Solution 12.

4 kΩ

1 kΩ
a
−
+ 2 kΩ
b +
+
1.2V
− vo
4 kΩ
−
 4 2 2
At node b, vb = vo = vo = vo
4+2 3 3

1 .2 − v a v a − v o 2
At node a, = , but va = vb = v o
1 4 3

2 2 3x 4.8
4.8 - 4 x vo = vo − vo vo = = 2.0570V
3 3 7

2 9.6
va = vb = vo =
3 7

1 .2 − v a − 1 .2
is = =
1 7

 − 1.2 
p = vsis = 1.2   = -205.7 mW
 7 

Chapter 5, Solution 13.

10 kΩ
a
+ io
− 100 kΩ i2 i1 +
b
4 kΩ vo
+ 90 kΩ
1V
− 50 kΩ −

By voltage division,
90
va = (1) = 0.9V
100
50 v
vb = vo = o
150 3
v0
But va = vb = 0 .9 vo = 2.7V
3
v v
io = i1 + i2 = o + o = 0.27mA + 0.018mA = 288 µA
10k 150k
Chapter 5, Solution 14.

Transform the current source as shown below. At node 1,

10 − v1 v1 − v 2 v1 − v o
= +
5 20 10

10 kΩ vo

10 kΩ
5 kΩ 20 kΩ
v1 v2 −
+ +
+
10V
− vo
−

But v2 = 0. Hence 40 - 4v1 = v1 + 2v1 - 2vo 40 = 7v1 - 2vo (1)

v1 − v 2 v 2 − v o
At node 2, = , v 2 = 0 or v1 = -2vo (2)
20 10

From (1) and (2), 40 = -14vo - 2vo vo = -2.5V

Chapter 5, Solution 15

(a) Let v1 be the voltage at the node where the three resistors meet. Applying
KCL at this node gives
v v −v  1 1  vo
i s = 1 + 1 o = v1  +  − (1)
R2 R3 R
 2 R 3  R3
At the inverting terminal,
0 − v1
is = → v1 = −i s R1 (2)
R1
Combining (1) and (2) leads to
 R R  v vo  RR 
i s 1 + 1 + 1  = − o → = − R1 + R3 + 1 3 
 R2 R3  R3 is  R2 
(b) For this case,
vo  20 x 40 
= − 20 + 40 +  kΩ = - 92 kΩ
is  25 
Chapter 5, Solution 16
10k Ω

ix
5k Ω va iy
-
vb + vo

+ 2k Ω
0.5V
- 8k Ω

Let currents be in mA and resistances be in k Ω . At node a,

0 .5 − v a v a − v o
= → 1 = 3v a − vo (1)
5 10

But
8 10
v a = vb = vo → vo = v a (2)
8+2 8
Substituting (2) into (1) gives
10 8
1 = 3v a − v a  → v a =
8 14
Thus,
0 .5 − v a
ix = = −1 / 70 mA = − 14.28 µA
5
v − vb v o − v a 10 0 .6 8
iy = o + = 0 .6 ( v o − v a ) = 0 .6 ( v a − v a ) = x mA = 85.71 µA
2 10 8 4 14

Chapter 5, Solution 17.

vo R 12
(a) G= = − 2 = − = -2.4
vi R1 5
vo 80
(b) =− = -16
vi 5
vo 2000
(c) =− = -400
vi 5
Chapter 5, Solution 18.

Converting the voltage source to current source and back to a voltage source, we have the
circuit shown below:

20
10 20 = kΩ
3

1 MΩ

(20/3) kΩ 50 kΩ
−
+ +
+
2vi/3
− vo
−

1000 2v i vo 200
vo = − ⋅ =− = -11.764
20 3 v1 17
50 +
3

Chapter 5, Solution 19.

We convert the current source and back to a voltage source.

4
24=
3

(4/3) kΩ 4 kΩ 10 kΩ
0V

− vo
+ +
(2/3)V
−
5 kΩ
 10k  2 
vo = −   = -1.25V
 4 3
 4x k
 3
v v −0
io = o + o = -0.375mA
5k 10k

Chapter 5, Solution 20.

8 kΩ

2 kΩ
4 kΩ 4 kΩ
a b
−
+ +
+
9V + vo
− vs
−
−

At node a,

9 − va va − vo va − vb
= + 18 = 5va – vo - 2vb (1)
4 8 4

At node b,

va − vb vb − vo
= va = 3vb - 2vo (2)
4 2

But vb = vs = 0; (2) becomes va = –2vo and (1) becomes

-18 = -10vo – vo vo = -18/(11) = -1.6364V

Chapter 5, Solution 21.

Eqs. (1) and (2) remain the same. When vb = vs = 3V, eq. (2) becomes

va = 3 x 3 - 2v0 = 9 - 2vo

Substituting this into (1), 18 = 5 (9-2vo) – vo – 6 leads to

vo = 21/(11) = 1.909V

Chapter 5, Solution 22.

Av = -Rf/Ri = -15.

If Ri = 10kΩ, then Rf = 150 kΩ.

Chapter 5, Solution 23

At the inverting terminal, v=0 so that KCL gives

vs − 0 0 0 − vo vo Rf
= + → =−
R1 R2 Rf vs R1

Chapter 5, Solution 24

v1 Rf

R1 R2

- vs + -
+
+
R4
R3 vo
v2 -

We notice that v1 = v2. Applying KCL at node 1 gives

v1 (v1 − v s ) v1 − vo  1 
+ + =0 
→  + 1 + 1 v1 − v s = vo (1)
R1 R2 Rf R R R f  R2 R f
 1 2
Applying KCL at node 2 gives

v1 v1 − v s R3
+ =0 → v1 = vs (2)
R3 R4 R3 + R4
Substituting (2) into (1) yields

 R R R  R3  1 
vo = R f  3 + 3 − 4   −  v s
 R1 R f R2  R3 + R4  R2 
i.e.
 R R R  R3  1 
k = R f  3 + 3 − 4   − 
 R1 R f R2  R3 + R4  R2 

Chapter 5, Solution 25.

vo = 2 V

+ −

+ +

va vo

-va + 3 + vo = 0 which leads to va = vo + 3 = 5 V.

Chapter 5, Solution 26
+

vb - io
+ +
0.4V 5k Ω
- 2k Ω vo
8k Ω
-

8
vb = 0.4 = vo = 0.8vo 
→ vo = 0.4 / 0.8 = 0.5 V
8+ 2
Hence,
v o 0 .5
io = = = 0.1 mA
5k 5k
Chapter 5, Solution 27.

(a) Let va be the voltage at the noninverting terminal.

va = 2/(8+2) vi = 0.2vi
 1000 
v 0 = 1 +  v a = 10.2v i
 20 
G = v0/(vi) = 10.2

(b) vi = v0/(G) = 15/(10.2) cos 120πt = 1.471 cos 120πt V

Chapter 5, Solution 28.

−
+

+
−

0 − v1 v1 − v o
At node 1, =
10k 50k

But v1 = 0.4V,

-5v1 = v1 – vo, leads to vo = 6v1 = 2.4V

Alternatively, viewed as a noninverting amplifier,

vo = (1 + (50/10)) (0.4V) = 2.4V

io = vo/(20k) = 2.4/(20k) = 120 µA

Chapter 5, Solution 29

R1 va
+
vb - +

+
vi R2 R2 vo
- R1
-

R2 R1
va = vi , vb = vo
R1 + R2 R1 + R2

R2 R1
But v a = vb 
→ vi = vo
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Or
v o R2
=
vi R1

Chapter 5, Solution 30.

The output of the voltage becomes

vo = vi = 12
30 20 = 12kΩ

By voltage division,

12
vx = (1.2) = 0.2V
12 + 60

vx 0 .2
ix = = = 10µA
20k 20k

v 2x 0.04
p= = = 2µW
R 20k
Chapter 5, Solution 31.

After converting the current source to a voltage source, the circuit is as shown below:
12 kΩ

3 kΩ 6 kΩ v
1 o
v1 + vo
2
−
+
12 V
− 6 kΩ

At node 1,
12 − v1 v1 − v o v1 − v o
= + 48 = 7v1 - 3vo (1)
3 6 12

At node 2,
v1 − v o v o − 0
= = ix v1 = 2vo (2)
6 6

From (1) and (2),

48
vo =
11
vo
ix = = 0.7272mA
6k

Chapter 5, Solution 32.

Let vx = the voltage at the output of the op amp. The given circuit is a non-inverting
amplifier.

 50 
v x = 1 +  (4 mV) = 24 mV
 10 
60 30 = 20kΩ
By voltage division,

20 v
vo = v o = o = 12mV
20 + 20 2

vx 24mV
ix = = = 600nA
(20 + 20)k 40k
v o2 144x10 −6
p= = = 204nW
R 60x10 3

Chapter 5, Solution 33.

After transforming the current source, the current is as shown below:

1 kΩ

4 kΩ vi
+ vo
va −
+
4V
− 2 kΩ 3 kΩ

This is a noninverting amplifier.

 1 3
v o = 1 +  v i = v i
 2 2

Since the current entering the op amp is 0, the source resistor has a OV potential drop.
Hence vi = 4V.

3
vo = (4) = 6V
2

Power dissipated by the 3kΩ resistor is

v o2 36
= = 12mW
R 3k

va − vo 4 − 6
ix = = = -2mA
R 1k
Chapter 5, Solution 34

v1 − vin v1 − vin
+ =0 (1)
R1 R2

but
R3
va = vo (2)
R3 + R 4

Combining (1) and (2),

R1 R
v1 − va + v 2 − 1 va = 0
R2 R2

 R  R
v a 1 + 1  = v1 + 1 v 2
 R2  R2

R 3v o  R  R
1 + 1  = v1 + 1 v 2
R3 + R 4  R 2  R2

R3 + R 4  R 
vo =  v1 + 1 v 2 
 R  R2 
R 3 1 + 1  
 R2 

R3 + R 4
vO = ( v1R 2 + v 2 )
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 )

Chapter 5, Solution 35.

vo R
Av = = 1 + f = 10 Rf = 9Ri
vi Ri

If Ri = 10kΩ, Rf = 90kΩ
Chapter 5, Solution 36

VTh = Vab
R1
But vs = Vab . Thus,
R1 + R2
R + R2 R
VTh = Vab = 1 v s = (1 + 2 )v s
R1 R1
To get RTh, apply a current source Io at terminals a-b as shown below.

v1
+
v2 - a

+
R2
vo io
R1
-
b

Since the noninverting terminal is connected to ground, v1 = v2 =0, i.e. no current passes
through R1 and consequently R2 . Thus, vo=0 and
v
RTh = o = 0
io

Chapter 5, Solution 37.

R R R 
v o = −  f v1 + f v 2 + f v 3 
 R1 R2 R3 

 30 30 30 
= −  (1) + (2) + (−3)
 10 20 30 

vo = -3V
Chapter 5, Solution 38.

R R R R 
v o = −  f v1 + f v 2 + f v 3 + f v 4 
 R1 R2 R3 R4 
 50 50 50 50 
= −  (10) + (−20) + (50) + (−100)
 25 20 10 50 

= -120mV

Chapter 5, Solution 39

This is a summing amplifier.

 Rf Rf Rf   50 50 50 
vo = − v1 + v2 + v3  = − (2) + v 2 + (−1)  = −9 − 2.5v 2
 R1 R2 R3   10 20 50 
Thus,
vo = −16.5 = −9 − 2.5v 2 → v 2 = 3 V

Chapter 5, Solution 40

R1

R2 va
+
R3 vb -
+ +
v1 +
- v2 Rf vo
- +
v3 R -
-

Applying KCL at node a,

v1 − v a v 2 − v a v3 − v a v1 v 2 v3 1 1 1
+ + =0 
→ + + = va ( + + ) (1)
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
But
R
v a = vb = vo (2)
R + Rf

Substituting (2) into (1)gives

v1 v 2 v3 Rvo 1 1 1
+ + = ( + + )
R1 R2 R3 R + R f R1 R2 R3

or

R + Rf v1 v 2 v3 1 1 1
vo = ( + + ) /( + + )
R R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Chapter 5, Solution 41.

Rf/Ri = 1/(4) Ri = 4Rf = 40kΩ

The averaging amplifier is as shown below:

R1 = 40 kΩ 10 kΩ
v1
R2 = 40 kΩ
v2
R3 = 40 kΩ − vo
v3 +
R4 = 40 kΩ
v4

Chapter 5, Solution 42

1
R f = R1 = 10 kΩ
3
Chapter 5, Solution 43.

In order for

R R R R 
v o =  f v1 + f v 2 + f v 3 + f v 4 
 R1 R2 R3 R4 

to become
1
vo = −(v 1 + v 2 + v 3 + v 4 )
4
Rf 1 R 12
= Rf = i = = 3kΩ
Ri 4 4 4

Chapter 5, Solution 44.

R4
R3
a
R1 b −
v1 +
vo
R2
v2

v1 v 2
+
v b − v1 v b − v 2 R1 R 2
At node b, + =0 vb = (1)
R1 R2 1 1
+
R1 R 2

0 − va va − vo vo
At node a, = va = (2)
R3 R4 1+ R4 / R3

But va = vb. We set (1) and (2) equal.

vo R v + R 1 v1
= 2 1
1+ R4 / R3 R1 + R 2
or
(R 3 + R 4 )
vo = (R 2 v1 + R 1 v1 )
R 3 (R 1 + R 2 )
Chapter 5, Solution 45.

This can be achieved as follows:

 R
v o = − (− v1 ) + R v 2 
R / 3 R/2 

R R 
= −  f (− v1 ) + f v 2 
 R1 R2 

i.e. Rf = R, R1 = R/3, and R2 = R/2

Thus we need an inverter to invert v1, and a summer, as shown below (R<100kΩ).

R
R
R
v1 R/3
−
+ -v1
R/2
v2 − vo
+

Chapter 5, Solution 46.

v1 1 1 R R R
− vo = + ( − v 2 ) + v 3 = f v1 + x ( − v 2 ) + f v 3
3 3 2 R1 R2 R3
i.e. R3 = 2Rf, R1 = R2 = 3Rf. To get -v2, we need an inverter with Rf = Ri. If Rf = 10kΩ,
a solution is given below.

30 kΩ
10 kΩ v1
10 kΩ
10 kΩ
v2 30 kΩ
−
+ -v2
20 kΩ
v3 − vo
+
Chapter 5, Solution 47.

If a is the inverting terminal at the op amp and b is the noninverting terminal,

then,

3 10 − v a v a − v o
vb = (8) = 6V, v a = v b = 6V and at node a, =
3 +1 2 4

v o (v a − v o )
which leads to vo = –2 V and io = − = –0.4 – 2 mA = –2.4 mA
5k 4k

Chapter 5, Solution 48.

Since the op amp draws no current from the bridge, the bridge may be treated separately
as follows: v1

i1

+ −

i2

v2
For loop 1, (10 + 30) i1 = 5 i1 = 5/(40) = 0.125µA

For loop 2, (40 + 60) i2 = -5 i2 = -0.05µA

But, 10i + v1 - 5 = 0 v1 = 5 - 10i = 3.75mV

60i + v2 + 5 = 0 v2 = -5 - 60i = -2mV

As a difference amplifier,
R 80
v o = 2 (v 2 − v 1 ) = [3.75 − (−2)]mV
R1 20

= 23mV
Chapter 5, Solution 49.

R1 = R3 = 10kΩ, R2/(R1) = 2

i.e. R2 = 2R1 = 20kΩ = R4

R 2 1 + R1 / R 2 R
Verify: vo = v 2 − 2 v1
R1 1 + R 3 / R 4 R1

(1 + 0.5)
=2 v 2 − 2v1 = 2(v 2 − v1 )
1 + 0.5

Thus, R1 = R3 = 10kΩ, R2 = R4 = 20kΩ

Chapter 5, Solution 50.

(a) We use a difference amplifier, as shown below:

R1 R2
v1

− vo
+
R1 R2
v2

R2
vo = (v 2 − v1 ) = 2(v 2 − v1 ), i.e. R2/R1 = 2
R1
If R1 = 10 kΩ then R2 = 20kΩ

(b) We may apply the idea in Prob. 5.35.

v 0 = 2 v1 − 2 v 2
 R
= − (− v1 ) + R v 2 
R / 2 R/2 
R R 
= −  f (− v1 ) + f v 2 
 R1 R2 

i.e. Rf = R, R1 = R/2 = R2
We need an inverter to invert v1 and a summer, as shown below. We may let R = 10kΩ.

R
R
R
v1 R/2
−
+ -v1
R/2
v2 − vo
+

Chapter 5, Solution 51.

We achieve this by cascading an inverting amplifier and two-input inverting summer as

shown below:
R
R
R
v2 R
−
+ va
R
v1 − vo
+

Verify: vo = -va - v1
But va = -v2. Hence
vo = v2 - v1.
Chapter 5, Solution 52

A summing amplifier shown below will achieve the objective. An inverter is inserted to
invert v2. Let R = 10 k Ω .
R/2 R
v1

R/5

v3 -
+ vo
v4 R
R
R
v2
- R/4

Chapter 5, Solution 53.

(a)
R1 R2
v1

va − vo
vb +
R1 R2
v2

At node a,
v1 − v a v a − v o R 2 v1 + R 1 v o
= va = (1)
R1 R2 R1 + R 2
R2
At node b, vb = v2 (2)
R1 + R 2

But va = vb. Setting (1) and (2) equal gives

R2 R v + R 1v o
v2 = 2 1
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
 R1
v 2 − v1 = vo = vi
R2
vo R 2
=
vi R1
(b)
R1/2 v R1/2 R2
A
v1
va
−
vi Rg
R1/2 R1/2 −
+ v2 +
vB vb +

R2 vo
−

v1 − v A v B − v A v A − v a
At node A, + =
R1 / 2 Rg R1 / 2

R1
or v1 − v A + (v B − v A ) = v A − v a (1)
2R g

v2 − vB vB − vA vB − vb
At node B, = +
R1 / 2 R1 / 2 Rg

R1
or v2 − vB − (v B − v A ) = v B − v b (2)
2R g

Subtracting (1) from (2),

2R 1
v 2 − v1 − v B + v A − (v B − v A ) = v B − v A − v b + v a
2R g
Since, va = vb,
v 2 − v1  R  v
= 1 + 1 (v B − v A ) = i
2  
 2R g  2
 vi 1
or vB − vA = ⋅ (3)
2 R
1+ 1
2R g

But for the difference amplifier,

R2
vo = (v B − v A )
R1 / 2
R
or vB − vA = 1 vo (4)
2R 2

R1 v 1
Equating (3) and (4), vo = i ⋅
2R 2 2 R
1+ 1
2R g
vo R 2 1
= ⋅
vi R1 R
1+ 1
2R g

v1 − v a v a − v A
(c) At node a, =
R1 R2 /2
2R 1 2R 1
v1 − v a = va − vA (1)
R2 R2
2R 1 2R 1
At node b, v2 − vb = vb − vB (2)
R2 R2

Since va = vb, we subtract (1) from (2),

− 2R 1 v
v 2 − v1 = (v B − v A ) = i
R2 2
− R2
or vB − vA = vi (3)
2R 1

At node A,

va − vA vB − vA vA − vo
+ =
R2 /2 Rg R/2
R2
va − vA + (v B − v A ) = v A − v o (4)
2R g
 vb − vB vB − vA vB − 0
At node B, − =
R/2 Rg R/2
R2
vb − vB − (v B − v A ) = v B (5)
2R g
Subtracting (5) from (4),
R2
v B −v A + (v B − v A ) = v A − v B − v o
Rg
 R 
2(v B − v A )1 + 2  = − v o (6)
 2R 
 g 

Combining (3) and (6),

− R 2  R 
v i 1 + 2  = −v o
R1  2R 
 g 

v o R 2  R 
= 1+ 2 
vi R 1  2R g 

Chapter 5, Solution 54.

(a) A0 = A1A2A3 = (-30)(-12.5)(0.8) = 300

(b) A = A1A2A3A4 = A0A4 = 300A4

But 20Log10 A = 60dB Log10 A = 3

A = 103 = 1000
A4 = A/(300) = 3.333

Chapter 5, Solution 55.

Let A1 = k, A2 = k, and A3 = k/(4)

A = A1A2A3 = k3/(4)
20Log10 A = 42
Log10 A = 2.1 A = 102 ⋅1 = 125.89
k3 = 4A = 503.57
k = 3 503.57 = 7.956
Thus A1 = A2 = 7.956, A3 = 1.989
Chapter 5, Solution 56.

There is a cascading system of two inverting amplifiers.

− 12  − 12 
vo =   v s = 6v s
4  6 
v
i o = s = 3v s mA
2k

(a) When vs = 12V, io = 36mA

(b) When vs = 10 cos 377t V, io = 30 cos 377t mA

Chapter 5, Solution 57

The first stage is a difference amplifier. Since R1/R2 = R3/R4,

R2 100
v o′ = ( v 2 − v1 ) = (1 + 4) = 10 mA
R1 50

The second stage is a non-inverter.

 R  R
v o = 1 +  v o ′ = 1 + 10 mA = 40 mV(given)
 40   40 

Which leads to,

R = 120 kΩ

Chapter 5, Solution 58.

By voltage division, the input to the voltage follower is:

3
v1 = (0.6) = 0.45V
3 +1

Thus
− 10 10
vo = v1 − v1 = −7 v1 = −3.15
2 5

0 − vo
io = = 0.7875mA
4k
Chapter 5, Solution 59.

Let a be the node between the two op amps.

va = vo

The first stage is a summer

− 10 10
va = vs − vo = vo
5 20
1.5vs = -2vs
or
vo − 2
= = -1.333
v s 1 .5

Chapter 5, Solution 60.

Transform the current source as shown below:

4 kΩ

10 kΩ

5 kΩ
− v1
+
+
−
io
+ 3 kΩ
5is
−

3Ω 2 kΩ

Assume all currents are in mA. The first stage is a summer

− 10
v1 = (5i s ) − 10 v o = −10i s − 2.5v o (1)
5 4
By voltage division,
 3 1
v1 = vo = vo (2)
3+3 2

Alternatively, we notice that the second stage is a non-inverter.

 1 
vo =   v1 = 2 v1
3+ 3

From (1) and (2),

0.5v o = −10i s − 2.5v o 3vo = 10is

10i s io 5
v o = −2i o = − = = 1.667
3 is 3

Chapter 5, Solution 61.

Let v01 be the voltage at the left end of R5. The first stage is an inverter, while the
second stage is a summer.

R2
v 01 = − v1
R1
R R
v 0 = − 4 v 01 − 4 v 2
R5 R3

R 2R 4 R
v1 = v1 − 4 v 2
R 1R 5 R3

Chapter 5, Solution 62.

Let v1 = output of the first op amp

v2 = output of the second op amp

The first stage is a summer

R2 R
v1 = − vi – 2 vo (1)
R1 Rf

The second stage is a follower. By voltage division

 R4 R3 + R4
vo = v2 = v1 v1 = vo (2)
R3 + R4 R4

From (1) and (2),

 R3  R R
1 +  v o = − 2 v i − 2 v o
 R4  R1 Rf
 R3 R2  R
1 + +  v o = − 2 v i
 R4 Rf  R1
vo R 1
=− 2 ⋅
vi R1 R R
1+ 3 + 2
R4 R4
− R 2R 4
=
R 1 (R 2 + R 3 + R 4 )

Chapter 5, Solution 63.

The two op amps are summer. Let v1 be the output of the first op amp. For the first
stage,

R2 R
v1 = − vi − 2 vo (1)
R1 R3

For the second stage,

R4 R
vo = − v1 − 4 v i (2)
R5 Ro

Combining (1) and (2),

R4  R2  R R  R
vo =   v i + 4  2  v o − 4 v i
R5  R1  R5  R3  R6
 R R  R R R 
v o 1 − 2 4  =  2 4 − 4  v i
 R 3 R 5   R 1R 5 R 6 
R 2R 4 R 4
−
vo R 1R 3 R 6
=
vi R R
1− 2 4
R 3R 5
Chapter 5, Solution 64

G4

G G3

G1
1 G 2
- -
+ 0V + v 0V + +
vs G2 vo
- -

At node 1, v1=0 so that KCL gives

G1v s + G4 vo = −Gv (1)

At node 2,

G2 v s + G3 v o = −Gv (2)
From (1) and (2),
G1v s + G4 v o = G2 v s + G3 vo →
 (G1 − G2 )v s = (G3 − G4 )vo
or
vo G1 − G2
=
v s G3 − G 4

Chapter 5, Solution 65

The output of the first op amp (to the left) is 6 mV. The second op amp is an
inverter so that its output is

30
vo ' = − (6mV) = -18 mV
10
The third op amp is a noninverter so that

40 48
vo ' = vo 
→ vo = v o ' = − 21.6 mV
40 + 8 40
Chapter 5, Solution 66.

− 110 100  40  100

vo = (6) −  − (4) − (2)
25 20  20  10
= −24 + 40 − 20 = -4V

Chapter 5, Solution 67.

80  80  80
vo = −  − (0.5) − (0.2)
40  20  20
= 3.2 − 0.8 = 2.4V

Chapter 5, Solution 68.

If Rq = ∞, the first stage is an inverter.

15
Va = − (10) = −30mV
5

when Va is the output of the first op amp.

The second stage is a noninverting amplifier.

 6
v o = 1 +  v a = (1 + 3)(−30) = -120mV
 2

Chapter 5, Solution 69.

In this case, the first stage is a summer

15 15
va = − (10) − v o = −30 − 1.5v o
5 10

For the second stage,

 6
v o = 1 +  v a = 4v a = 4(− 30 − 1.5v o )
 2
120
7 v o = −120 vo = − = -17.143mV
7
Chapter 5, Solution 70.

The output of amplifier A is

30 30
vA = − (10) − (2) = −9
10 10

The output of amplifier B is

20 20
vB = − (3) − (4) = −14
10 10

40 kΩ
20 kΩ
vA
a
60 kΩ −
vB + vo
b
10 kΩ

60
vb = (−14) = −2V
60 + 10

vA − va va − vo
At node a, =
20 40

But va = vb = -2V, 2(-9+2) = -2-vo

Therefore, vo = 12V
Chapter 5, Solution 71

20k Ω
5k Ω 100k Ω

- 40k Ω
+
+ v2
2V 80k Ω -
- 10k Ω + +

vo
20k Ω
-

- 10k Ω
+ v1 +
- v3

+
3V 50k Ω
- 30k Ω

20 50
v1 = 3, v2 = − (2) = −8, v3 = (1 + )v1 = 8
5 30
 100 100 
vo = − v2 + v3  = −(−20 + 10) = 10 V
 40 80 
Chapter 5, Solution 72.

Since no current flows into the input terminals of ideal op amp, there is no voltage
drop across the 20 kΩ resistor. As a voltage summer, the output of the first op
amp is
v01 = 0.4

The second stage is an inverter

150
v2 = − v 01
100
= −2.5(0.4) = -1V

Chapter 5, Solution 73.

The first stage is an inverter. The output is

50
v 01 = − (−1.8) = −9V
10
The second stage is
v 2 = v 01 = -9V

Chapter 5, Solution 74.

Let v1 = output of the first op amp

v2 = input of the second op amp.

The two sub-circuits are inverting amplifiers

100
v1 = − (0.6) = −6V
10
32
v2 = − (0.4) = −8V
1.6
v − v2 −6+8
io = 1 =− = 100 µA
20k 20k

Chapter 5, Solution 75.

The schematic is shown below. Pseudo-components VIEWPOINT and IPROBE are

involved as shown to measure vo and i respectively. Once the circuit is saved, we click
Analysis | Simulate. The values of v and i are displayed on the pseudo-components as:
 i = 200 µA

(vo/vs) = -4/2 = -2

The results are slightly different than those obtained in Example 5.11.

Chapter 5, Solution 76.

The schematic is shown below. IPROBE is inserted to measure io. Upon simulation, the
value of io is displayed on IPROBE as

io = -374.78 µA
Chapter 5, Solution 77.

The schematic is shown below. IPROBE is inserted to measure io. Upon simulation, the
value of io is displayed on IPROBE as

io = -374.78 µA

Chapter 5, Solution 78.

The circuit is constructed as shown below. We insert a VIEWPOINT to display vo.

Upon simulating the circuit, we obtain,

vo = 667.75 mV
Chapter 5, Solution 79.

The schematic is shown below. A pseudo-component VIEWPOINT is inserted to display

vo. After saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain,

vo = -14.61 V

Chapter 5, Solution 80.

The schematic is shown below. VIEWPOINT is inserted to display vo. After simulation,
we obtain,

vo = 12 V
Chapter 5, Solution 81.

The schematic is shown below. We insert one VIEWPOINT and one IPROBE to
measure vo and io respectively. Upon saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain,
vo = 343.37 mV

io = 24.51 µA
Chapter 5, Solution 82.

The maximum voltage level corresponds to

11111 = 25 – 1 = 31

Hence, each bit is worth (7.75/31) = 250 mV

Chapter 5, Solution 83.

The result depends on your design. Hence, let RG = 10 k ohms, R1 = 10 k ohms, R2 =

20 k ohms, R3 = 40 k ohms, R4 = 80 k ohms, R5 = 160 k ohms, R6 = 320 k ohms,
then,

-vo = (Rf/R1)v1 + --------- + (Rf/R6)v6

= v1 + 0.5v2 + 0.25v3 + 0.125v4 + 0.0625v5 + 0.03125v6

(a) |vo| = 1.1875 = 1 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 1 + (1/8) + (1/16) which implies,

[v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6] = [100110]

(b) |vo| = 0 + (1/2) + (1/4) + 0 + (1/16) + (1/32) = (27/32) = 843.75 mV

(c) This corresponds to [1 1 1 1 1 1].

|vo| = 1 + (1/2) + (1/4) + (1/8) + (1/16) + (1/32) = 63/32 = 1.96875 V

Chapter 5, Solution 84.

For (a), the process of the proof is time consuming and the results are only approximate,
but close enough for the applications where this device is used.

(a) The easiest way to solve this problem is to use superposition and to solve
for each term letting all of the corresponding voltages be equal to zero.
Also, starting with each current contribution (ik) equal to one amp and
working backwards is easiest.

2R R R R

+ 2R 2R 2R
v1
− ik
R
+ + +
v2 v3 v4
− − −

For the first case, let v2 = v3 = v4 = 0, and i1 = 1A.

Therefore, v1 = 2R volts or i1 = v1/(2R).

Second case, let v1 = v3 = v4 = 0, and i2 = 1A.

Therefore, v2 = 85R/21 volts or i2 = 21v2/(85R). Clearly this is not

(1/4th), so where is the difference? (21/85) = 0.247 which is a really
good approximation for 0.25. Since this is a practical electronic circuit,
the result is good enough for all practical purposes.

Now for the third case, let v1 = v2 = v4 = 0, and i3 = 1A.

Therefore, v3 = 8.5R volts or i3 = v3/(8.5R). Clearly this is not

(1/8th), so where is the difference? (1/8.5) = 0.11765 which is a really
good approximation for 0.125. Since this is a practical electronic circuit,
the result is good enough for all practical purposes.

Finally, for the fourth case, let v1 = v2 = v4 = 0, and i3 = 1A.

 Therefore, v4 = 16.25R volts or i4 = v4/(16.25R). Clearly this is not
th
(1/16 ), so where is the difference? (1/16.25) = 0.06154 which is a
really good approximation for 0.0625. Since this is a practical electronic
circuit, the result is good enough for all practical purposes.

Please note that a goal of a lot of electronic design is to come up with

practical circuits that are economical to design and build yet give the
desired results.

(b) If Rf = 12 k ohms and R = 10 k ohms,

-vo = (12/20)[v1 + (v2/2) + (v3/4) + (v4/8)]

= 0.6[v1 + 0.5v2 + 0.25v3 + 0.125v4]

For [v1 v2 v3 v4] = [1 0 11],

|vo| = 0.6[1 + 0.25 + 0.125] = 825 mV

For [v1 v2 v3 v4] = [0 1 0 1],

|vo| = 0.6[0.5 + 0.125] = 375 mV

Chapter 5, Solution 85.

Av = 1 + (2R/Rg) = 1 + 20,000/100 = 201

Chapter 5, Solution 86.

vo = A(v2 – v1) = 200(v2 – v1)

(a) vo = 200(0.386 – 0.402) = -3.2 V

(b) vo = 200(1.011 – 1.002) = 1.8 V

Chapter 5, Solution 87.

The output, va, of the first op amp is,

va = (1 + (R2/R1))v1 (1)

Also, vo = (-R4/R3)va + (1 + (R4/R3))v2 (2)

 Substituting (1) into (2),

vo = (-R4/R3) (1 + (R2/R1))v1 + (1 + (R4/R3))v2

Or, vo = (1 + (R4/R3))v2 – (R4/R3 + (R2R4/R1R3))v1

If R4 = R1 and R3 = R2, then,

vo = (1 + (R4/R3))(v2 – v1)

which is a subtractor with a gain of (1 + (R4/R3)).

Chapter 5, Solution 88.

We need to find VTh at terminals a – b, from this,

vo = (R2/R1)(1 + 2(R3/R4))VTh = (500/25)(1 + 2(10/2))VTh

= 220VTh

Now we use Fig. (b) to find VTh in terms of vi.

a
a
20 kΩ 30 kΩ
20 kΩ 30 kΩ
vi
vi
+−

40 kΩ 80 kΩ 40 kΩ 80 kΩ

b b

(a) (b)
va = (3/5)vi, vb = (2/3)vi

VTh = vb – va (1/15)vi

(vo/vi) = Av = -220/15 = -14.667

Chapter 5, Solution 89.

If we use an inverter, R = 2 k ohms,

(vo/vi) = -R2/R1 = -6

R = 6R = 12 k ohms

Hence the op amp circuit is as shown below.

12 kΩ

2 kΩ
−
+ +
+
vi vo
−
−

Chapter 5, Solution 90.

Transforming the current source to a voltage source produces the circuit below,
At node b, vb = (2/(2 + 4))vo = vo/3

20 kΩ
5 kΩ a
−
b +
+ 4 kΩ
5is +
−
io vo
2 kΩ −

At node a, (5is – va)/5 = (va – vo)/20

But va = vb = vo/3. 20is – (4/3)vo = (1/3)vo – vo, or is = vo/30
io = [(2/(2 + 4))/2]vo = vo/6

io/is = (vo/6)/(vo/30) = 5
Chapter 5, Solution 91.

− vo
+
R2
is R1 i2
i1
io

io = i1 + i2 (1)

But i1 = is (2)

R1 and R2 have the same voltage, vo, across them.

R1i1 = R2i2, which leads to i2 = (R1/R2)i1 (3)

Substituting (2) and (3) into (1) gives,

io = is(1 + R1/R2)

io/is = 1 + (R1/R2) = 1 + 8/1 = 9

Chapter 5, Solution 92

The top op amp circuit is a non-inverter, while the lower one is an inverter. The
output at the top op amp is

v1 = (1 + 60/30)vi = 3vi

while the output of the lower op amp is

v2 = -(50/20)vi = -2.5vi

Hence, vo = v1 – v2 = 3vi + 2.5vi = 5.5vi

vo/vi = 5.5
Chapter 5, Solution 93.

R3

R1 v
a
−
vb + io
+ R4 +
vi
+ iL vo
− R2 RL
vL −
−

At node a, (vi – va)/R1 = (va – vo)/R3

vi – va = (R1/R2)(va – vo)

vi + (R1/R3)vo = (1 + R1/R3)va (1)

But va = vb = vL. Hence, (1) becomes

vi = (1 + R1/R3)vL – (R1/R3)vo (2)

io = vo/(R4 + R2||RL), iL = (RL/(R2 + RL))io = (R2/(R2 + RL))(vo/( R4 + R2||RL))

Or, vo = iL[(R2 + RL)( R4 + R2||RL)/R2 (3)

But, vL = iLRL (4)

Substituting (3) and (4) into (2),

vi = (1 + R1/R3) iLRL – R1[(R2 + RL)/(R2R3)]( R4 + R2||RL)iL

= [((R3 + R1)/R3)RL – R1((R2 + RL)/(R2R3)(R4 + (R2RL/(R2 + RL))]iL

= (1/A)iL
Thus,

1
A =
 R   R + RL  R 2RL 
 1 + 1  R L − R 1  2  R 4 + 
 R3   R 2R 3  R2 + RL 