Python Revision Tour - Class 12

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity

and versatility. In Class 12, the Python Revision Tour serves as a comprehensive
refresher for students who have already learned the basics of Python in earlier
classes. This chapter revisits important Python concepts and syntax that will be
used for solving problems in more advanced topics, such as file handling,
databases, and object-oriented programming.

Here�s a breakdown of the essential topics typically covered in the Python Revision
Tour for Class 12:

1. Basics of Python Programming

1.1 Variables and Data Types:
Variables are used to store data in a program. Python is dynamically typed, which
means you don�t need to declare the type of a variable explicitly. The types of
variables are determined during runtime.

Common data types in Python include:

Integers (int): Whole numbers (e.g., 1, 100, -45)

Floats (float): Decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14, -5.67)

Strings (str): Text values (e.g., "Hello", "Python")

Booleans (bool): True or False values

Lists (list): Ordered collections of items (e.g., [1, 2, 3], ['apple', 'banana'])

Tuples (tuple): Immutable ordered collections (e.g., (1, 2, 3))

Dictionaries (dict): Key-value pairs (e.g., {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25})

Example:

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x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "John" # String
is_active = True # Boolean
2. Control Structures
2.1 Conditional Statements:
Conditional statements allow you to execute certain blocks of code based on
conditions.

if Statement: Executes a block of code if the condition is true.

if-else Statement: Executes one block if the condition is true and another if
false.

elif Statement: Provides additional conditions to check after if.

Example:

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age = 18
if age >= 18:
 print("Adult")
else:
print("Minor")
2.2 Loops:
Loops are used to repeat a block of code multiple times.

for Loop: Iterates over a sequence (like a list or string).

while Loop: Repeats as long as a condition is true.

Example of for loop:

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for i in range(5):
print(i) # Prints numbers 0 to 4
Example of while loop:

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count = 0
while count < 5:
print(count)
count += 1 # Increments count by 1 after each loop
3. Functions in Python
Functions are blocks of code designed to do one specific task. They are defined
using the def keyword.

3.1 Defining Functions:

Functions can accept parameters and return values. Functions help to avoid code
repetition and make the program more modular.

Example:

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def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet("Alice")
3.2 Return Statement:
A function can return a value using the return keyword.

Example:

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def add(a, b):
return a + b

result = add(5, 7)
print(result) # Outputs 12
3.3 Scope of Variables:
Local Variables: Defined within a function, accessible only inside it.

Global Variables: Defined outside any function, accessible throughout the program.

4. Data Structures
4.1 Lists:
Lists are mutable sequences of elements. You can modify the contents of a list
after it is created.

Example:

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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.append("orange") # Adds "orange" to the list
print(fruits[1]) # Outputs "banana"
4.2 Tuples:
Tuples are immutable, meaning you cannot change their elements once they are
defined.

Example:

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coordinates = (10, 20)
print(coordinates[0]) # Outputs 10
4.3 Dictionaries:
Dictionaries store key-value pairs, where each key is unique.

Example:

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person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
print(person["name"]) # Outputs "Alice"
4.4 Sets:
Sets are unordered collections of unique elements.

Example:

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unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4}
unique_numbers.add(5) # Adds 5 to the set
5. String Manipulation
Strings in Python are immutable sequences of characters. You can perform various
operations on strings, like slicing, concatenation, and modification.

5.1 String Methods:

lower(), upper(): Convert to lowercase or uppercase

split(): Split a string into a list

replace(): Replace a substring

strip(): Remove leading and trailing spaces

Example:

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message = " Hello World! "
print(message.strip()) # Outputs "Hello World!"
5.2 String Slicing:
You can extract portions of a string using slicing.
Example:

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word = "Python"
print(word[0:3]) # Outputs "Pyt"
6. File Handling
File handling allows you to interact with files�open, read, write, and close them.

6.1 Opening a File:

You can open a file using the open() function. Files can be opened in different
modes, such as:

'r': Read mode (default)

'w': Write mode

'a': Append mode

Example:

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file = open("data.txt", "r")
content = file.read()
file.close()
6.2 Writing to a File:
You can write data to a file using the write() method.

Example:

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file = open("output.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello, World!")
file.close()
7. Exception Handling
In Python, exceptions are errors that occur during runtime. To handle errors
gracefully, Python uses try, except, and finally blocks.

Example:

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try:
x = 10 / 0 # Division by zero
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Cannot divide by zero")
finally:
print("Execution completed")
8. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Python is an object-oriented language, which allows the use of classes and objects
to organize code better.

8.1 Classes and Objects:

A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

An object is an instance of a class.

Example:

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class Car:
def __init__(self, model, color):
self.model = model
self.color = color

def start(self):
print(f"{self.model} started")

car1 = Car("Toyota", "Red")

car1.start() # Outputs "Toyota started"
8.2 Inheritance:
Inheritance allows one class (child class) to inherit attributes and methods from
another class (parent class).

Example:

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class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaking")

class Dog(Animal):
def bark(self):
print("Woof!")

dog = Dog()
dog.speak() # Inherited method from Animal
dog.bark() # Method of Dog class
9. Libraries and Modules
Python provides many standard libraries and modules that extend its functionality.

You can import libraries using the import keyword.

Example:

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import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # Outputs 4.0
Conclusion
The Python Revision Tour for Class 12 covers the foundational concepts required for
solving more complex problems. Understanding variables, data types, control
structures, functions, file handling, exception handling, object-oriented
programming, and modules is essential for every student aspiring to master Python.
By revisiting and practicing these key concepts, students can confidently tackle a
wide variety of problems and applications.

This overview should help you revise and refresh your knowledge of Python and
prepare you for further studies or practical applications