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Chapter 1

Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive overview of Python, covering its basics, features, data types, and operators. It explains control flow statements including conditional and looping structures, as well as function types such as built-in, user-defined, and lambda functions. Additionally, the chapter discusses file handling, detailing how to open, read, write, and understand file modes.

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4 views3 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive overview of Python, covering its basics, features, data types, and operators. It explains control flow statements including conditional and looping structures, as well as function types such as built-in, user-defined, and lambda functions. Additionally, the chapter discusses file handling, detailing how to open, read, write, and understand file modes.

Uploaded by

ashim05birbhum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1: Python Revision Tour (Class 12 Computer Science - CBSE)

1.1 Python Basics Recap

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and
readability.

1.1.1 Python Features:

 Easy to learn and read.


 Interpreted (executes line by line).
 Supports object-oriented and functional programming.
 Extensive libraries for various applications.

1.1.2 Python Keywords and Identifiers:

 Keywords: Reserved words like if, elif, while, import, def, class, etc.
 Identifiers: Variable, function, and class names. Must start with a letter or _, and
cannot be a keyword.

1.2 Data Types & Type Conversion

Data Type Example Description


int 10, -5 Integer values
float 3.14 Decimal values
str "Hello" Text data
bool True, False Boolean values
list [1, 2, 3] Ordered, mutable collection
tuple (1, 2, 3) Ordered, immutable collection
dict {"name": "Alice"} Key-value pairs
set {1, 2, 3} Unordered, unique values

 Type Conversion:

python
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x = int(3.7) # Converts float to int → 3
y = float(10) # Converts int to float → 10.0
z = str(25) # Converts int to string → "25"

1.3 Operators in Python

1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %, // (floor division), ** (exponentiation).


2. Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.
3. Logical Operators: and, or, not.
4. Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>.
5. Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, etc.

Example:

python
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a, b = 10, 20
print(a + b) # 30
print(a > b and b > 15) # False

1.4 Control Flow Statements

1.4.1 Conditional Statements

python
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x = 10
if x > 0:
print("Positive")
elif x == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative")

1.4.2 Looping Statements

 For Loop:

python
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for i in range(5):
print(i) # Prints 0 to 4

 While Loop:

python
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x = 5
while x > 0:
print(x)
x -= 1

1.5 Functions in Python

1.5.1 Defining and Calling Functions

python
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def greet(name):
return "Hello, " + name

print(greet("Alice")) # Hello, Alice

1.5.2 Types of Functions


 Built-in Functions: len(), sum(), max(), min(), type(), etc.
 User-defined Functions: Created by the user using def.
 Lambda Functions:

python
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square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(5)) # 25

1.6 File Handling in Python

1.6.1 Opening and Closing Files

python
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f = open("file.txt", "r") # Open in read mode
data = f.read() # Read the content
f.close() # Close the file

1.6.2 Writing to a File

python
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f = open("file.txt", "w")
f.write("Hello, World!")
f.close()

1.6.3 File Modes

Mode Description
r Read mode
w Write mode (Overwrites existing file)
a Append mode (Adds to the existing file)
rb Read binary mode
wb Write binary mode

Summary of Chapter 1

 Python basics, data types, and operators.


 Control flow: if-else, loops.
 Functions: built-in, user-defined, lambda.
 File handling: reading/writing files.

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