AKSHAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,TUMKUR

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Module 2 Notes for

“Multimedia Communication”
[BCE613A]

Prepared by:
Mrs.Arshiya Ruheen

Assistant Professor

Department of ECE.

Akshaya Institute of Technology

Tumakuru
 MultimediaCommunication Semester 6
CourseCode BCE613A CIEMarks 50
TeachingHours/Week(L:T:P:S) 3:0:0 SEEMarks 50
TotalHoursofPedagogy 40 TotalMarks 100
Credits 03 ExamHours
Examinationtype(SEE) Theory
Courseobjectives:
● Gainfundamentalknowledgeinunderstandingthebasicsofdifferentmultimedia
Networks and applications.
● Understanddigitizationprincipletechniquesrequiredtoanalyzedifferentmedia
Types.
● Analyzecompressiontechniquesrequiredtocompresstextandimageandgain
Knowledge of DMS.
● Analyzecompressiontechniquesrequiredtocompressaudioandvideo.
● Gainfundamentalknowledgeaboutmultimediacommunicationacrossdifferent
Networks.

Teaching-LearningProcess(GeneralInstructions)
ThesearesampleStrategies,whichteacherscanusetoacceleratetheattainmentofthevariouscourseoutcomes.
1. Lecturemethod(L)doesnotmeanonlythetraditionallecturemethod,butadifferenttypeofteachin
gmethodmaybeadoptedtodeveloptheoutcomes.
2. ShowVideo/animationfilmstoexplainthefunctioningofvarioustechniques.
3. Encouragecollaborative(Group)Learningintheclass.
4. AskatleastthreeHOTS(Higher-
orderThinking)questionsintheclass,whichpromotescriticalthinking
5. Topicswillbeintroducedinmultiplerepresentations.
6. Discusshoweveryconceptcanbeappliedtotherealworld-andwhenthat'spossible,ithelpsimprove the
students' understanding.

Module-1
MultimediaCommunications:Introduction,Multimediainformationrepresentation,Multimedianetwork
s,multimediaapplications,Applicationandnetworkingterminology.
(Chapter1ofText1)
Module-2
InformationRepresentation:Introduction,Digitizationprinciples,Text,Images,AudioandVideo.(Chapter
2ofText1
Module-3
TextandImageCompression:Introduction,Compressionprinciples,textcompression,imageCompression.
(Chapter 3 of Text 1 )

Module-4
Audioandvideocompression:Introduction,Audiocompression,videocompression,videocompression principles,
video compression. (Chapter 4 of Text 1)
Module-5
MultimediaInformationNetworks: Introduction, LANs, Ethernet, Token ring, Bridges, FDDI (Chapter 8.1
to8.6of Text 1).
Courseoutcome(CourseSkillSet)
Attheendofthecourse,thestudentwillbeableto:
1. UnderstandthebasicsofmultimediaCommunicationandapplications
2. Analyzemediatypestorepresentthemindigitalform.
3. Applythecompressiontechniquesontext,images,audioandvideo.
4. Understandmultimediainformationnetworks.

AssessmentDetails(bothCIEandSEE)
TheweightageofContinuousInternalEvaluation(CIE)is50%andforSemesterEndExam(SEE)is50%.Th
eminimumpassingmarkfortheCIEis40%ofthemaximummarks(20marksoutof50)andfortheSEEmini
mumpassingmarkis35%ofthemaximummarks(18outof50marks).Astudentshallbedeemedtohavesat
isfiedtheacademicrequirementsandearnedthecreditsallottedtoeachsubject/courseifthestudentsecur
esaminimumof40%(40marksoutof100)inthesumtotaloftheCIE(ContinuousInternalEvaluation)and
SEE(SemesterEndExamination)takentogether.

ContinuousInternalEvaluation:
● FortheAssignmentcomponentoftheCIE,thereare25marksandfortheInternalAssessmentTestco
mponent,thereare25marks.
● Thefirsttestwillbeadministeredafter40-
50%ofthesyllabushasbeencovered,andthesecondtestwillbeadministeredafter85-
90%ofthesyllabushasbeencovered
● Anytwoassignmentmethodsmentionedinthe22OB2.4,ifanassignmentisproject-
basedthenonlyoneassignmentforthecourseshallbeplanned.Theteachershouldnotconducttwoa
ssignmentsattheendofthesemesteriftwoassignmentsareplanned.
● Forthecourse,CIEmarkswillbebasedonascaled-
downsumoftwotestsandothermethodsofassessment.
InternalAssessmentTestquestionpaperisdesignedtoattainthedifferentlevelsofBloom’staxonomyasperth
eoutcomedefinedforthecourse.

Semester-EndExamination:
TheorySEEwillbeconductedbyUniversityasperthescheduledtimetable,withcommonquestionpapersforthecourse
(duration03hours).
1. Thequestionpaperwillhavetenquestions.Eachquestionissetfor20marks.
2. Therewillbe2questionsfromeachmodule.Eachofthetwoquestionsunderamodule(withamaximumof3sub-
questions),shouldhaveamixoftopicsunderthatmodule.
3. Thestudentshavetoanswer5fullquestions,selectingonefullquestionfromeachmodule.
4. Marksscoredshallbeproportionallyreducedto50marks

SuggestedLearningResources:
Textbooks:
MultimediaCommunications–FredHalsall,PearsonEducation,2001,ISBN-978813170994
ReferenceBooks:
1.Multimedia:Computing,CommunicationsandApplications-RaifSteinmetz,KlaraNahrstedt,Pearson
Education, 2002, ISBN-978817758
2. FundamentalsofMultimedia–Ze-NianLi,MarkSDrew,andJiangchuanLiu.
WeblinksandVideoLectures(e-Resources):
 ●
ImplementationofcompressionalgorithmsusingMATLAB/anyopensourcetools(Python,Scilab,etc.)
ActivityBasedLearning(SuggestedActivitiesinClass)/PracticalBasedlearning
● https://www.slideshare.net
NPTELVideoLectures
● https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/117/105/117105083/
● MultimediaComputinglecture:Communications&Networking–YouTube
Module 2:Information Representation
Introduction
 Theconversionofananalogsignalintoadigitalform

 Signalencoder,sampling, signaldecoder.

 Fourier analysis can be used to show that any time-varying analog signal is
made up of a possibly infinite number of single-frequency sinusoidal signals
whose amplitude and phase vary continuously with time relative to each
other

 Signalbandwidth

 Fig2.1

 The bandwidth of the transmission channel should be equal to or greater than

thebandwidthofthesignal─bandlimitingchannel
 Encoderdesign
 Abandlimitingfilterandananalog-to-
digitalconverter(ADC),thelattercomprising a sample-and-hold and a
quantizer
 Fig2.2
 Removeselectedhigher-frequencycomponentsfromthesourcesignal(A)
 (B)isthenfedtothesample-and-holdcircuit
 Sampletheamplitudeofthefilteredsignalatregulartimeintervals(C)and
holdthesample amplitudeconstant between samples(D)
  Quantizercircuit which converts each sample amplitude into a binaryvalue
known as a codeword (E)
 The signal to be sampled at a rate which is higher than the maximum rate of
change of the signal amplitude
 Thenumberofdifferentquantizationlevelsusedtobeaslargeaspossible
 Nyquist sampling theorem states that: in order to obtain an accurate
representationofatime-varinganalogsignal,itsamplitudemustbesampled at a
minimum rate that is equal to or greater than twice the highest sinusoidal
frequency component that is present in the signal
 Nyquistrate:samplespersecond(sps)
 ThedistortioncausedbysamplingasignalataratelowerthantheNyquist rate
 Fig2.3
 Aliassignals:theyreplacethecorrespondingoriginalsignals

Figure2.3Aliassignalgenerationduetoundersampling.

 Quantizationintervals
 A finite number of digits is used, each sample can only be represented by a
corresponding number of discrete levels
 Fig2.4
 If Vmax is the maximum positive and negative signal amplitude and n is the
numberofbinarybitsused,thenthemagnitudeofeachquantizationinterval, q
 Eachcodewordcorrespondstoanominalamplitudelevelwhichisatthe center of the
corresponding quantization interval
 Thedifferencebetweentheactualsignalamplitudeandthecorresponding
nominalamplitudeiscalledthequantizationerror(Quantizationnoise)
 Theratioofthepeakamplitudeofasignaltoitsminimumamplitudeisknown as the
dynamic range of the signal, D (decibels or dB)
 Vmax  dB
D20log  V 


10 min 

 It is necessary to ensure that the level of quantization noise relative to the

smallest signal amplitude is acceptable
 Example2.2

Decoderdesign
 Fig2.5
 Reproduce the original signal, the output of the DAC is passed through a low-
pass filter which only passes those frequency components that made up the
original filtered signal (C)
 Audio/videoencoder-decoderor audio/videocodec
Text
 Threetypesoftext
 Unformattedtext
 Formattedtext
 hypertext
Unformattedtext
 AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange(ASCIIcharacterset)
 Fig2.6
 Mosaiccharacterscreaterelativelysimplegraphicalimages
 Formattedtext
 Producedbymostwordprocessingpackages
 Each with different headings and with tables, graphics, and pictures inserted
at appropriate points
 Fig2.8
 WYSIWYG:anacronymforwhat-you-see-is-what-you-get

Figure2.8 Formatted text:(a) anexampleformattedtextstring;(b) printed version of the

string.

Hypertext
 Formattedtextthatenablesarelatedsetofdocuments─normallyreferredto as
pages─to be created which have defined linkage points─referred to as
hyperlinks ─between each other
 Fig2.9
Images
 Image are displayed in the form of a two-dimensional matrix of individual
picture elements─known as pixels or pels
Graphics
 Fig2.10
 Twoformsofrepresentationofacomputergraphic:ahigh-levelversion
(similartothesourcecodeofahigh-levelprogram)andtheactualpixel- image of the
graphic (similar to the byte-string corresponding to the low-level machine
code─bit-map format)
 Standardized forms of representation such as GIF (graphical interchange
format) and TIFF (tagged image file format)

Digitizeddocuments
 Fig2.11
 A single binary digit to represent each pel, a 0 for a white pel and a 1 for a
black pel
 Digitizedpictures
 Colorprinciples
 Awhole spectrumofcolors─known asacolorgamut─can beproducedby using
different proportions of red(R), green(G), and blue (B)
 Fig2.12
 Additive colormixingproducingacolorimage onablacksurface
 Subtractivecolormixingforproducingacolorimageonawhitesurface
 Fig2.13

2.4.3Digitizedpictures
  Raster-scanprinciples
 Progressivescanning
 Eachcompletesetofhorizontalscaniscalledaframe
 Thenumberofbitsperpixelisknownasthepixeldepthanddeterminesthe range of
different colors
 Aspectratio
 Boththenumberofpixelsperscannedlineandthenumberoflinesperframe
 Theratioofthescreenwidthtothescreenheight
 National Television Standards Committee (NTSC), PAL(UK),
CCIR(Germany), SECAM (France)
 Table2.1

 Digitalcamerasandscanners
 Animageiscapturedwithinthecamera/scannerusinganimagesensor
 Atwo-dimensionalgridoflight-sensitivecellscalledphotosites
 Awidely-usedimagesensorisacharge-coupleddevice(CCD)
 Fig2.16

2.4.3Digitizedpictures
 Raster-scanprinciples
 Progressivescanning
 Eachcompletesetofhorizontalscaniscalledaframe
 Thenumberofbitsperpixelisknownasthepixeldepthanddeterminesthe range of
different colors
 Aspectratio
 Boththenumberofpixelsperscannedlineandthenumberoflinesperframe
 Theratioofthescreenwidthtothescreenheight
 National Television Standards Committee (NTSC), PAL(UK),
CCIR(Germany), SECAM (France)
 Table2.1

 Digitalcamerasandscanners
 Animageiscapturedwithinthecamera/scannerusinganimagesensor
 Atwo-dimensionalgridoflight-sensitivecellscalledphotosites
 Awidely-usedimagesensorisacharge-coupleddevice(CCD)
 Fig2.16

Audio
 Thebandwidthofatypicalspeechsignalisfrom50Hzthroughto10kHz; music
 signal from 15 Hz through to 20kHz
 Thesamplingrate:20ksps(2*10kHz)forspeechand40ksps(2*20kHz)for music
 Music stereophonic (stereo) results in a bit rate double that of a
monaural(mono) signal
 Example2.4
2.5.2 CD-quality audio
 Bitrateperchannel =sa4m4p.1lin g r3at1e6*bit7s0p5e.6rksbapmsple
10
 Totalbitrate=2*705.6=1.411Mbps
 Example2.5

Video
Broadcasttelevision
 Scanningsequence
 Itisnecessarytouseaminimumrefreshrateof50timespersecondtoavoid flicker
 Arefreshrateof25timespersecondissufficient
 Field:thefirstcomprisingonlytheoddscanlinesandthesecondtheeven scan lines
 Thetwofieldarethenintegratedtogetherinthetelevisionreceiverusinga technique
known as interlaced scanning
 Fig2.19
 Thethreemainpropertiesofacolorsource
 Brightness
 Hue:thisrepresentstheactualcolorofthesource
 Saturation:thisrepresentsthestrengthorvividnessofthecolor
 Thetermluminanceisusedtorefertothebrightnessofasource
 Thehueandsaturationarereferredtoasitschrominance
Ys0.299Rs0.587G s0.144Bs

 Where Ys is the amplitude of the luminance signal and Rs,Gs and Bs are
themagnitudes of the three color component signals

 Thebluechrominance(Cb),andtheredchrominance(Cr)arethenusedto represent
hue and saturation
 Thetwocolordifferencesignals:

C bBsYs CrRsYs

 InthePALsystem,CbandCrarereferredtoasUandVrespectively
PAL:Y0.299R0.587G0.114B U
0.493(B Y)

V0.877(RY)

 TheNTSCsystemformtwodifferentsignalsreferredtoasIandQ

NTSC:Y0.299R0.587G0.114B I
0.74(R Y)0.27(B Y)

Q0.48(RY)0.41(BY)

Digitalvideo
 Eyehaveshownthattheresolutionoftheeyeislesssensitiveforcolorthanit is for
luminance
 4：2：2format
 TheoriginaldigitizationformatusedinRecommendationCCIR-601
 Alinesamplingrateof13.5MHzforluminanceand6.75MHzforthetwo chrominance
signals
 Thenumberofsamplesperlineisincreasedto720
 Thecorrespondingnumberofsamplesforeachofthetwochrominance signals is 360
samples per active line
 Thisresultsin4Ysamplesforevery2Cb,and2Crsamples
 Thenumbers480and576beingthenumberofactive(visible)linesinthe respective
system
 Fig.2.21
 Example2.7
MultimediaCommunications BCE613A

Figure2.21Samplepositionswith4:2:2digitizationformat.

 4：2：0formatisusedindigitalvideobroadcastapplications
 Interlacedscanningisusedandtheabsenceofchrominancesamplesinalternative
lines
 Thesameluminanceresolutionbuthalfthechrominanceresolution
 Fig2.22
Figure2.22Samplepositionsin4:2:0digitizationformat.

525-linesystem
Y720480
CbCr360240

625-linesystem
Y720480
CbCr360288

SJBIT/ECE  
13.510 82 3.3751068 162Mbps
6

Page 31
MultimediaCommunications BCE613A

 HDTVformats:theresolutiontothenewer16/9wide-
screentubescanbeup to 1920*1152 pixels
 Thesourceintermediateformat(SIF)giveapicturequalitycom
parablewith video recorders(VCRs)
 Thecommonintermediateformat(CIF)foruseinvideoconfere
ncing applications
 Fig2.23
 ThequarterCIF(QCIF)foruseinvideotelephony applications
 Fig2.24
 Table2.2
Figure 2.23 Sample positions for
SIF and CIF. Figure 2.24 Sample
positions for QCIF.
MultimediaCommunications BCE613A

RECOMENDDEDQUESTIONS:

1. Expalincodeword,analogsignal,signalencoder,signaldecoder?[06]
2. Define―bandwidth‖?explain―bandlimitingchannel‖?[05]
3. Explainnyquistsamplingtheorem&nyquistrate?[04]
4. Definethemeaningoftermquantizationinterval&howth
isinfluencesthe accuracy of the sampling process of
an analog signal? [06]
5. Explain a)unformatted/plaintext.
b) formatted/richtext.
c) Hypertext. [06]
6. Differentiateformattedtext&unformattedtext?Explaino
rigintheacronym WYSIWYG? [05]
7. Explainbriefly:visualobject,freeformobject,clipart,3-Dobjects.[04]
8. Explainscanning,pels,digitizationprincipleswrftofascimilemachines?[0
8]
9. Definetheaspectratioofadisplayscreen.givetwoexamplesfo
rcurrentwidely used screen sizes? [05]
10. Derivethe timetotransmitan image with
eachtypeofdisplayassuming a bitrate of 56 kbps,
1.5Mbps?[06]
11. Definetext&image.[03]
12. Defineaudio&video.[03]
13. Compareformatted&unformattedtext.[08]
14. Whatisrendering&clipart?[02]
15. Whatisflicker&framerefreshrate?[04]
16. WhatisNTSC&PAL?[10]
17. Whatissample&hold,Quantizer?[06]
18. Defineaspectratio&pixeldepth.[06]