Data Communication and Computer Network (DCC) - CT-2 Full Notes Subject Code: 22414

Course: MSBTE Diploma in Computer Engineering – 4th Semester

1. OSI Model with Functions of Each Layer

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes
the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven distinct layers:

Layer
Layer Name Functions
Number

Provides services for end-user applications, like web browsers

Presentation Translates, encrypts, and compresses data. Example: JPEG,

5 Session Layer Manages sessions and controls dialogues between devices.

Ensures reliable data delivery, error correction, and flow

Handles logical addressing (IP), routing, and packet

2 Data Link Layer Error detection/correction, MAC addressing, and framing.

1 Physical Layer Transmits raw bits via physical medium (cables, signals).

2. TCP/IP Model with Functions

The TCP/IP model is a four-layered suite used in modern networking. It is the foundation of the
Internet protocol suite.

Layer Equivalent OSI Layer(s) Functions

Application, Presentation,
Application Provides services like HTTP, FTP, DNS.
Session

Ensures reliable data transmission using

Internet Network Responsible for addressing and routing (IP).

Network
Data Link + Physical Deals with physical transmission of data.
Access
3. IPv4 vs IPv6

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Address Length 32-bit 128-bit

Decimal (e.g., Hexadecimal (e.g.,

Header Complexity Less complex More complex but efficient

Security Optional Mandatory (IPSec integrated)

Number of
~4.3 billion Virtually infinite
Addresses

4. Bluetooth Architecture

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication standard.

Architecture:

• Piconet: A network with one master and up to 7 active slaves.

• Scatternet: Multiple piconets interconnected.

Protocols:

• L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol)

• RFCOMM (Serial Cable Emulation)

• SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)

Layers:

• Radio Layer

• Baseband

• Link Manager Protocol

• Host Controller Interface

• Application Layer

5. IP Configuration (Manual and Automatic)

Manual Configuration:

• User assigns IP, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS manually.

• Used in servers, networks without DHCP.

Automatic Configuration:
 • DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns network settings.

• Reduces configuration errors.

6. Error Detection Techniques

Technique Description

Parity Bit Adds a bit to make total 1s even (even parity) or odd (odd).

Checksum Sums segments of data; receiver re-computes and compares.

CRC Uses polynomial division to detect changes in data.

Hamming Code Detects and corrects single-bit errors.

7. ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) Techniques

Method Description

Stop-and-Wait ARQ Sender sends 1 frame, waits for ACK before sending next.

Go-Back-N ARQ Sender sends multiple frames but must resend all after a lost one.

Selective Repeat ARQ Only the erroneous frames are retransmitted.

8. WLAN Architecture and Types

Components:

• Access Point (AP)

• Wireless Station (Client)

• Distribution System (DS)

Types of WLAN:

• Infrastructure Mode: Clients connect via AP.

• Ad-Hoc Mode: Peer-to-peer network without AP.

• Mesh Network: Nodes relay data to/from each other.

9. Difference Between OSI and TCP/IP Models

Feature OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Layers 7 4
Feature OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Developed By ISO DARPA (U.S. Defense)

Protocol Dependency Protocol independent Protocol-specific

Standardization Conceptual model Practical implementation

10. Types of Transmission Media

Type Medium Features Example

Twisted Pair Copper Cheap, prone to EMI, low data rate LAN, telephone

Coaxial Cable Copper + Shield Better shielding, used for broadband Cable TV

Fiber Optic Glass fiber Immune to EMI, high speed, expensive Backbone, ISPs

Wireless Air No cables, susceptible to interference Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

11. Transmission Modes

Mode Direction Example Features

Simplex One-way only TV Broadcast Sender only

Half-Duplex Two-way (alternate) Walkie Talkie Both sides, but one at a time

Full-Duplex Two-way simultaneous Phone call Fastest, both send & receive

12. Functions of Data Link Layer

• Framing: Encapsulating data into frames.

• Error Detection & Correction: Using CRC, parity.

• Flow Control: Preventing buffer overflow.

• Access Control: Controls access to shared media (MAC).

• Physical Addressing: Adds source/destination MAC address.

13. Functions of Network Layer

• Routing and path selection.

• Logical addressing (IP).

• Packet forwarding.
 • Fragmentation and reassembly.

14. Functions of Transport Layer

• End-to-end delivery.

• Error control and retransmission.

• Flow control (via sliding window).

• Multiplexing of connections.

15. TCP vs UDP

Feature TCP UDP

Connection Connection-oriented Connectionless

Reliability Guaranteed delivery, ACKs used No guarantee, best-effort

Speed Slower Faster

Usage FTP, HTTP, Email VoIP, DNS, Streaming

16. Types of Networks

Type Area Covered Example

PAN Within 10 meters Bluetooth, smartwatches

LAN Up to 1 km Home, office networks

MAN City-wide Cable TV networks

WAN Global Internet

17. IP Address Classes

Class Range Subnet Mask Use

A 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 Large organizations

B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0 Medium organizations

C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 Small networks

D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 NA Multicasting

E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 NA Research & Reserved

18. Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast

Type Description Example

Unicast One-to-one communication Browsing website

Broadcast One-to-all on network ARP request

Multicast One-to-many selected devices Live TV stream

19. Modulation Techniques

Type Principle Usage

ASK Amplitude varies with data Old telephone systems

FSK Frequency changes per bit Radio communication

PSK Phase shift represents data Modern modems

20. Firewall

Definition: A firewall is a network security device/software that filters incoming and outgoing
traffic.

Types:

• Packet Filtering

• Stateful Inspection

• Proxy Firewall

• Next-Gen Firewall (NGFW)

Functions:

• Block unauthorized access

• Monitor traffic

• Protect against malware

• Enforce security policies