Computer Networks – Unit 3

 Fundamentals, Types, Media, Devices, Protocols, TCP/IP and ISO Models

 Presented by: Dr Ihtiram Raza Khan
 Jamia Hamdard
What is a Computer Network?

 A computer network is a group of interconnected devices that can share

resources and data.
 Examples: LAN, WAN, Internet.
Objectives and Advantages of
Networking
 Resource sharing
 Reliability
 Cost efficiency
 Communication
Components of a Network

 Hosts (computers, servers)

 Network Interface Cards (NICs)
 Transmission Media
 Switches, Routers
Client-Server vs. Peer-to-Peer

 Client-Server: Centralized, more secure

 Peer-to-Peer: Decentralized, simpler
Network Topologies – Introduction

 Topology refers to the arrangement of nodes in a network.

Types of Topologies

 Bus
 Ring
 Star
 Mesh
 Tree
 Hybrid
Personal Area Network (PAN)

 Covers small area, like Bluetooth

connections.
 Shareit is an example.
Local Area Network (LAN)

 High-speed, limited to small geographic area

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Spans city-wide area, uses high-speed media

Wide Area Network (WAN)

 Covers large geographic regions, uses public networks

Wireless Networks

 • WLAN (WiFi)
 • WWAN (Cellular)
Comparison of Network Types
PAN (Personal Area LAN (Local Area MAN (Metropolitan WAN (Wide Area
Feature
Network) Network) Area Network) Network)
A few meters Covers a city or
Within a building or Covers large areas –
Coverage Area (typically 1–10 metro area (up to 50
campus (up to 1 km) country/continent
meters) km)
Multiple
Private (organization Government or large
Ownership Individual organizations, often
or home) corporation
public
Technology Fiber optics, leased MPLS, satellite,
Bluetooth, ZigBee, IR Ethernet, Wi-Fi
Examples lines, microwave undersea fiber optics
Low (10 Kbps – 1 High (100 Mbps – 10 Variable (56 Kbps –
Data Transfer Speed Medium to high
Mbps) Gbps) 100 Gbps)
Installation Cost Very Low Low to Medium Medium to High Very High
Maintenance Very Easy Easy Moderate Complex
Smartwatch
Office/School Cable TV network in Internet, global
Examples connected to mobile
network, home Wi-Fi a city corporate networks
phone
Intranet, Extranet, Internet
Feature Intranet Extranet Internet
A controlled private A global network
A private network
Definition network that allows limited connecting millions of
within an organization
external access public users
Authorized internal and
Only authorized internal Anyone with internet
Access selected external users
users (employees) connectivity
(partners, vendors)
Lower (open to all; uses
High (firewalls, High (VPNs, encrypted
Security Level HTTPS, firewalls for
authentication) channels)
protection)
No single owner – global
Ownership Single organization Shared among organizations
infrastructure
Information sharing,
Internal communication Business collaboration with
Purpose communication, and e-
and operations external parties
commerce
Company HR portal, Supplier inventory access, Google, Amazon, YouTube,
Examples
internal email system partner portals email services
Transmission Media Overview

 Media used to transmit data across networks

Twisted Pair Cable

 Used in LANs, inexpensive

Coaxial Cable

 Used in broadband Internet, TV

 High-speed, long-distance, expensive
Unguided Media

 • Radio waves
 • Microwaves
 • Infrared
Comparison of Media Types

Media Type Speed Cost Range Suitability

Twisted Pair Up to 1 Gbps (Cat
Low Up to 100 meters LANs, telephone lines
Cable 5e/6)
Up to 10 Mbps to Cable TV, older LAN
Coaxial Cable Medium Up to 500 meters
100 Mbps setups
1 Gbps to 100+ Tens of Backbone networks,
Fiber Optic Cable High
Gbps kilometers MANs, WANs
Up to 600 Mbps Low to Up to several Wi-Fi, AM/FM radio,
Radio Waves
(Wi-Fi 5/6) Medium kilometers mobile networks
1–10 Gbps (line-of- 30–50 kilometers Satellite links, cellular
Microwaves High
sight) (LOS) base stations
Remote controls, line-
Infrared Up to 4 Mbps Very Low A few meters
of-sight devices
Network Interface Card (NIC)

 Allows computer to connect to a network

Repeater

 Regenerates and amplifies signals

Hub

 Broadcasts data to all ports

Switch

 Sends data to specific devices

Switch vs Hub
Feature Hub Switch
Broadcasts data to all Sends data only to the
Function
devices intended recipient device
Layer in OSI Model Physical Layer (Layer 1) Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
No – it cannot learn MAC Yes – stores MAC addresses
Intelligence
addresses in a table
High (more collisions due Low (collision domain per
Data Collision
to broadcasting) port)
Slower, as data is shared Faster, as data is sent to
Speed
across all ports specific devices
Low – data can be Higher – data is sent only
Security
intercepted by all devicesto the destination device
Cost Cheaper More expensive than hub
Common in modern LAN
Usage Outdated, rarely used now
networks
Router

 Routes data between different networks

Bridge

 Connects different LANs

Gateway

 Connects different protocols

Modem

 Modulates/demodulates digital signals

Firewall & Access Point

 Firewall: Security
 Access Point: Wireless network access
What are Protocols?

 Set of rules for communication

 These rules define how data is formatted, sent, received, and interpreted,
ensuring that devices can understand each other regardless of their hardware
or software differences.
Common Protocols
Protocol Full Form Function / Usage
HyperText Transfer Used for accessing websites and web content
HTTP
Protocol over the Internet (port 80)
Used for transferring files between
FTP File Transfer Protocol
computers over a TCP/IP network (port 21)
Simple Mail Transfer Used for sending emails between mail
SMTP
Protocol servers (port 25)
Translates domain names (like google.com)
DNS Domain Name System
to IP addresses
Dynamic Host Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices
DHCP
Configuration Protocol on a network
Internet Control Used for error messages, diagnostics (e.g.,
ICMP
Message Protocol ping, traceroute)
Protocol Functions

 • Addressing
 • Error handling
 • Routing
OSI Model Introduction

 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is a conceptual framework

developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to
standardize the functions of a telecommunication or computing system
without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
Purpose of the OSI Model
 Helps standardize network communication functions across different
hardware and software systems.
 Provides a universal language for understanding and designing a network
system.
 Encourages modular engineering and interoperability between products.
 Key Features
 Divides network communication into 7 distinct layers.
 Each layer performs a specific task and passes data to the layer above or below.
 Ensures interoperability, scalability, and troubleshooting clarity.
Layer Function
Closest to the user. Provides network services like email, file
7. Application
transfer, web browsing.
Translates, encrypts, and compresses data. Ensures the data is
6. Presentation
readable for the Application layer.
Manages sessions between two applications. Opens, maintains,
5. Session
and terminates communication sessions.
Ensures reliable data transfer with error checking and flow
4. Transport
control (e.g., TCP/UDP).
Determines the best path to send data. Handles logical addressing
3. Network
(IP addresses).
Responsible for node-to-node delivery. Adds MAC addresses and
2. Data Link
handles error detection (frames).
Transmits raw bits over a physical medium (cables, radio signals,
1. Physical
etc.). Involves hardware components.
OSI Model Diagram
TCP/IP Model Introduction

 Simplified 4-layer model used in the Internet

 The TCP/IP Model is a 4-layer conceptual model used
for communication over the Internet. It was developed
by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and is the
foundation of the modern Internet.
 It defines how data should be packetized, addressed,
transmitted, routed, and received.
 Key Characteristics
 More practical and simpler than OSI.
 Backbone of the Internet Protocol Suite.
 Focused on real-world communication and
implementation.
Layer Description
Combines OSI's Application, Presentation, and Session layers.
4. Application
Supports services like HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP.
Ensures end-to-end communication, reliability, and flow
3. Transport
control (e.g., TCP, UDP).
Handles logical addressing and routing of packets across
2. Internet
networks (e.g., IP, ICMP).
Combines OSI's Data Link and Physical layers. Deals with
1. Network Access
hardware addressing (MAC) and media access.
TCP/IP vs OSI Model
Aspect OSI Model (7 Layers) TCP/IP Model (4 Layers)
ISO (International Organization for DoD (U.S. Department of
Developed By
Standardization) Defense)
No. of Layers 7 4
Application, Presentation, Session,
Application, Transport,
Layer Structure Transport, Network, Data Link,
Internet, Network Access
Physical
Protocol-independent – conceptual Protocol-specific – used with
Protocol Dependency
model Internet protocols
Practical implementation (used
Usage Reference and teaching
in real networks)
Approach Theoretical Practical and protocol-oriented
Transport Layer Protocols TCP, UDP TCP, UDP
Network Layer Protocols IP, ICMP, IGMP (used but not defined) IP, ICMP, IGMP
Encapsulation Support Explicitly supports Fully supports
Model Simplicity More detailed Simpler, combines layers
Layer Mapping: OSI vs TCP/IP

OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Application Application
Presentation Application
Session Application
Transport Transport
Network Internet
Data Link Network Access
Physical Network Access
THANK YOU