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Biology Study Guide - Cell Structure and Functions

The document provides an overview of basic cell structure and functions, categorizing cells into prokaryotic and eukaryotic types. Key cell components include the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and others, each with specific roles in energy production, protein synthesis, and waste removal. Understanding these elements is essential for studying cytology and the functioning of living organisms.

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7 views2 pages

Biology Study Guide - Cell Structure and Functions

The document provides an overview of basic cell structure and functions, categorizing cells into prokaryotic and eukaryotic types. Key cell components include the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and others, each with specific roles in energy production, protein synthesis, and waste removal. Understanding these elements is essential for studying cytology and the functioning of living organisms.

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Study Guide: Basic Cell Structure and Functions

Introduction to Cells

A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. The
study of cells is called cytology. Cells can be classified into two main types:

1. Prokaryotic Cells: Simple cells without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).

2. Eukaryotic Cells: Complex cells with a nucleus (e.g., animal, plant,


and fungi cells).

Parts of a Cell

1. Cell Membrane: A protective outer covering that controls what enters


and exits the cell.

2. Nucleus: The control center of the cell that contains DNA.

3. Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance where cell activities occur.

4. Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, producing energy (ATP).

5. Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transports proteins and other


materials within the cell.

o Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins.

o Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and detoxifies


harmful substances.

7. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for
transport.

8. Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to digest unwanted substances.

9. Vacuoles: Store nutrients, water, and waste products (larger in plant


cells).

10. Chloroplasts (only in plant cells): Perform photosynthesis,


converting sunlight into energy.

Functions of the Cell

 Energy Production: Cells need energy to carry out essential


functions. The mitochondria and chloroplasts (in plant cells) are key
players.
 Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum work
together to produce proteins needed for the cell's functions.

 Waste Removal: Lysosomes and vacuoles help in eliminating waste


from the cell.

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