PART A EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication: - The ability to convey and share ideas using:

I. Verbal Communication
II. Non-Verbal Communication
III. Visual Communication
Elements of communication cycle:
Sender: the person beginning the communication.
Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
Channel: the means by which the information is sent. Eg. mobile, email, verbal talk,
phone etc.
Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message.

Choosing the right method of communication depends on:

• target audience • costs • kind / type of information • urgency / priority

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal
Communication Small Group Communication Written Communication Public Communication

Advantage Easy mode of communication On spot modification in

Quick response
content
Sometimes the written/spoken
Disadvantage Badly effected by Physical
words may become confusing Difficult to understand.
barriers

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 NON - VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Gestures Body Language Expressions

Paralanguage like tone, speed, volume

Eye Contact
Touch
Conveys meaning very fast as Its acts as a complementary to
Advantages
it has easy presentation verbal communication
It might not be appropriate
It is not suitable for lengthy
Disadvantages where there are religion and
messages
cultural differences
IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION

VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Simple and remains consistent

Advantages Done through images or pictures
across different places

Must have previous knowledge to

Disadvantages Can be ignored
understand

FEEDBACK

Feedback Positive Feedback Negative Feedback

 The receiver’s response or reply  Specific: clear focus on the main  Demotivates towards work.
to the sender’s message is called message.  Obstacle in improvement.
feedback.  Timely: Delay makes feedback  language might be offended
 It ensures a proper understanding useless. sometimes.
between sender and receiver.  Polite: mind language of the  No feedback maximum times
 It is sign of successful feedback. counted as negative feedback.
communication.  Offering continuing support:
 It can be positive or negative available for support.

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Importance of feedback
 It validates effective listening.
 It motivates.
 It boosts learning.
 It improves performance.

Type Example
Positive Feedback ✅ Job finished perfectly. Good Job!
Negative Feedback ❌ You are not good at this work,
No Feedback It is also feedback which indicates disagreement of ideas

7 C’s of EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Clear Concise Concrete Correct Coherent Complete Courteous

Be clear Use simple Use exact Use correct Words Include all Be
about what word, say words and spelling and should make the needed respectful,
you want to only what is facts grammar sense and information friendly, and
say needed relate to honest
main topic

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

1. Physical Barriers - is the environmental and natural condition that acts as a barrier to communication
in sending a message from sender to receiver. e.g. noise
2. Interpersonal Barriers - When the sender’s message is received differently from how
it was intended. It becomes difficult to communicate with someone who is not willing to talk or express
their feelings and views. e.g. Stage fear.
3. Linguistic Barriers - The inability to communicate using a language like Tamilian to Hindi.
4. Organizational Barriers - Organizations are designed based on formal hierarchical structures that follow
performance standards, rules, regulations, procedures, policies, behavioural norms, etc.
5. Cultural Barriers - When people of different cultures are unable to understand each other’s customs.
Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication
• Use simple language
• Do not form assumptions on culture, religion, or geography
• Take the help of a translator to overcome differences in language
• Be respectful of other’s opinions

"TINS" RULE OF CAPITALISATION

T (Titles) I (Word ‘I’) N (Names) S (Starting Letter)
first letter in the titles the letter ‘I’ first letter in the names first letter in every sentence

BASIC PARTS OF SPEECH

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 Supporting Parts of Speech Types
WRITING SKILLS
SENTENCE SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
I ate the bread. I ate The Bread
The cat ran down the road. Cat ran The road
He threw the ball He threw The ball
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
Active Voice – Subject + Verb + Object Passive Voice – Object + Verb + Subject
> Bhaanu wrote a book on gun violence. > A book on gun violence was written by Bhaanu.
> East is where the sun rises from.
> Sun rises from the east.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Mark
1. Ravi says “Hello, how are you?” to Kishan. But Kishan does not give any reply to Ravi. Which
element of communication is missing in this conversation?
(a) Message (b) Feedback (c) Channel (d) All of the Above
2. Which of the following is an example of oral communication?
(a) Newspaper (b) Phone call (c) Letters (d) E-mail
3. Which of the following are barriers of effective communication?
(a)Physical and Organizational (b)Interpersonal
(c)Linguistic (d)All of the above
4. Atul is listening and understanding the message conveyed by his boss. He will be called:
(a)Receiver (b)Channel (c) Sender (d)None of the above
5. Suman needs to apply leave at work? Which method of communication will she use?
(a) E-mail (b) Poster (c) Newsletter (d) Blog
6. In which of the following method of communication, body language can be seen?
(a) Face to Face (b) Email (c) Blog (d) Posters
7. Social media, chats, reports, SMS are examples of:
(a)Public communication (b)Small Group Communication
(c)Written Communication (d)Interpersonal Communication
8. ______________ includes sounds, words, language, and speech.
(a) Verbal communication (b) Non-Verbal communication
(c) Both above (d)None of the above
9. Which of the following are barriers of effective communication?
(a)Physical & Organizational (b)Interpersonal
(c)Linguistic (d)All of the above
10. Which of the following is an example of oral communication:
(a)Newspaper (b) letter (c) Phone Calls (d) E-mail
11. What are the types of words we should use for verbal communication?
(a)Simple (b)Phrases (c)Technical (d) Jargons

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12. Which of these sentences is capitalised correctly?
(a) Mayank and i are going to the movies.
(b)Jay will be going to Japan in august.
(c) There will be a short meeting on Monday.
(d) the children are studying.
13. Which of the following is NOT the supporting part of speech?
(a)Interjection (b)Conjunction (c)Articles (d)Phrases
14. Which of the following shows a positive facial expression?
(a)Yawning (b)Smiling Continuously
(c)Rolling up eyes (d)Maintaining eye contact
15. By what method we can know that the receiver has understood or got the message?
(a) transmitting (b) feedback (c) message (d) listening
16. Which type of word is generally not used in verbal communication?
(a) Technical (b) Simple (c) Jargons (d) Foreign Language
17. _________ can be presented by face.
(a) Gestures (b) Body Language (c) Para Language (d) Expressions
18. Which of the following is NOT a communication barrier?
(a) Linguistic barrier (b) Interpersonal barrier
(c) Financial barrier (d) Organisational barrier
19. Madhu is sitting straight in the class. What body posture does it show?
(a) Pride (b) Professionalism (c) Confidence (d) Humility
20. The abilities to communicate properly are:
(a) read (b) write (c) speak (d) All of these
21. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
(a) You can study better. (b) You have calibre to study.
(c) You are not good at studies. You must practice more. (d) None of the above
22. ............. is not a communication barrier?
(a) Language (b) Culture (c) Hobbies (d) Physical
23. Which of the following is quick and clear method of communication?
(a) e-mail (b) notices (c) face-to-face (d) None of these
24. Visual communication are dependent on what factors?
(a) Images /symbols (b) Text messages (c) Posture (d) Body language
25. “You must improve your handwriting, for scoring better in exam”. Which type of feedback is
this?
(a) Specific Feedback (b) Descriptive Feedback
(c) Non-Specific Feedback (d) None of the above
2 Mark
1. Samiksha is an Indian Diplomat going to visit Japan due to some official work. But she does not know
Japanese. Which type of barrier Samiksha is facing? Also, suggest one solution to overcome this barrier.
2. Draw and explain any two examples of visual communications styles.
3. Identify the type of sentence
a)How well she paints!
b)Did I say anything wrong?
c)My mother gifted me a book.
d)Please be seated.

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4. Match the following:
Column A:
Column B: Examples
Barriers
A. Trying to attend a meeting online when somebody else is
1. Language watching TV in the same room.
B. In some cultures, wearing shoes and walking insidethe kitchen is considered rude and
2. Emotional
disrespectful
3. Environmental C. Talking in Hindi when others know only Tamil
4. Cultural D. Parent is not talking to the child
5. Give examples of public communication?
6. What does the following touch show in reference to non-verbal communication?
(i) Putting your head in your hands.
(ii)Looking down.
7. What is the role of feedback in communication cycle?
8. What are ways to overcome barriers to effective communication?
9. Match the following:
Parts of speech Examples
Articles In,on
Interjection And, but
Conjunction A,an,the
Preposition Wow!, Help!

10. Explain physical barriers of effective communication?

11. What is the role of communication in business?
12 Mention verb/adverb/noun/pronoun/adjective in the following sentences:
(i) Ronaldo is my best friend
(ii) He walks quickly in the office.
(iii) The parents sent him a postcard.
(iv) He bought his daughter a computer.
13. Using “TINS” rule convert the sentence into correct case.
(i) I am going to moscow.
(ii) Ramesh and suresh are going on saturday.
14. Put a X mark against the actions below which are examples of bad non-verbal communication.
• Laughing during formal communication
• Scratching head
• Smiling when speaking to a friend
• Nodding when you agree with something
15. Identify the conjunctions and prepositions from the list below and write these in the correct box. Over,
Because, Under, And, Since, In, At, Although, Or, Up, On, Beside
ANSWERS
1 Mark
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b b d a a a c a d c
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
a c d c b a d c c d
21 22 23 24 25
c c c a a

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2 Mark
1. Language barrier. She may use some mediator or she may learn Japanese.

2. a) How well she paints! - Exclamatory sentence

b) Did I say anything wrong? - Interrogative sentence
c) My mother gifted me a book. –Declarative sentence
d) Be seated.- Imperative sentence
3. b) 1 -> C; 2 -> D; 3 -> A; 4 -> B
4.1. Election campaigns 2. Public speeches
5. (i) it could mean that you're bored (ii) you appear weak and unconfident
6. For effective communication, it is important that the sender receives an acknowledgement.
7. 1.Use simple language.
2. Do not form assumptions on culture.

10. Environmental barrier or natural condition that acts as a barrier in communication.

11. It ensures that information is accurately conveyed between stakeholders, facilitates
operations, and aids in decision-making processes.
12.
Sentence Noun Pronoun Verb Adverb Adjective
Ronaldo is my best friend Ronaldo /friend best
He walks quickly in the office he walks quickly
The parents sent him a postcard Parents/ him sent
postcard
He bought his daughter a latest computer Computer/daughter He/his bought latest
13. (i) I am going to Moscow.
(ii) Ramesh and Suresh are going on Saturday.
14. • Laughing during formal communication x
• Scratching head x
15.
Conjunction Preposition
Because, And, Since, Although, Or Over, Under, In, At, Up, On, Beside

7
 Self-Management Skills-II
Mind Map

Self, in philosophy and psychology, refers to the individual's awareness and perception of their own
identity, personality, and existence.
Self-Management
Self-management refers to the ability of an individual to regulate their behaviour, emotions, and thoughts
in a way that effectively achieves personal goals and maintains well-being. It encompasses a range of skills
and practices that enable a person to take control of their own life and function independently and
responsibly.
Key components of self-management include:
1. Self-Regulation
2. Time Management
3. Goal Setting
4. Decision Making
5. Stress Management
6. Self-Motivation
7. Adaptability
8. Health Management
9. Personal Accountability
10. Financial Management

Self-management skills are essential for personal and professional success. They enable individuals to take
charge of their lives, make informed decisions, and navigate challenges effectively. Developing these skills
can lead to greater independence, productivity, and overall well-being.
Stress and its Management
Stress is a natural response to challenging or threatening situations, often referred to as "stressors." It can
manifest both physically and psychologically, affecting a person's well-being. Understanding stress and
employing effective stress management techniques are crucial for maintaining health and productivity.
Here's an overview of stress and strategies to manage it:

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Understanding Stress
1. Sources of Stress:
o External Factors: Work pressures, financial problems, relationship issues, life changes,
environmental factors.
o Internal Factors: Negative self-talk, unrealistic expectations, perfectionism, lack of
flexibility.
2. Symptoms of Stress:
o Physical: Headaches, muscle tension, fatigue, sleep disturbances, digestive issues.
o Emotional: Anxiety, irritability, depression, mood swings.
o Cognitive: Difficulty concentrating, memory problems, negative thinking.
o Behavioural: Changes in appetite, increased use of alcohol or drugs, social withdrawal,
procrastination.
Stress Management Techniques

1. Physical Activities:
o Exercise: Regular physical activity, such as walking, running, yoga, or strength training,
can reduce stress hormones and stimulate the production of endorphins.
o Relaxation Techniques: Practices like deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle
relaxation, and guided imagery can help calm the mind and body.
2. Healthy Lifestyle Choices:
o Balanced Diet: Eating nutritious foods can improve overall health and stress resilience.
o Adequate Sleep: Prioritizing quality sleep is essential for stress recovery and mental clarity.
o Avoiding Stimulants: Reducing the intake of caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine can help
stabilize mood and reduce stress.
3. Mindfulness and Meditation:
o Mindfulness: Staying present and fully engaging in the current moment can reduce anxiety
and improve emotional regulation.
o Meditation: Regular meditation practice can promote relaxation, enhance focus, and
improve overall well-being.
4. Time Management:
o Prioritization: Identifying and focusing on the most important tasks can prevent feeling
overwhelmed.
o Delegation: Sharing responsibilities with others can lighten the workload and reduce stress.
o Scheduling: Planning and organizing tasks can create a sense of control and reduce last-
minute pressures.
5. Social Support:
o Talking to Others: Sharing feelings with friends, family, or a therapist can provide
emotional support and perspective.
o Community Involvement: Engaging in social activities or volunteering can create a sense
of belonging and purpose.
6. Cognitive Techniques:
o Positive Thinking: Challenging negative thoughts and focusing on positive aspects can
shift the mindset.
o Problem-Solving: Addressing the root causes of stress through practical solutions can
reduce stressors.
7. Professional Help:
o Therapy: Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic approaches can help
individuals develop coping strategies and manage stress effectively.
o Medical Intervention: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage symptoms
of stress-related conditions.

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Implementing Stress Management

1. Self-Awarenes
2. Regular Practice
3. Flexibility

Managing stress is an ongoing process that requires attention and effort. By adopting a combination of
techniques, individuals can significantly reduce stress levels and improve their quality of life.
Steps to become Independent

Becoming independent involves developing the skills, mindset, and habits necessary to take control of your
own life, make decisions, and take responsibility for your actions. Here are some steps to help you achieve
independence:

1. Self-Awareness and Personal Growth

 Know Yourself
 Set Personal Goals
2. Financial Independence
 Budgeting
 Saving and Investing
 Earning
3. Life Skills
 Time Management
 Household Management
 Health Management
4. Decision-Making and Problem-Solving
 Critical Thinking
 Problem-Solving
5. Building a Support Network
 Healthy Relationships
 Networking
6. Emotional Independence
 Self-Confidence
 Self-Reliance
7. Continuous Learning
 Education
 Self-Improvement
8. Legal and Administrative Knowledge
 Understand Your Rights
 Administrative Skills
9. Embracing Responsibility
 Accountability
 Commitment
10. Developing a Growth Mindset
 Adaptability
 Resilience

Advantages of Working Independently

• There’s Less Conflict
• You’re More Efficient

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• You Can Enjoy a Challenge
• You’re in Charge
• You Take Full Credit
Disadvantages of Working Independently: -
• There’s Less Teamwork
• There’s Less Creativity
• You’ll Be More Stressed
• You’ll Get Bored
• You Take Full Responsibility

PRACTICE QUESTION

1 Mark

1. What is self-management?
(a) Managing others (b) Regulating one's own behaviour, emotions, and thoughts
(c) Following orders (d)Ignoring responsibilities
2. Which of the following is NOT a component of self-management?
(a) Time management (b) Stress management
(c) Financial management (d)Managing other people's emotions
3. What is the primary purpose of setting SMART goals?
(a) To keep goals vague and flexible
(b) To set goals that are easy to achieve
(c) To create specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound objectives
(d)To ensure goals are complex and challenging
4. Which of the following is a time management technique?
(a) Procrastination (b) Multitasking
(c) Creating a to-do list (d) Overcommitting
5. What is an effective way to manage stress?
(a) Avoiding all stressful situations (b) Exercising regularly
(c) Ignoring stress until it goes away (d)Consuming more caffeine
6. Which of the following best describes mindfulness?
(a) Thinking about past mistakes
(b) Staying present and fully engaging in the current moment
(c) Worrying about future events
(d)Daydreaming
7. Why is self-motivation important for self-management?
(a) It helps others manage their tasks
(b) It reduces the need for planning
(c) It drives an individual to take action and persist in the face of challenges
(d)It encourages reliance on others
8. Which practice helps in maintaining physical health?
(a) Eating junk food (b) Regular exercise and a balanced diet
(c) Skipping meals (d)Avoiding sleep
9. Why is adaptability important in self-management?
(a) It helps avoid change
(b) It allows for flexibility in responding to new conditions and changes
(c) It encourages rigid thinking
(d)It prevents learning new skills
10. What is the role of self-awareness in self-management?

11
 (a) Ignoring one's strengths and weaknesses
(b) Understanding one's strengths, weaknesses, values, and goals
(c) Comparing oneself constantly to others
(d)Focusing solely on others' opinions
11. What is the benefit of building a support network?
(a) Increased isolation (b) Reduced emotional support
(c) Enhanced support and encouragement from others
(d)Decreased opportunities for collaboration
12. Which technique is useful for reducing procrastination?
(a) Setting clear deadlines (b) Avoiding tasks
(c) Multitasking (d)Ignoring time management
13. What does effective stress management typically lead to?
(a) Increased anxiety (b) Improved mental and physical health
(c) Higher levels of stress (d)Decreased productivity
14. Which activity can help improve self-discipline?
(a) Following a consistent routine (b) Procrastinating regularly
(c) Avoiding challenging tasks (d)Ignoring commitments
15. Why is continuous learning important for self-management?
(a) It prevents skill development (b)It enhances knowledge and personal growth
(c) It limits career opportunities (d)It discourages adaptability
16. Which of the following is NOT a component of effective self-management?
(a) Goal setting (b) Time management
(c) Avoiding feedback (d)Self-monitoring
17. What is the primary purpose of setting SMART goals in self-management?
(a) To make goals more complex (b) To ensure goals are vague and flexible
(c)To create clear, attainable, and trackable objectives
d)To involve others in your goal-setting process
18.Which of the following is an example of a time management technique?
(a)Procrastination (b) Prioritizing tasks using the Eisenhower Matrix
(c)Ignoring deadlines (d)Multitasking without a plan
19. How does self-monitoring contribute to self-management?
(a) It helps you avoid tracking your progress
(b) It allows you to blame others for your failures
(c) It enables you to evaluate your progress and make necessary adjustments
(d)It discourages self-reflection and growth
20.What is the benefit of breaking down larger tasks into smaller, manageable steps?
(a) It increases stress and anxiety
(b) It makes tasks more overwhelming
(c) It makes the task more achievable and less daunting
(d)It ensures that you will avoid the task entirely
21.Assertion 1: Setting clear goals is a crucial aspect of self-management.
Assertion 2: Avoiding deadlines can improve productivity.
(a) Both are true
(b) Both are false
(c) 1st is true, 2nd is false
(d) 1st is false, 2nd is true
22.Assertion 1: Effective time management can reduce stress.
Assertion 2: Procrastination is a key component of effective self-management.
(a) Both are true
(b) Both are false
(c) 1st is true, 2nd is false

12
 (d) 1st is false, 2nd is true
23. Assertion 1: Self-monitoring involves tracking your progress.
Assertion 2: Taking feedback helps you stay focused.
(a) Both are true (b) Both are false
(c) 1st is true, 2nd is false (d) 1st is false, 2nd is true
24.Assertion 1: Breaking tasks into smaller steps makes them more manageable.
Assertion 2: Multitasking without a plan increases efficiency.
(a) Both are true (b) Both are false
(c) 1st is true, 2nd is false (d) 1st is false, 2nd is true
25. Assertion 1: Self-reflection is not necessary for personal growth.
Assertion 2: Consistent routines support effective self-management.
(a) Both are true (b) Both are false
(c) 1st is true, 2nd is false (d) 1st is false, 2nd is true
2 Mark
Competency Based Question
1. Describe a time when you had to set a long-term goal for yourself. How did you go about setting
and achieving this goal?
2. Can you provide an example of a situation where you had to manage multiple tasks
simultaneously? How did you prioritize and organize your work?
3. Tell me about a time when you faced an unexpected challenge or obstacle. How did you adapt and
manage your response?
4. Give an example of how you have used feedback to improve your performance. What steps did
you take to incorporate this feedback?
5. Describe a situation where you had to manage your time effectively to meet a tight deadline. What
strategies did you use?
6. Explain how you track and monitor your progress towards personal or professional goals. What
tools or methods do you use?
7. Provide an example of a time when you had to break a large project into smaller tasks. How did
you ensure each task was completed on time?
ANSWERS

1 Mark:
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans b d c c b b c b b b
Q 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans c a b a b c c b c c
Q 21 22 23 24 25
Ans c c a c d
2 Mark:
Competency Based Question
1. A good long-term goal may be to lose 20 kilograms in the next three years or to learn a new language
within two years, or to become a doctr or engineer.
Steps to achieve a long term goal are:
 Self-Regulation
 Time Management
 Goal Setting
 Decision Making
 Stress Management
 Self-Motivation

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  Adaptability
 Health Management
 Personal Accountability
 Financial Management

2. Few works are due the same time. The first consideration is how long it takes to complete a task. In many
cases, I prioritize easier tasks first. Doing so allows me to accomplish more throughout the day. If I have to
multitask and finish all tasks in the same amount of time, I break down tasks into smaller objectives. With
smaller objectives, I determine which ones are most critical for getting the full task done and prioritize them
first.

3. When providing an example of overcoming an obstacle:

 Be honest!
 Don’t exaggerate.
 Emphasize key soft skills.
 Be concise.
 Don’t blame others.
 Stay positive! .
4. Feedback is essential for personal growth, and I incorporate it into my own development in several ways.
First of all , I listen carefully to the feedback I receive, with a genuine intention to understand the other
person's perspective before forming my own response. Then I use the feedback to continuously improve
and renew myself in various areas of life, including physical, mental, social, and spiritual aspects. Feedback
plays an integral part in my ongoing learning and development process.
I could work on developing my interpersonal skills and building stronger relationships with colleagues
5.
1. Get clarity over the deadline.
2. Plan ahead. : Make a list of tasks and a plan.
3. Prioritize tasks : Set realistic deadlines.
4. Communicate effectively : Communicate your deadlines with your team.
1. Stay organized : Delegate tasks evenly.
2. Monitor progress.
5. Focus on one thing at a time.
3. Get some help when needed : Use technology.
6. List each of your goal
A. Create smaller tasks to help hit each goal
B. Assign reasonable deadlines to your goals
C. Review your progress regularly
D. Establish a reward system for yourself
E. Build a schedule to follow
F. Forgive yourself when you fall off track
7.
 Prioritize tasks based on importance and urgency.First of all set priorities to accomplish a task
according to the requirement
 By setting a time limit to complete a task.
 Take a break between tasks.
 Organize yourself.
 Remove non-essential tasks/activities.
 Plan ahead.

14
ICT SKILL

Mind Map

15
 COMPUTER SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO MAIN PARTS
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
These are tangible component of computer These are non-tangible component of computer

Ex: Keyboard, Mouse Ex: Mozilla, games application, any computer

software

TYPES OF KEYS

FUNCTION KEYS NAVIGATION KEYS Control keys Punctuation keys

F1, F2, F3 TO F9 HOME, END, PAGE Control (CTRL), colon (:),

UP, and PAGE DOWN SHIFT, SPACEBAR, semicolon (;), question
ALT, CAPS LOCK mark (?), single
and TAB quotation marks (‘ ’),
and double quotation
marks (“ ”).
Command Keys: INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE.
Function associated with Mouse:
 Roll over or Hover
 Point and Click
 Drag and Drop
 Double Click
OPERATING SYSTEMS

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and

computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management, handling input and output,
and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

Basic Functions performed when a computer starts A computer automatically

runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) as soon as power
button is pushed on. The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test shows that the
system is fine, the BIOS will load the Operating System,

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Interactive (GUI-based)
Single-user, single-task operating system
Single-user, multi-task operating system
Multi-user
Real Time
Distributed
Computer Shortcuts keys:
Cut Copy Paste Print Undo Redo
Ctrl+X Ctrl+C Ctrl+V Ctrl+P Ctrl+Z Ctrl+Y

16
 FILE CONCEPT

File Concept, File Operations, File Organization, Directory Structures And File-System Structures:
Everything you store on your computer is stored in the form of a file. Files can be separately placed into
groups, called folders/directories. Each directory/folder can contain related files and/or sub-folders.
D://  folder1  folder 2  File 1
The steps to create a new folder are: To create a new file:
1. Double-click the Computer icon. 1. Right-click anywhere in the blank area of the
2. Select the drive in which you want to create a new right-column.
folder. Say, Local Disk D:. 2. In the Shortcut menu, click New and select
3. Window will open up showing files and folders in the type of the file you want to create.
Local Disc D: Click New Folder on the toolbar.
4. A new folder is created with name New Folder
highlighted
5. Type a name for the folder.
To rename a file or a folder: To restore the files and folders: To recover a
1. Right-click the file or the folder. file from the Recycle Bin, right-click the file,
2. From the shortcut menu, select Rename option and then click Restore.
Or
Just select the file/folder and press Function key F2.
3. Type the new name or edit the existing name and press
the Enter key.
To copy a folder or directory To copy a folder or directory
Shortcut menu: Drag and Drop method: To copy a file or a
a. Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy. folder, hold down the Ctrl key while dragging it
b. Select Copy option from the Shortcut menu. to the new location.
c. Select the drive or the folder where you want to make
a copy of the selected file or folder.
d. Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut
menu.
To copy a folder or directory To permanently delete Files:
Using Keyboard: You can permanently delete the contents of the
a. Select the file or the folder. Recycle Bin.Right-click the Recycle Bin icon
b. Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder. and then click Empty Recycle Bin
c. Open the destination folder.
d. Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file

17
 COMPUTER THREATS

Computer threats: Some Basic threats we daily face while using computer are:
Worms Virus Trojan Horse Online Predator Internet Scams
Increasing Computer Performance: We can increase computer performance by following these steps:
● Backup Your Data
● Regular Scanning and Cleaning Viruses
● Regular disk defragmentation
● Upgrade Hardware & Install software updates regularly
● Remove temporary files to save space

COMPUTER SECURITY AND PRIVACY :

Computer security and privacy deals with the measures used to prevent loss of data. Security break is
leakage of information stored in a computer.
Personal information can be lost or leaked in two ways:
1. We are not careful in giving out personal information over the Internet. For example, we share our
account details and password on unsecure sites.
2. A person gets unauthorized access to our computer. This can happen in the office if we leave our
computer without logging out.
Firewall: A computer firewall can be a programmable device or a software or a network security system
that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on user-defined security rules.
Cookies : Cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer when you visit a website on the
internet. These files typically contain information about your visit to the webpage or record your login
information.
Anti-virus: Antivirus software is a program designed to detect and remove malicious programs from the
computer.
Example-McAfee Virus Scan, Norton Antivirus, Microsoft Security essentials, and Quick Heal.
Removing SPAM from your Computer
Sometimes we get mails from companies who are advertising a product or trying to attract you to their
website. Such mails are called SPAM. We should never respond to SPAM and delete it on a regular basis.
It is possible to set filters in the settings to prevent SPAM from entering our mail box.

CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER

Prepare a maintenance schedule
(a) Daily Maintenance
i. Clean up your e-mail inbox
ii. Download e-mail attachments and save in proper folders
(b) Weekly Maintenance
i. Clean your keyboard, monitor, Dusty CPU and printer
ii. Backup your data to an external drive
(c) Monthly Maintenance
i. Transfer photographs to computer and delete from drive
ii. Organize photos into folders or albums
iii. Clean up ‘Download’ folder
iv. Uninstall unused programs and apps
v. Run disk-cleaner software & Run full system virus scan
(d) Yearly/Annual Maintenance
(a) Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
(b) Clean up e-mail contact list

18
 (c) Update your operating system
(d) Check for expiry of anti-virus software and renew
How to take Measures to protect Computer:
 Regular scans should be done to check for viruses, malware, etc.
 An effective antivirus software should be installed in your computer.
 Always keep your anti-virus software updated so that it can detect new viruses.
 A regular disk defragmentation should be done to remove all unnecessary information that
slows down the computer.
 Disk defragmentation done at regular intervals helps the disc space to be used at an optimal
level.
 Take regular backup of the data on your computer.
 System should be upgraded with new updates that were not there at the time of purchase,
like, increasing RAM, to improve the performance.
 Software’s should be updated regularly so that it works with maximum efficiency.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Mark:

1. This icon is used to store all the deleted file, it is named as _______.
2. The taskbar of the computer show these items ________, ___________,_________.
3. Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are called
(a) Navigation keys (b) Punctuation Key
(c) Function key (d) None of the above
4. __________ operating system enables multiple users to work on the same computer at different times
or simultaneously.
(a) multiprogramming (b) Multiprocessors
(c) multi-user. (d) multi-tasking.
5. There is a talent contest in your town. For participating in the audition, you have to send a recording of
a song. What would you
connect to your computer to record your song?
(a) Keyboard (b) Microphone
(c) Scanner (d) Mouse
6. What does GPS stand for?
(a) Global Positioning System (b) Global Payment System
(c) Global Program System (d) Global Pointing System
7. There is a talent contest in your town. For participating in the audition, Rohan have to send a recording
of a song. What device he
will use to connect to the computer to record the song?
(a) Keyboard (c) Scanner
(b) Microphone (d) Mouse
8. Namita prepared a shortcut keys quiz for her class. She prepared these question, are you able to tell
their answer:
(a) To select all the content of the file________
(b) To redo the steps she had done___________
(c) To paste the file at some location_________
9. The cleaning of software installed in the computer cannot be achieved by ____________.
(a) Disk cleanup (b) backup
(c) Cleaning CPU cabinet (d) Installing antivirus software
10. Which button is used to reduce the window to a small icon on the taskbar?
(a) Minimize button (b) Restore Down button
(c) Maximize button (d) Start button

19
11. Which one of the following shortcut keys is used to undo the steps?
(a) Ctrl + c (b) Ctrl + p
(c) Ctrl + v (d) Ctrl + z
12. Which of the following functions is not performed using a mouse?
(a) Turn on (b) Hover
(c) Right click (d) Drag and Drop
13. To cut the file or folder, which shortcut key will you use on the computer?
(a) Ctrl+ V (b) Ctrl+ Y
(c) Ctrl+ P (d) Ctrl+ X
14. This allows the user to change various settings in a computer:
(a) Search Box (b) Taskbar
(c) Control Panel (d) Recycle Bin
15. Press _____________to copy the file or the folder.
(a) Ctrl + P (b) Ctrl + C
(c) Ctrl + V (d) Ctrl+Z
16. Some of the computer maintaining activities are:
(a) Run anti-virus periodically (b) Keep files in proper folder
(c) Take regular backup of the data (d) All of the above
In the questions 17-20 given below there are two statements marked as Assertion and Reasoning. Choose the
correct option given below in each question:
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is True but (R) is False.
(d) (A) is False but (R) is True.
17.Assertion (A): Virus is a software program that attaches itself to other programs and alters their
behavior.
Reasoning(R) : Antivirus are used to protect the computer from it.
18. Assertion (A): Operating system is hardware device.
Reasoning(R) : To run every computer you need Operating system.
19. Assertion : Some commonly used mobile operating system are Android, Symbian, iOS.
Reasoning: These operating system can be used to run computer also.
20. Assertion : We need to take care of only the password for security of account on computer.
Reasoning: Other aspects like remove cookies, Firewall, and Backup of data should be done for
protecting the system.

2 Mark:
1.Mohan spend two-three hours daily on Internet, search about the cricket. But after some days he face,
these issues while using the computer. Can you answer why it is happening.
(a) Whenever he want to write on search button C, some suggestions regarding cricket are coming.
Define it.
(b) Some mails which saying that he got a lottery of Rs.10000 are coming. /what are these mails.
(c) He want to keep his system safe, what software he should use for it.
(d) While accessing his account on internet, what are the features his password should have.
(e) He want to place all the files he has downloaded( Download folder) to the desktop with folder
name Cricket. Write steps to place those files on desktop.
2.Geeta is preparing her speech on computer maintenance. She know about daily maintenance of the
system, but not the yearly
maintenance. Please tell about it.
3.Sohal had prepared a quiz for the students, in this he unable to find full form of a) DOS b) GUI.
What is their full form and Types of OS.

20
 4. Sunita knows how to copy file/folder with mouse help, can you tell the steps for doing the same with
keyboard shortcut keys.
5. How does “find and replace” feature works?
ANSWERS:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Recycle Start icon, Navigation c b a b a) Ctrl+A c a
Bin Search, Active Key b) Ctrl+Y
application, c) Ctrl+V
Day and Time

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
d a d c b d a d a d
1. (a) Cookies. Cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer when you visit a website on
the internet. These files are designed to hold data specific to a particular client and website.
(b) Spam Mails. Sometimes we get mails from companies who are advertising a product or trying to
attract you to their website. Such mails are called SPAM. We should never respond to SPAM and
delete it on a regular basis.
(c) Anti-virus. An antivirus product is a program designed to detect and remove viruses and other kinds of
malicious software from computer or laptop
(d) password features: It should be collection of Letters, Symbols and Special Characters.
(e) copy paste or drag and drop:
a). Select the file or the folder.
b). Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder.
c). Open the destination folder.
d ). Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file. OR

To move an item, you need to click it, and then holding the mouse button down, move the item to a new
location. After you move the item to the new location, you release the mouse button. This is called drag
and drop.
2. Yearly Maintenance
 Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
 Clean up e-mail contact list
 Update your operating system
 Check for expiry of anti-virus software and renew
3. a) DOS- Disk Operating System. Single User OS b) GUI- Graphical User Interface. Multi User and Multi tasking.
4. Steps are
a)Select the file or the folder.
b)Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder.
c)Open the destination folder.
d) Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.
5. Find Feature: Type the word or phrase that you want to find, and Word will highlight all instances of the
word or phrase throughout the document.
To replace found text: Select the magnifying glass, and then select Replace. In the Replace With box, type
the replacement text.

21
 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS

MIND MAP

Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a business while bearing all the risks with the hope of making a
profit and make the business successful.
ENTREPRENEUR
An entrepreneur is a person who establishes a business or a venture that generates some value to the
customer and proves to be profitable for him/her. An entrepreneur starts a new business with an eye on what
he identifies as an unmet need in the market and works to fulfill.
Some famous Entrepreneur

Entrepreneur Startup / Business

Bill Gates Microsoft

Elon Musk Space X, Tesla

Jeff Bezos Amazon.com

Falguini Naya Nykaa

22
 ROLE OF ENTREPRENEUR

 Fulfill Customer Needs

Entrepreneurs find out what people want and implement their creativity to come up with a business idea
that will meet that demand.
 Use Local Materials
Entrepreneurs use the material and people available around them, to make products at low cost.
 Help Society
They make profits through activities that benefit society. Some entrepreneurs work towards saving
the environment, to build schools and hospitals.
 Create Jobs
With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more people to help them. They hire more people to
work for them. In this way, more people have jobs.
 Sharing of Wealth
As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people working for them and in related businesses also grow.
 Lower Price of Products
As more entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price of the product goes down.

Society contribution in Entrepreneurship

 Creates needs and demands
 Provides raw materials
 Enables financial support
 Creates a need for education
 Catalyzes policy formation and reform
 Facilitates networking
 Supports infrastructure development

23
 ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACTIVITIES
Social Entrepreneurship
(to create sustainable solutions of social problems)

Agricultural Entrepreneurship
(marketing and production of inputs and products used in agricultural
activities)

Women Entrepreneurship
(led by women, where women undertake work.)

Small Scale Entrepreneurship

(Starting industries where manufacturing done on small scale)

Optimistic

Hard Independen
Working
QUALITIES OF ENTREPRENEUR

Energetic Perseveranc
Self-
Confident e

MYTHS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

There are many myths about the characteristics and traits of entrepreneurs.

1. Entrepreneurs are born a certain way

 This is a myth that almost anyone can be an entrepreneur with the right skills,
drive, and passion. Entrepreneurship is a learned skill, not a natural-born ability.
24
 2. Entrepreneurs have to take a lot of risks
 Entrepreneurs definitely have to bear some risks, they do not necessarily put
themselves in high-risk situations.

3. A lot of money is required to start any business

 The key to entrepreneurship is to start with resources available and grow slowly and
steadily.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS CAREER
There are two ways a person can earn a living. They are
1. Self-employment 2. Wage employment
For example, a doctor who works for a hospital is a wage employed person. If the same doctor has their
own clinic, he or she is a self-employed person.
A self-employed person running a business to satisfy a need by trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.
A person who becomes an entrepreneur goes through a career process:

This process is as follows:

ENTER → SURVIVE → GROW

Example:
A. Sunita has started her “Chocolate- Home made” on the Internet. . a. Enter

B. Sunita innovates new ideas into it to exist in market. b. Survive

C. Surabhi opens 5 painting stores across India c. Grow

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Mark
1. Vikas’s employeee is not in good mood. He comes to his store and starts shouting at him. Vikas does not
get angry with him. He is ___________.
(a) hardworking (b) confident
(c) patient (d) trying new ideas
2. Vinita decides to sell her company in Sri Lanka and has a loss. She apologises to the people who work
for her. She...............................

25
 (a) takes responsibility for mistakes (b) thinks before making a decision
(c) does not give up (d) is creative

3.Vinod running a small enterprise. He always pays his dues on time.

(a) Creates a new product (b) Manages the business
(c) Takes risk (d) None of the above
4. Meera buys raw product for her business from one place. Later she buys from some other place. She
analyses that she earns a profit by this action. She ______________.
(a) Makes decisions (b) Divides income
(c) Takes risk (d) None of the above
5. Mohan has 5 people who work for him. Every day, he spends some time with them to learn about
what they’ve done that day.
(a) Creates a new product (b) Divides income
(c) Manages the business (d) Create Problem
6. Role of Entrepreneurs is to ___________ jobs in the society.
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) None of these (d) Both
7. Write against the option, if the business idea is of (self-employment or wage employment.)
(a) Cooking in a restaurant
(b) Owning a clothing business
(c ) Having a dosa selling stall
8. Entrepreneur is a _________ of growing society.
(a) builder (b) destroyer
(c) citizen (d) None of the above
9. ____________ is not the characteristics of entrepreneur.
(a) Hard Work (b) Lazy
(c) Decision Maker (d) None of the above
10. Entrepreneur plays an important role in ____________ of Society
(a) making (b)B evolving
(c) growing (d) None of the above.
11. Entrepreneur is/are _________________
(a) Risk taker (b) Hard Working
(c) Innovative (d) All of the above
State whether the following statements are True or False
12. Entrepreneurs can create jobs in the market.
13. When many entrepreneurs sell mobile phones in a market, the prices of phones increase
14. Entrepreneurs identify a need in the market and build a product or service for it.
15. Entrepreneurs who do not have an innovative idea cannot succeed.
16. Entrepreneurs exhibit high risk-taking ability, but they take calculative risks.
17. Nothing matters more than the business idea.
18. Any one can acquire and develop entrepreneurial skills.
19. Entrepreneurship is a process of constant learning.

20. Match each story below with the misconception about entrepreneurship.

Story Misconception
(a) Ramesh owns a large clothes shop. Shamu has a small store
selling handmade sarees. Shamu does not call himself an a) Every business idea needs to be
entrepreneur. unique or special.

26
 (b) Anita Father has a big business of Crockery. Vanya is new (b)Entrepreneurs are born, not
in her business. Vanya thought that she can’t survive in market. made.
(c) In a city of thousands of book binding shops, Vidya is a binder (c)A person needs to have a big
who binds good quality books with some innovation and has a business to be called an
very successful business. entrepreneur.

21. Match the columns

(a) Surabhi opens 5 painting stores across India. a. Enter

(b) There are many Career Guidance classes in Banglore. Rishabh owns one of them.
He is starting more classes for students in Delhi. . b. Survive
(c) Sunita has started her “Chocolate- Home made” on the Internet. c. Grow

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

Bhoomika decides to sell her company MyVenture in USA. It does not sell and she has a loss. She apologies
to the people who work for her. She says she will plan better next time. Now she wanted to build her new
business. She doesn’t have money, so she borrowed money from his family and the bank. She hire two
employees for running her business and give them salary every month. After 2 years, she paid off all the
debts.
22. When Bhoomika apologises, she______________
(a) Takes responsibility for mistakes (b) Thinks before making a decision
(c) Does not give up (d) Is creative
23. Name the two types of employment discussed here.
(a) Self-Employment (b) Individual Employment
(c) Wage Employment (d) Both A and C
24.She pays his employees on the 1st of every month.
(a) Creates a new product (b) Manages the business
(c) Takes risk (d) Marketing

25. After 2 years, she paid off all the debts. He is..................
(a). Diligent (b) Decisive
(c) Composed (d) All of the above
26. Which could provide an individual with the motivation to start a new business venture?
(a)The financial rewards. (b) A desire to be independent.
(c) Challenges (d) All the above.

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false

27
d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
27. Assertion (A): The basic test of a successful entrepreneur is the identification of business opportunity
in the environment.
Reason (R): In order to be successful an entrepreneur needs to initiate steps to produce and sell goods and
services to make the best use of that opportunity.
28. Assertion (A): An entrepreneur takes risks.
Reason (R): An entrepreneur is self-confident.
29. Assertion(A): Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a new and
innovative enterprise/ product or service.
Reason(R): An entrepreneur must be creative, organized and risk taker.
30. Assertion(A): For a trading organization, the operating cycle will be shorter. Reasoning(R): There is
no manufacturing in a trading organization.
2 Mark
Q1. What do you need for an Entrepreneurship? Write 2 points.
Q2. Write four qualities of successful Entrepreneur?
Q3. Ravi has his own business and Vishal works in a company. What is the difference between Wage
employed and Self employed people?
Q4. Swati is an Entrepreneur. What do you mean by Entrepreneur? Write 2 point.
Q5. Write four functions of an Entrepreneur.
Q6. Vishakha is confused about entrepreneurship. She heard about some myths. Write four Misconceptions
about Entrepreneurship.
ANSWERS

1 Mark

Q 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ans c a b a c a

Q 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ans a Wage Employment a b c d TRUE

b Self Employment
c Self Employment

Q 13 14 15 16 17 18

Ans FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE

Q 19 20 21 22 23 24

Ans TRUE a) c, b) b, c) a c) c, b) b, c) a a d b

Q 25 26 27 28 29 30

Ans d d a a b a

28
2 Mark
1. A) Entrepreneurship is the type of self-employment where one is running a business.
B) Looking for ways to make the business better to make profits.
2. Four qualities of successful Entrepreneur are:
a) They are confident.
b) They keep trying new ideas in their business.
c) They take responsibility for their actions.
d) They do not give up when they face a difficulty.
3. Wage employed people are people who work for a person or an organization
and get paid for that work.
Self-employed people are those who start businesses to satisfy the needs of people.
4. A) A self employed person who is always trying to make his/her business better.
B) Taking risks and trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.

5. Four functions of an Entrepreneur are:

1 Making Decisions. 2. Managing the Business.
3. Taking Risk. 4. Create new method, Idea or Product
6. Four Misconceptions about Entrepreneurship are :
a) Every business idea needs to be unique. b)Needs a lot of money to start a business.
c) A person having a big business is an entrepreneur.d) Entrepreneurs are born, not made.

29
 GREEN SKILLS

Sustainability:
Sustainability is an art of living where we respect our environment and make use of the
available resources only to the extent where we can replenish what is available to us for the accessibility of
future generations. Sustainability focuses on how human beings can live in peace and harmony with nature
without creating ecological disturbance.
Sustainable Development:
Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the present
without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic
growth, care for the environment and social well-being.
Importance of Sustainable Development
In the 21st Century the importance of adopting sustainable techniques for sustainable development is of
grave importance.
1) Judicious use of resources is of prime importance since the exploitation of resources is causing its
depletion.
2) The uneven distribution of available resources across different economic fronts is giving rise to crime
and creating social imbalance. To ensure proper balance Sustainability is important.
3) Environmental problems like Climate Change, Emission of Green House gases are alarming. We will be
able to combat these issues with the help of Sustainable Development.
4) Adoption of Sustainable Development in our daily life and at our workplace will also promote economic
growth.

Problems Related to Sustainable Development:

Three major problems related to sustainable development are:
Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow crops, such as wheat, rice, etc. is becoming less as
we are using up more and more land for other purposes. Soil nutrients are also getting depleted and lots of
chemicals are spoiling the soil due to use of chemical fertilizers.
Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds for drinking and cleaning but dump garbage into them.
The rivers and ponds are getting polluted. This way after several years, we will have no clean water for our
use.
Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and for construction of homes and furniture. As more

30
and more trees are being cut, it is affecting the climate of the place.

Sustainable Development must address the following issues:

● To prevent the environmental degradation because of climate change.
● To ensure a safe human life by ensuring availability of resources.
● To check the exploitative technology and find alternative sources.
● To check the over exploitation and wastage of natural resources.
● To regenerate renewable energy resources.
● To ensure environmentally sustainable economic growth.
Sustainable Development Goals:
United Nations in 2015 adopted 17 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) as a universal call to action to
end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. These SDGs
are :
1. No poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well Being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Land
16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institution
17. Partnership for the Goals

31
We can contribute to create a Sustainable Society by following 5Rs’ of Sustainability. These are REFUSE,
REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE and REPURPOSE.
1) REFUSE:
REFUSE is to say ‘NO’ to use products that may harm the environment.
2) REDUCE:
REDUCE is minimizing the use of the products that may cause harm to environment.
3) REUSE:
REUSE the products as far as possible, in order to reduce the waste generation.
4) RECYCLE:
After reusing the product, we must try to recycle it as far as possible.
5) REPURPOSE / UPCYCLING:
REPURPOSE/ UPCYCLING is giving a new look to the old product and making it look desirable.
Any product that is not usable can be upcycled with creativity and innovation.
Our Role in Sustainable Development:
Here are some basic ways in which people can help towards Sustainable Development Goals.
1. Quality Education:
Education is the most important factor for sustainable development. Children who have
gone to school will be able to do jobs so that they can take care of themselves and their families.
Education helps us become aware of our role as a responsible citizen. We should
1. use the facilities present in our areas.
2. take our friends to school.
3. help friends study.
4. stop friends from dropping out of school.
2. Clean Water and Sanitation
We must make efforts to make India free of open defecation by building toilets and
creating awareness towards sanitation. Industrial pollution is polluting our water resources, which
in near future will cause scarcity of clean drinking and usable water.

3. Affordable and Clean Energy

Using solar power i.e., power generated using the sun does not
cause pollution as it does not require the burning of non-renewable fuels,
such as coal.
4. Decent Work and Economic Growth
(a) study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves and our families.
(b) work hard and contribute to society.
(c) learn and develop skills so that we can add value to our community.
5. Reduced Inequalities
1. be helpful to one another.
2. be friendly with everyone.
3. include everyone while working or playing.

32
 4. help others by including everyone whether they are small or big, girl or boy, belong to any class
or caste.
6. Sustainable Cities and Communities
1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when not in use.
2. Use natural light as much as possible.
3. Use energy-efficient lights (LED bulbs) and appliances.
7. Responsible Consumers and Producers
1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing
8. Protect Life Below Water
Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing marine life. Protecting marine life and saving
our oceans from pollution is necessary to preserve the marine life.
9. Protect Life on Land
Cutting trees is leading to soil erosion and making land dry and unusable for cultivation. Planting
more trees to replace the ones that we have cut is an important step towards sustainable
development.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Mark
1. Which of the following is the most used renewable source of energy?
(a) Solar power (b) Hydropower
(c) Both a and b (d) None of the above
2. Who will sustainable development benefit?
(a) Future generations (b) Current generation
(c) Both a and b (d) None of the above
3. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Tides are a conventional source of energy
(b) Sun is a conventional source of energy
(c) Wind is a conventional source of energy
(d) Dried dung is a conventional source of energy
4. Which of the following is not an aim of sustainable development?
(a) Poverty Alleviation (b) Conservation of resources
(c) Waste management (d) None of the above
5. Give a major threat to the environment
(a) Industrialization (b) Urbanization
(c) Use of plastic (d) All of the above
6. Lead to rise in global temperature
(a) Greenhouse gases (b) Water table depletion
(c) Soil pollution (d) Improper Waste disposal
7. Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?
(a) Methane (b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Water vapour (d) All of these
8. According to the concept of sustainable development the environment and development are ....... issues
(a) Inseparable (b) Separate
(c) Independent (d) None of these

9. Ecological imbalance in the biosphere is created by

(a) Cutting of forest (b) Conservation of forest

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 (c) Production of more plastic (d) Both a and c
10. Which of the following sources of energy is from a renewable source?
(a) Solar energy (b) Wood
(c) Coal (d) Petrol
11. Choose the option which is not a sustainable development goal according to the UN.
(a) Clean water and sanitation (b) Gender equality
(c) Population (d) Reduced inequalities
12. How many sustainable development goals are given by the United Nations?
(a) 18 (b) 17
(c) 15 (d) 16
13. Choose the option which defines sustainable development
(a) Taking care of future generations
(b) Taking care of only ourselves
(c) Taking care of ourselves and the future generations
(d) Well-being of all
14. Which organization has made the Sustainable Development Goals?
(a) United Nations (b) League of Nations
(c) UNICEF (d) World Health Organization
15. The sustainable development goals and targets will expire till
(a) 2015 (b) 2016 (c) 2026 (d) 2030
16. SDG1 is __________
(a) No poverty (b) Zero Hunger
(c) Gender Equality (d) Quality Education
17. Which of the following options is not included in the SD parameters?
(a) Gender inequality and diversity
(b) Intergenerational and intragenerational equity
(c) Growing annually
(d) None of the above
18. When did the phrase “Sustainable Development” first appear?
(a) 1987 (b) 1980
(c) 1978 (d) 1992
19. In December———-, the General Assembly created the United Nations Council on Environmental
Sustainability (CSD).
(a) 1992 (b) 1993
(c) 1994 (d) 1995
20 Mercury, as well as leads, are poisonous substances that contribute to
(a) noise exposure (b) poor air quality
(c) water contamination (d) soil pollution

ASSERTION AND REASONING-BASED QUESTIONS.

Mark the correct choice as from Q21 to 25.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d) A is false but R is True
21. Assertion (A): Sustainable development is important for the well-being of human society.
Reason (R): Sustainable development is a kind of development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
22. Assertion (A): Sustainable development must be adopted to save the environment from degradation.
Reason (B): It is a matter of discussion among different countries of the world.
23. Assertion (A): Sustainable development is essential for the economic growth of the countries.

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Reason (B): Sustainable development ensures that environment-friendly measures are adopted for carrying
out production processes.
24. Assertion(A): Renewable resources are abundant in nature.
Reason(R): Non-renewable resources can be replenished over some time.
25. Assertion (A): The depletion of non-renewable resources is a major concern for sustainable
development.
Reasoning(R): Non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels are finite, and their extraction and use
contribute to environmental degradation and climate change.

26. Sunita finished her world tour, and she found different problems in different countries regarding
sustainable development, now she wants to know which of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
(SDGs) acknowledges that all governments must promote action in the important areas listed below.
(a) People, planet, prosperity, peace, and collaboration
(b) People, the world, wealth, flora, and planning
(c) People, planet, wealth, plants, and collaboration
(d) People, the environment, prosperity, peace, and foresight
2 Mark
1. Name any 2 resources which are causing severe environmental problems.
2. How does sustainable development help to manage climate change?
3. Write any three challenges to sustainable development.
4. Which type of industries should be relocated outside the cities?
5. Write 4 development goals given by the UN Sustainable Development Summit 2015.
6. Geeta wants to run a campaign to reduce deforestation. Suggest her 2 ways which will reduce
deforestation.
7. What should be done to make efficient use of electricity in and around your society?
8. State the points through which one can manage waste in your city.
Answers
1 Mark

Qst. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans. b c d c d a b a a a

Qst. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Ans. c b c a d a b b a d

Qst. 21 22 23 24 25 26

Ans. a a a c a a

2 Mark
1. Name any 2 resources which are causing severe environmental problems.
Ans. The most significant environmental problems are associated with resources that are renewable such
as air and water. They have a finite capacity to assimilate emissions and wastes but if pollution exceeds this
capacity ecosystem will deteriorate rapidly at a huge pace.

2. How does sustainable development help to manage climate change?

Ans. Climate change can be mitigated through sustainable development practices. These practices seek to
reduce the use of fossil-based sources of fuel such as petrol, diesel, natural gas and coal. Fossil fuels as
sources of energy are unsustainable since they will be depleted at some time. Their burning is also
responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases and consequent global warming and climate change.

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3. Write any three challenges to sustainable development.
Ans. Three challenges to sustainable development are (i) Rise in population level would lead to severe
environmental degradation in the future (ii) Poor management of natural resources combined with growing
economic activities will continue to pose serious challenges to the environment. (iii) Due to the rise in
income, the demands for improvement in environmental quality will increase as well as the resources
available for investment but it is not mandatory in some cases as problems are observed to get worse as
income rises.
4. Which type of industries should be relocated outside the cities?
Ans. Polluting industries should be relocated outside the cities far away from the populated areas. These
industries pollute both the water and air by disposing of the waste in them. The polluted water is then used
by animals for drinking and human beings for various activities, which leads to the depletion of their health.
In humans, various health issues are raised over time.
5. Write four development goals given by the UN Sustainable Development Summit 2015.
Ans. Any four development goals given by the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit 2015 are
as follows (i) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. (ii) Promote
inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all. (iii) Build resilient
infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. (iv) Reduce inequality within
and among countries.
6. Geeta wants to run a campaign to reduce deforestation. Suggest her 2 ways which will reduce
deforestation.
Ans. Save and recycle paper to protect trees from being cut. Do not buy products obtained from wild animals
such as leather, fur and ivory. Collect honey without completely removing the beehives.
7. What should be done to make efficient use of electricity in and around your society?
Ans. To make efficient use of electricity are as follows (i) Don’t waste electricity. Turn off lights and unplug
appliances when not in use. (ii) Select clean, renewable energy sources like solar lights. (iii) Avoid cars or
do car-pools and use cycles or public transport.
8. State the points through which one can manage waste in your city.
Ans. Some points in which one can manage waste are as follows
(i) Reduce, reuse and recycle before throwing away things as waste.
(ii) Use environmentally friendly methods of waste disposal.
(iii) Use appropriate methods for recycling or disposal of electronic and hazardous waste.

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