Lecture 2
Multispectral RS and Basics
GEO203 - Remote Sensing of Image Processing
Applied in Geology
B.F. Alemaw, Ph.D.
Geology Department
University of Botswana
L2-Introduction to Remote Sensing and GIS
1
Lecture Outline VNIR, SWIR and TIR subsystems
INTERFACE OF REMOTE SENSING AND
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS • Classification of remote sensing basd
AND BASICS OF IMAGE PROCESSING on number of bands:
• VNIR, SWIR, TIR
• The Value of Remote Sensing to GIS
• Mono spectral (one band)
• The remote sensing process • Multi spectral (more than 2) e.g. MSS,
• Digital Image Processing (DIP) Techniques: Image Pre- SPOT (4 bands)
processing; Image Enhancement; Image
Transformation; Image Filtering, and; Image • Hyper spectral (several bands) e.g.
Classification
ASTER (3 VNIR, 6 SWIR, 5 TIR bands)
• Lab4: Image processing of satellite data: image
histograms and extraction of basic statistics, image
overlays, band ratio images (5/7,4/5) using ERDAS
Imagine software
Geo 580, Spring 2002 1
Eg. ASTER vs Landsat TM Sources of GIS databases:
ground-based and RS/satellite
• digitizing, with the use of a digitizing table, of
existing analogue maps;
• importing existing geographical information
(maps or satellite images) made available
(free or commercial) by third parties;
• scanning of existing maps or images;
• data logged field measurements + GPS;
• key board input.
Remote sensing images are the most
readily available GIS databases in
raster format
The remote sensing process
The Value of Remote Sensing to GIS I n fo r m a ti o n
S ta te m e n t o f D ata D ata p r e s e n ta tio n
th e P r o b le m C o lle c tio n A n a ly s is
• Remote sensing data is typically used to S t a t e th e P r o b -
le m & S e l e c t
A p p r o p r ia t e
־
־
I n S it u
F ie ld
L a b o r o a to ry
־ A n a lo g u e
( V is u a l) I m a g e
P r o c e s s in g -
־
־
A n a lo g g a n d
d ig i t a l
Im a g e s ,
create the original maps used in a GIS. lo g i c :
־ I n d u c tiv e
־ C o l la t e r a l d a t a U s in g e le m e n ts
o f im a g e
־
־
im a g e m a p s ,
o r th o p h o to m a p s ,
־ D e d u c t iv e R em ote i n t e r p r e ta t i o n ־ th e m a tic m a p s ,
• The data entry required to create a GIS ־ T e c h n o lo g ic a l S e n s in g o f
B io p h y s i c a l
־ S c ie n t i f ic
V i s u a l i z a t io n
־ s p a t ia l d a t a b a s e s
database is often the most expensive part of F o r m u la t e
H y p o t h e s is
־
a n d H y b r id
d a ta
P a s s iv e
־ H y p o th e s e s
T e s tin g
־
־
־
E rror rep ort
G e o m e tric
T h e m a ti c
creating a GIS system, perhaps as much as a n a lo g u e
[c a m e ra ,
( a c c e p t o r r e je c t
h y p o th e s i s ) I m a g e L in e a g e
seventy percent (70%) of the total cost. ־
v id e o g r a p h y ]
P a s s iv e d ig ita l
[c a m e ra ,
־ D ig ita l I m a g e
p r o c e s s in g
־ G e n e a lo g y
S t a t i s t ic s
־
• The landscape changes over time, so map m u l ti s p e c t r a l
s c a n n e r s , l in e a r
& a r e a a rr a y s ,
P a tt e r n
r e c o g n i t io n
־
U n iv a ria te
M u l t i v a r i a te
G raphs
( s ta tis tic a l)
data must be updated to remain accurate, s p e c tr o ra d io m e t
ers]
P h o to g r a m m e tr ic
a n a ly s is
־ 1 ,2 , a n d 3 - D
grap hs
which is possible with remote sensing. ־ A c t iv e
[m ic r o w a v e
H y p e r - s p e c tr a l
a n a ly s is
(r a d a r ), L a s e r E x p e r t s y s te m
• Remote sensing provides the most cost ( L id a r ) , S o n a r ] N e u ra l N e tw o rk
a n a ly s is
effective and timely method of collecting M o d e llin g
( s p a t ia l u s i n g G I S ,
s c e n e u s in g p h y s ic s ,
environmental data over large areas. m a t te r e n e r g y
p rin c ip le s )
Geo 580, Spring 2002 2
Digital Image Processing (DIP) Digital Image Processing (DIP) …ctd
The main DIP techniques (using GIS) 1. Image Pre-processing is normally used to:
involved in the analysis of remote sensing • To rectify a raw digital image using a) image to map
rectification; b) image to image registration; and/or c) GPS
imagery can be broadly classified as: ground control rectification
• To make radiometric corrections, atmospheric corrections, etc
• To fill-in missing scan lines
1. Image Pre-processing
2. Image Enhancement 2. Image Enhancement involves:
3. Image Transformation
PETFC • Display and visual comprehension of information displayed in
image form
4. Image Filtering, and • Understanding of sensitivity of the eye to RGB light (321
normal or true colour), the RGB colour cube model, and HSI
5. Image Classification color model
• Contrast enhancement, histogram equalization, etc
Digital Image Processing (DIP) …ctd Optimum Index Factor (OIF)
3. Image Transformation involves
• Arithmetic operations
• False colour image (RGB) combinations (742 TM) – good in
morphological and lithological mapping
• Band-ratioing to enhance/emphasize lithology, and clay
(R=5/7) and iron (G=4/5) alternation zones (B=3/1 of TM image)
• NDVI (b4-b3)/(b4+b3) image to enhance vegetation greenness,
etc
• Principal component analysis (PCA)- to remove the
information of redundant or correlated bands
• Optimum Index factor (OIF) same purpose as PCA, which
calculates/identifies image band combinations with high
variability
• Fourier transform (to remove noises in a raw image (having
‘waves’ of combinations of various noises-amplitude,
frequency and phase!’ – Thanks to French Mathematician and
Physicist Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier 1768-1830
Geo 580, Spring 2002 3
The Colour Cube
Digital Image Processing (DIP) …ctd
Model: RGB & HSI
4. Image Filtering Techniques involve:
• Low pass/smoothing filters (Moving Average, median, adaptive
filters)
• High-pass (sharpening) filters – derivative-based filters, edge
detection, etc
5. Image Classification involves
• Determine the nature and number of categories and labeling like
grass, crops, etc
• Supervised classification (with support of field data, and some
knowledge of classes in the image, etc) and
• Unsupervised classification (statistical e.g. cluster analysis)
• If it was perfectly possible our eye is good classifier-use true or
false colour combinations!
Geo 580, Spring 2002 4
