DATE
CLASS;SS2
AVE.AGE; 16YEARS
NO IN CLASS;
PERIOD:PERIOD 1: WK1
DURATION: 40MINUTES
TOPIC:CHEMISTRY ACHIEVEMENT TEST (PRE-CAT)
SUB-TOPIC: TYPES OF SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
Identify techniques
Answer simple questions on separation techniques
REFERENCE
Odesina I.A(2008) Essential chemistry for senior secondary school, 2nd edition tonad publisher limited
ibafor Nigeria
Osei Yaw Ababio (2001) new school chemistry for senior secondary schools. 3rd edition African fep
publishers limited, Onitsha Nigeria
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Funnel, filter paper, test tube, beaker, sieve
Rice, beans, garri, salt, sand
Chalkboard, duster , piece of chalk.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
The student have been taught elements compounds and mixture.
INTRODUCTION
The teacher makes the illustration on how to separate mixture of rice and beans
LESSON PRESENTATION
STEPI
The teacher explains mixture as a substance that is made up of two or more different
substances or constituents.
STEP II
The teacher lists different separation method used for separating the constituents of a mixture.
STEP III
The research assistant administers the research instrument and collect them at the end of the
set time for the test (PRE-CAT).
STEP IV
The instruments were collected and marked.
CONCLUSION
The result of the instrument were collated for analysis.
DATE :
CLASS; SS2
AVE.AGE; 16YEARS
NO IN CLASS; 2NP P
PERIOD: PERIOD I WK2
DURATION: 40MINUTES
TOPIC: SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
SUB-TOPIC: TYPES OF MIXTURE
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the students should be able to
State the two types of mixture and identify them
Identify the constituent of a mixture
List different separation technique
REFERENCE.
Odesina I.A(2008) Essential chemistry for senior secondary school, 2nd edition tonad publisher limited
ibafor Nigeria
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
A mixture of rice and beans oil& water
Sample of blood meal and milk
Chalk-board , duster and pieces of chalk.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
The students have been tangle elements , compound and mixture.
INTRODUCTION
The teacher shows the student the mixture of rice and bean ask them to identify if it is a mixture
or a compound.
LESSON PRESENTATION
STEP I
The teacher explains to the student that from the previous lesson blood meat, milk and rice and
beans mixed together are mixtures.
STEP II
The teacher state and explains to differences in the items (instructional material) in term of their
homogeneity. Hence , there are two types of mixture.
STEP III
The teacher states the two types of mixture as
Homologeous mixture
Heterogenous mixture
He further illustrates what is responsible for these types of mixture.
STEP IV
The teacher list different separation techniques that can be used for separation of mixtures,
using an adapted audio-visual multimedia instructional package.
CONCLUSION
The teacher gives the summary of the whole lesson and write some salient point on the
chalkboard for the students.
MIXTURES
A mixture contains two or more constituents which can easily be separated by physical methods
The constituent of mixtures can be elements or compounds or both. In sample of a given
mixture the constituent may be present in different proportion e.g different sample of cement contain
variable proportionof calcium and aluminuim trioxosilicates IV.
The constituent of a mixture retain their industrial identity because their physical and chemical
properties are not changed by simple mixing.
TYPES OF MIXTURE.
There are two types of mixture
Homogeneous Mixture: is the type which all the constituent of the mixture mixed together properly in
such a way the each of the constituent cannot be physically identified (except by further separating
technique)
For instance, blood is a mixture of water,protein, fat and oil, sugar, mineral salt, vitamin
hormones. Enzyme, blood cells and heamaglobin.
All these constituent are mixed together thoroughly (homogenously) in a proportion the none of the
constituent can be physically identified.
However, each of the constituent can be isolated by separation techniques.
Heterogeneous mixture: A mixture is said to be heterogeneous if the entire constituent of the mixture
are not thoroughly (properly) mixed together .
This is also referred to as non homogenous mixture
For example,a mixture of rice and beans , beans and shaft, water and oil etc.
While simple separation technique are required for heterogenerous mixtures, a more complex or futher
separation techniques.
Factors Determining the Heterogenity of a mixture
The following factors have been identified to be responsible for homogeneity and heterogeneity of a
mixture
The size and shape of the particles of the constituent substance (particles size) of the mixture
The density of the constituent substance (e.g water and oil ) of the mixture
The colour of the constituent substance of the mixture
EVALUATION
The teacher review the overall activities and drills the students.
ASSIGNMENT
The teachers gives a class activity the students
Classify the following into homogenous mixture or heterogenous mixture
Soil
Milk
Cement
Blood
Palm wine
Coca cola
Urine.
TEACHER REMARK
The lesson is tangle without any distruction
HOD REMARK
SUPERVISOR’S REMARK
DATE
CLASS; SS2
AVE.AGE; 16YEARS
NO IN CLASS;
PERIOD: PERIOD 2 WK2
DURATION: 40MINUTES
TOPIC: SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
SUB-TOPIC: TYPES OF SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the students should be able to
Identify mixtures
List typesof separation techniques
Uses the appropriate separation technique for separating different mixtures.
REFERENCE
Odesina I.A(2008) Essential chemistry for senior secondary school, 2nd edition tonad publisher limited
ibafor Nigeria
Osei Yaw Ababio (2001) new school chemistry for senior secondary schools. 3rd edition African fep
publishers limited, Onitsha Nigeria
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Funnel, filter paper, test tube, beaker, sieve
Rice, beans, garri, salt, sand
Chalkboard, duster , piece of chalk.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
The student have been taught elements compounds and mixture.
INTRODUCTION
The teacher makes the illustration on how to separate mixture of rice and beans
LESSON PRESENTATION
STEPI
The teacher explains mixture as a substance that is made up of two or more different
substances or constituents.
STEP II
The teacher lists different separation method used for separating the constituents of a mixture.
STEP III
The teacher demonstrates each separation technique as applicable for the separation of
different mixture by using an adapted audio-visual multimedia instructional package.
STEP IV
The teacher gives salient point for the students to copy.
Separating Technique
A mixture contain two or more different substances. Each constituent of a mixture still retains
its individual properties. We can take advantage of this characteristic to separate mixtures.
Types of separation techniques.
Technique
Usefulness
Sieving
Solids of different sizes
2
Magnetic separation
Magnetic solid from non magnetic ones
Sublimation
Solid which sublime from other solid
Decantation
Insoluble solid from liquid
Filtration
Insoluble solid from liquid
Centrifugation
Insoluble solid from liquid
Evaporation
Soluble solid from a solution
Crystallization
Soluble solid from a solution
Fractional precipitation
Soluble solid from a solution
10
Distillation
Solvent from its solution
11
Fractional distillation
Miscible liquid
12
Separating funnel
Immisible liquids
13
Chromatography
Solutes from a solution
CONCLUSION
The teacher reviews the overall process and explain the process one after the other.
EVALUATION
The teacher asks the student to list some of the equipment or apparatus used for separation techniques.
ASSIGNMENT
Draw a large labeled set up diagram of filtration techniques.
HOD’S REMARK
DATE
CLASS;SS2
AVE.AGE; 16YEARS
NO IN CLASS;
PERIOD: PERIOD 1 WK3
DURATION: 40MINUTES
TOPIC: SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
SUB-TOPIC: MIXTURE SEPARATION
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the students should be able to
Identify mixtures
List types of separation technique
Use the appropriate separation method for separating different mixture
REFERENCE
Odesina I.A(2008) Essential chemistry for senior secondary school, 2nd edition tonad publisher limited
ibafor Nigeria
Osei Yaw Ababio (2001) new school chemistry for senior secondary schools. 3rd edition African fep
publishers limited, Onitsha Nigeria.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Funnel, filter paper, test tube, beaker, sieve, magnet, burnsen burner
Garri, yam flour, rice, beans, salt, sand.
Duster, pieces of chalk, chalk board.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
The students have been taught types of separation technique.
INTRODUCTION
The teacher asks the students to list some separation techniques
LESSON PRESENTATION
STEP I
The teacher explain the principle of sieving and other methods
STEP II
The teacher displays some apparatus for the students to see and identify
STEP III
The teacher demonstrate each separation techniques as applicable for the separation of
different mixtures, by using multimedia-based instructional package
STEP IV
The teacher gives short note on each of the highlighted separation techniques viz: sieving,
magnetic separation and sublimation methods.
SEPARATION METHOD
Sieving
Sieving is used to separate solid particles of different sizes. The mixture is placed on the sieve with a
mesh of particular size particles smaller than the mesh size of the sieve will pass through the sieve while
the bigger particles remain on the sieve. This method is used extensively in mining and garri production
2. Magnetic separation
A magnetic is used to separate magnetic substance from non-magnetic particles. This method is used in
the steel industry and to remove magnetic impurities from tin ore. A mixture of iron filling and sulphur
powder can be separated by this method.
3.Sublimation
When some solid are heated they sublime i.e they change directly to the gaseous state without passing
through the liquid state. also the vapor of certain substances when cooled condense directly to become
solid. This physical change is called sublimation
Example of such solid are Iodine, benzoic acid, sulphur, iron iii chloride and ammonium chloride. These
substance can be separated from the other side by sublimation e.g mixture of iodine and sodium
chloride, on heating the iodine sublime and reform a solid at the cooler part of the apparatus. The
reform solid is known as sublimate.
CONCLUSION.
The teacher allows the students to ask some question to ask some question and reviews the
overall process.
EVALUATION
The teacher ask some question from the student in order to know their levels of assimilation
ASSIGNMENT
The teacher gives a take home assignment to the students
Read and write short note on filtration techniques
TEACHER’S REMARK
The clays ways very lively
HOD’S REMARK
DATE
CLASS;SS2
AVE.AGE; 16YEARS
NO IN CLASS;
PERIOD: PERIOD 2 WK3
DURATION: 40MINUTES
TOPIC: SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
SUB-TOPIC: MIXTURE SEPARATION CONSIS
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the students should be able to
Identify mixtures
Mention and list types of separation methods
State the appropriate separation techniques for separating different mixture
REFERENCE
Odesina I.A(2008) Essential chemistry for senior secondary school, 2nd edition tonad publisher limited
ibafor Nigeria
Osei Yaw Ababio (2001) new school chemistry for senior secondary schools. 3rd edition African fep
publishers limited, Onitsha Nigeria.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Funnel, filter paper, test tube, beaker, retort stand& clamp, glass rod.
Garri, salt, sand, blood meat, chalk powder.
Pieces of chalk, duster, chalk board.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
The students have been taught some separation method such as sieving, magnetic separation
and sublimation methods.
INTRODUCTION
The teacher ask the student to explain the process of sublimation
LESSON PRESENTATION
STEP I
The teacher explain the principle of decantation using a mixture of garri and water as an
example
STEP II
The teacher discussed other separation techniques which include filtration and centrifugation
methods of separation
STEP III
The teacher demonstrates each separation technique as application for the separation of
different mixtures, by using an adapted audio-visual multimedia-based instructional package.
STEP IV
The teacher gives short note on each of the highlighted separation techniques, viz: Decantation,
filtration and centrifugation method.
SEPARATION METHOD ( CONTINUES)
4. Decantation
Decantation is a method used to separate a mixture of liquid and denser solid particles which separate
into two distinct layer on standing. The upper layer of clear liquid is carefully poured using a glass rod
from the bottom solid portion into another container.
Decantation is a quick but inaccurate method of separation because during the process, the solid which
settle at the bottom becomes agitated and some of it may mix up again with the liquid portion.
5.Filtration
Filtration is the method of separating insoluble particle from liquid through the pores of porous
materials like filter paper. During filtration the liquid portion pass through the filter paper while the solid
materials remain on the filter paper. The liquid which passes through the filter .paper is called Filtrate,
while the portion is called the residue.
For example if a suspension of chalk dust in water is poured onto a filter paper the water passes
through leaving the chalk particles on the filter paper.
Industries such as water purification plants and breweries use filtration to remove solid particles from
liquid.
6. Centrifugation
A centrifuge is a machine which can spin test tube containing suspension at high speed. The
spinning cavers heavier solid particles in the suspension to be thrown to the bottom of the test tube
they settle there while the clear liquid separate out as an upper layer which can easily be decanted.
Centrifugation is often use when there is only a small amount of materials in hospital for example, blood
sample are centrifuged to separate the blood cell from the plasm.
CONCLUSION
The teacher state in summary that all the 5 method i.e decantation, filtration and centrifugation
are based on the principle of separating insoluble solid from a liquid.
The teacher also allows the student to ask question
EVALUATION
The teacher drills the students y asking them some questions
ASSIGNMENT
The teacher gives a take home assignment
List all the apparatus needed for sublimation and filtration technique
Describe briefly how you will separate a mixture of salt and sand in water.
DATE
CLASS;SS2
AVE.AGE; 16YEARS
NO IN CLASS;
PERIOD: PERIOD 1 WK4
DURATION: 40MINUTES
TOPIC: SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
SUB-TOPIC: MIXTURE SEPARATION( con)
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the students should be able to
List and identify different apparently meant for different separation techniques
Set up simple separation apparatus for effective separation processes.
Describe each of the separation techniques
REFERENCE
Odesina I.A(2008) Essential chemistry for senior secondary school, 2nd edition tonad publisher limited
Ibafor Nigeria.
Osei Yaw Ababio (2001) new school chemistry for senior secondary schools. 3rd edition African Fep
publishers limited, Onitsha Nigeria.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Beaker, evaporating dish, paper wedge, wire guss, lapod stand, burnsen burner & salt.
A chart displaying set up apparatus for simple distillation and fractional distillation
Pieces of chalk, duster and chalk board.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
The student have been taught decantation, filtration and centrifugation method of separation
INTRODUCTION
The teacher asks the student tostate the method of separation soluble solid e.g salt from their
solution
He further introduce evaporation, crystallization, fractional crystallization and precipitation method as
applicable for such separation.
LESSON PRESENTATION
STEP I
The teacher explain the principle of evaporation using salt solution as an example
STEP II
The teacher displays some apparatus for the student to see and identify
STEP III
The teacher demonstrate the process of evaporation and crystallization using NaCl salt and
CuSO4.5H2O salts respectively by using multimedia-based instructional paackage
STEP IV
The teacher divides the class into two group I for evaporation and group II for crystallization
experiments in subsequent session.
CONCLUSION
The teacher writer salient point on the chalk board for the student to write.
SEPARATION METHODS (CONTINUE)
7. Evaporation
This is the method of separating a dissolved solute from a solution by heating the mixture to
dryness so that the liquid portion with a low vapor pressure than the portion e.g salt solution.
The method employs the principles of different vapor pressure and the solvent is sacrificed in the
process. The salt solution is poured into evaporating dish and heated gently over a water bath or sand
bath on the Bunsen flames. The water is driven off and the salt is left behind in the dish.
Evaporation is the process of vaporization of a liquid at all temperature. This method is not suitable for
salts which can easily be decomposed by heating.
However, evaporation is used in salt-making industries.
8.Crystallization.
Crystallization is used to separate salts which decomposed easily on heating from their solution.
The salts on crystal obtained in this way are pure and usually contain water of crystallization for example
Copper II tetraoxosulphate VI- pentahydrate CuSO4.H2O
Copper II trioxosulphate V - trihydrate, Cu(NO3)2.3H2O
Iron II tetraoxosulphate VI- heptahydrate, FeSO4. 7H2O
Zinc trioxonitrate V hexahydrate Zn(NO3)2 .6H2O
Magnesium tetraoxosulphate VI heptahydrate, MgSO4. 7H20 etc .
The use of crystallization as a purification process takes place where the impurity in the substance is
insoluble in the solvent. The impure solid is dissolved in a suitable solvent leaving the impurities as an
insoluble residue. The solution is first filtered and heated to drive away some of the solvent until the
solution become saturated. When the saturated solution is cooled crystals of the solution begin to
form. To induce crystal formation, crystal of the same salt are added into the solution to serve as seed-
seeding.
Crystallization is used in the manufacture of drugs and sugar where purity of the product is very
important.
9. Fractional crystallization
Fractional crystallization is used to separate two or more solid solutes which are present in the same
solution in roughly equal amount. The solubilities of different solute in the given solvent must differ at
different temperatures. During the cooling process at a particular temperature crystal of the relevant
solute will come out of solution, leaving behind the other which are still within their limit of solubility.
10. Precipitation
As a chemical process, precipitation uses the property of differences in solubilities of solid in different
miscible liquid to precipitate the solid. It is carried out by adding a solvent to an aqueous solution of a
substance.
For example, Iron II tetraoxosulphate VI is soluble in water but insoluble in ethanol. However, ethanol
and water are two miscible solvent. Hence, adding ethanol to an aqueous solution of Iron II
tetraoxosulphate vi will precipitate the pure solid of Iron II tetraoxosulphate VI which can be separated
by filtration and be re-crystallized if necessary to get a high degree of purity
Another way of demonstrating precipitation is by mixing two different solution which react to produce
one soluble compound and an insoluble substance called precipitate e.g when a solution of sodium
chloride is added to a solution of silver trioxonitrate V a soluble sodium trioxonitrate V and an insoluble
silver chloride are formed.
NaCl(aq) t AgNO3 AgCl(s) t NaNO3(aq)
( Precipitate)
EVALUATION
The teacher drills the students by asking them some thought provoking questions.
ASSIGNMENT
The teacher gives a take home assignment to the students
State the separation techniques involved in the separation of Baruim and Copper ions in aqueous
solution by the addition of tetraoxosulphate VI acid to the solution
DATE
CLASS;SS2
AVE.AGE; 16YEARS
NO IN CLASS:
PERIOD:PERIOD 2 WK 4
DURATION: 40MINUTES
TOPIC: SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
SUB-TOPIC: MIXTURE SEPARATION CONT
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the students should be able to
Describe the process of simple and fractional distillation
Explain the use of separating funnel and chromatography in the process of mixture separation
Set up the apparatus required for the effective separation processes
REFERENCE
Osei Yaw Ababio (2001) new school chemistry for senior secondary schools. 3rd edition African Fep
publishers limited, Onitsha Nigeria.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Beaker, separating funnel ,retort stand.
A chart displaying set up apparatus for simple and fractional distillation
Pieces of chalk, duster and chalk board.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
The student have been taught evaporation, crystallization and precipitation method of
separation.
INTRODUCTION
The teacher explain the importance of separation techniques as very crucial in the process of
recovery of loses and pertinent in the chemical process where purity is of paramount importance.
Peculiar among the separation technique include the simple and fractional distillation, separating funnel
and chromatography which we are about to discuss.
LESSON PRESENTATION.
STEP I
The teacher describe distillation as a process of vaporizing a liquid and then condensing the
vapor.
He further explains that distillation technique is very important in the process of solvent recovery.
STEP II
The teacher explain fractional distillation as a more advance technique of separating two or
more miscible liquid with close boiling points.
STEP III
The teacher display, the chart showing the set-up apparatus for simple distillation respectively.
He thereafter uses the multimedia-based instructional package for teaching.
He statesthe significance of the thermometer and liebig condenser on used is each case and
fractionating column as used for fractional distillation
STEP IV
The teacher demonstrates the use of separating funnel using water and kerosene. He further
explain the principle of chromatography and the importance to the paint and textile industries as well as
food industries.
CONCLUSION
The teacher write some germane points on the chalkboard for the students to write.
Separation Method (continue)
11. Simple Distillation
Distillation is used to recover a solvent from a solution. It is a process of vaporizing a liquid and then
conserving the vapor again.
The solution is heated in a flask to vaporize the solvent. The vapor passes along a condenser which is
cooled by circulating water (cold) in its outer jacket. This recondenses the vapor into a liquid called the
distillate which is then collected in a receiver. The solute and other impurities are left behind in the
distillation flask.
Distillation is used in gin distilleries and water distilleries for the manufactures of gin and distilled water
respectively
12. Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquid with close boiling point
into component fraction. A fractional distillation Apparatus is the same as simple distillation except that
a fractionating column is packed with glass bead and this is where the actual separation is carried out.
The upper part of the column is at lower temperature than lower portion. Thus, vapor with higher
boiling point will condense as they enter the upper portion of the fractionating column and flow back
into the distillating flask. Fractional distillation process is repeated until the component fractions in the
mixture are distilled over.
13. Separating funnel method.
Petrol and water do not mix together to form a single liquid. Instead, they separate out into two distinct
layers when they are added together. To separate the two layers a separating funnel is used. The lower
denser liquid layer is tapped off, leaving the upper less dense liquid in the funnel.
14. Chromatography
Chromatography is a method of separating the constituents of a mixture by taking advantage of their
different solvent over an adsorbent medium.
Chromatography is based on the principle that if a solution containing a number of substances is
allowed to pass through an adsorbent medium , the diffent substance in the solution may travel at
different rates and can then be separated out.
There are many types of chromatography.
They include.
Paper chromatography
Column chromatography
Thin-layer chromatography
Gas chromatography
At this level, only paper chromatography and column chromatography will be discussed.
Paper Chromatography
This method can be used to separate leaf extract, (chlorophy II) or dye. The adsorbent material
is a strip of filter paper and the solvent used is ethanol.
The leaf extract or the ink is dropped on a ruled line on the filter paper (say about 5cm from the
edge)
EVALUATION
The teacher drills the students by asking them questions relevant to the topic
ASSIGNMENT
The teacher gives a take home assignment to the students.
How would you separate out any one of the component in the pure form from each of the following
mixtures?
A mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.
A mixture of iron fillings and Zinc dust.
A mixture of water and sugar
A mixture of sodium chloride and potassium trioxonitrate V.
DATE
CLASS;SS2
AVE.AGE; 16YEARS
NO IN CLASS;
PERIOD: PERIOD 1 WK5
DURATION: 40MINUTES
TOPIC:CHEMISTRY ACHIEVEMENT TEST (POST-CAT)
SUB-TOPIC: TYPES OF SEPERATION TECHNIQUES
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the students should be able to
Identify techniques
List types of separation techniques
Uses the appropriate media approach to demonstrate. To the student
REFERENCE
Odesina I.A(2008) Essential chemistry for senior secondary school, 2nd edition tonad publisher limited
ibafor Nigeria
Osei Yaw Ababio (2001) new school chemistry for senior secondary schools. 3rd edition African fep
publishers limited, Onitsha Nigeria
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Funnel, filter paper, test tube, beaker, sieve
Rice, beans, garri, salt, sand
Chalkboard, duster , piece of chalk.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
The student have been taught elements compounds and mixture.
INTRODUCTION
The teacher makes the illustration on how to separate mixture of rice and beans
LESSON PRESENTATION
STEPI
The teacher explains mixture as a substance that is made up of two or more different
substances or constituents.
STEP II
The teacher lists different separation method used for separating the constituents of a mixture.
STEP III
The researcher assistant administers the research instrument and collected them at the end of
the set time for the test (POST-CAT).
STEP IV
The instrument were collected and marked
Conclusion: The result of the instrument were collated for analysis.
