WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
(AR22004)
Introduction to the course
Content:
i. Course outline
ii. Hydrologic cycle
iii. Sources of water
Urban water hydrologic cycle
WATER USE
Public/Industrial/Commercial
WATER TREATMENT WASTEWATER
WATER SOURCE
Streams, Rivers, lake, groundwater
Part I: Water Supply Engineering
Topic 1 Sources of Water
(a) Surface Sources of Water and the method of collection
(b) Underground Sources of Water and the method of collection
Topic 2 Water Treatment Plant
Pre-Sedimentation
Sedimentation
Coagulation
Filtration
Disinfection
Miscellaneous Treatments
Topic 3 Quality of Water
Standards of various use and purpose
Laboratory Tests
Topic 4 Quantity of Water and Estimating methods
Water Demand and Analysis
Water requirement in Different Buildings as per NBC & SP:35
Topic 5 Distribution System of Water
Conveyance of Water
Pumps
Layout and Distribution of pipelines
Topic 6 Water Supply in Buildings
System of water supply in buildings
Water supply in high-rise buildings
Hot and cold water supply
Class Test/ Class Assignment:
Part II: Sanitation
Storm Water & Sanitary Sewage
Topic 1 Quantity and factors affecting Storm water
Quantity and factors affecting Sanitary Sewage
Topic 2 House Sanitary Fittings & Drainage Layout
Component of Drainage pipe system
Types Drainage pipe system
Design of Drainage pipe layout
Conveyance System of Water
Topic 3 Design and construction of Sewers
Topic 4 Pumping of Sewage
Treatment and Disposal of Sewage
System of Sewage Disposal in Urban & Rural areas
Types of treatment process
Topic 5 Industrial waste disposal system
Class Test/ Class Assignment:
Sources of water:
i. Surface water sources – rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs etc
ii. Ground water sources – wells, springs, etc
A. Surface water sources:
Reservoirs:
A conservation reservoir is to provide a uniform withdrawal or yield 60
ML/month without being depleted.
The streamflow records for the year of lowest flows are summarized as
follows
Month – Streamflow
(ML/month)
Jan – 60
Feb – 100
Mar – 180
Apr – 20
May – 15
Jun – 15
Jul – 5
Aug – 15
Sep – 115
Oct – 200
Nov – 180
Dec – 100
B. Ground water sources:
Rainfall – Ground water recharge is aided by low rate of rainfall which
ensures more percolation
Soil characteristics – Directly depends on porosity of soil. Sand and
gravel provides maximum porosity. Clayey surface are almost
impermeable
Porosity = Total vol. of voids/Total volume of soil
Specific yield = Vol. of water obtained (gravity drainage)/Total vol. of sub-soil
Soil cover – Dense vegetation detains rain water for long aiding in
penetration. Moreover, roots make soil more porous
Aquifer – A layer of soil or rock in which ground water can move
relatively freely, in other words a geological stratum that can transmit
water in sufficient quantities to permit economical use of ground water.
Types: Confined (Artesian) and Unconfined (Non-Artesian)
Soil below water table is saturated with water
Water in a confined aquifer is under hydrostatic pressure. Therefore, it
rises to the piezometric surface when facilitated
The velocity of flow of ground water is
determined using Darcy’s law
V ~ f (slope of the water table)
V = K×S
K – permeability coefficient (mm/s)
S – slope of the water table
Collection methods of ground water:
Wells:
Depending on their method of
construction they can be classified as
a. Dug well (open well) – suitable for small
discharge (20 cum/hr), Φ ~ 1-4m,
depth ~ 20 m, yield ~ 5 litres/s. It is not
economical to use pumps in these
wells due to their low yield.
b. Driven well –
A casing pipe of Φ ~ 2.5 – 15 cm is
driven inside the soil.
Discharge is small and is used for
domestic purpose.
Depth ~ 12m
c. Tube well – Max. Discharge is
about 500 litres/s and is used in
commercial/industrial/housing
estates.
Depth~50- 500m.
Yield (avg.) ~ 50 litres/s
Terminology and mechanism involved in functioning of a well
Failures of tube well: Corrosion and incrustation
Infiltration wells – Suitable for areas
with sand and porous material
deposit in river beds
Water is collected from each well
and transferred to the inspection
well (by gravity) and from the
inspection well it is transferred to
the Jack well from where it is
pumped out.
Suitable for pumping large amount
of water for urban utilities.
Recollecting concepts discussed in previous class
I. Aquifer
II. Mass curve
III. Piezometric surface
IV. Drawdown/Radius of influence
Collection methods of surface water:
