CE633 Groundwater Engineering

CE931 Groundwater Resources Management

Course Outlines
GROUNDWATER UTILIZATION & HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

● ground water in hydrologic cycle, ground water budget, ground water level fluctuations &
environmental influence, literature/ data/ internet resources.

OCCURRENCE AND MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER:

● Rock properties affecting groundwater, groundwater column, zones of aeration & saturation,
aquifers and their characteristics/classification, groundwater basins & springs, Darcy’s Law,
permeability & its determination, Dupuit assumptions, heterogeneity &anisotropy, Ground water
flow rates & flow directions, general flow equations through porous media.

ADVANCED WELL HYDRAULICS:

● Steady/ unsteady, uniform/ radial flow to a well in a confined/ unconfined /leaky aquifer, well
flow near aquifer boundaries/ for special conditions, partially penetrating/horizontal wells &
multiple well systems, well completion/ development/ protection/ rehabilitation/ testing for yield.
POLLUTION AND QUALITY ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER:

● Municipal /industrial /agricultural /miscellaneous sources & causes of pollution, attenuation/

underground distribution / potential evaluation of pollution, physical /chemical /biological analysis of
ground water quality, criteria & measures of ground water quality, ground water salinity & samples,
graphical representations of ground water quality.

SURFACE/ SUB-SURFACE INVESTIGATION OF GROUND WATER:

● Geological /geophysical exploration/ remote sensing / electric resistivity /seismic refraction-based

methods for surface investigation of ground water, test drilling & ground water level measurement,
sub-surface ground water investigation through geophysical / resistivity /spontaneous potential
/radiation / temperature / caliper / fluid conductivity / fluid velocity /miscellaneous logging.

ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE:

● Concept & methods of artificial ground water recharge, recharge mounds & induced recharge,
wastewater recharge for reuse, water spreading.
MODELING AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUND WATER:
Ground water modeling through porous media /analog / electric analog / digital computer models, ground
water basin management concept, hydrologic equilibrium equation, ground water basin investigations, data
collection & field work, dynamic equilibrium in natural aquifers, management potential & safe yield of aquifers,
stream-aquifer interaction
Reference Books
• Sethi R., Molfetta D. A., “Groundwater Engineering” (2019), Springer

• Todd, D. K., and Mays, L. “Groundwater Hydrology” (2005), Wiley

Interscience

• Fetter, “Applied Hydrogeology”, (2003), Waveland Press

 Marks Distribution
Mid-term Examination: 25 Marks Final term Examination: 50 Marks
Quizzes: 10 Marks Mini-Project: 15 Marks
Mini-Project Deliverables:
• Topic proposal - describes overall plan for project
• One page, single or double spaced, plus references list
• Include topic description, example references to be used, overall approach
• Must be groundwater focused
• DUE DATE: October 7, 2022 (3 Marks)
• Written Report - synthesizes available information or generates new knowledge
• Approximately 10 – 15 pages in length, double spaced
• Format may be in the style of a “review article” or “consulting report”
• Appendix with additional supporting documents, such as maps or calculations
• Bibliography with proper citations
• DUE DATE: Draft version, December 2, 2022 (4 Marks)
• DUE DATE: Revised version, December 16, 2022 (3 Marks)
• Oral Presentation - shares findings with group
• Powerpoint presentation, 20 minutes total, with at least 3 minutes for questions
• DUE DATE: Last Week of December 26nd – 30th (5 Marks)
• The hydrological cycle describes the continue re-circulating of the water of
the earth, linking atmosphere, land and oceans.
• The main processes involved in hydrological cycle are evaporation,
condensation, precipitation, interception, evapotranspiration, infiltration,
Runoff and storage
 Overview of Global Water Resources

Small fraction (1.2%) is accessible surface fresh water

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Ground Water lies beneath the ground surface, filling pores in
sediments and sedimentary rocks and fractures in other rock
types Soil Moisture

9
vadose zone or Unsaturated Zone:
a subsurface zone in which rock openings are
generally unsaturated and filled partly with air and
partly with water; above the saturated zone.

Water Table
capillary fringe: a transition zone with higher
moisture content at the base of the vadose zone
just above the water table
 The Water table
The following generalizations are valid:
1. In the absence of flow the water
table will be flat.
2. A sloping water table indicates flow
3. Ground-water discharge occurs in low
zones.
4. The water table has the same general
shape as the surface topography.
5. Ground water generally flows from
topographic highs to lows.

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Flow direction of groundwater
 Ground-Water Budgets
An accounting of all the inflows, outflows, and changes
in storage is called a water budget.
changes in storage = Inflow – outflow
If change in storage is - ive groundwater will deplete
If change is storage is +ive groundwater will recharge

The source of water for pumpage is supplied by (1) more water entering the ground-water
system (increased recharge), (2) less water leaving the system (decreased discharge), (3)
removal of water that was stored in the system, or some combination of these three.
Global Groundwater Abstraction (discharge)

Total groundwater abstraction in mm/year.

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 Global Groundwater Recharge

Mean annual groundwater recharge in mm/year as simulated with PCR-GLOBWB

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 Global Groundwater Depletion (drawdown)

Groundwater
budget of
Pakistan is
negative

Groundwater depletion in mm/year.

Ref: Wada, Y., van Beek, L.P.H., van Kempen, C.M., Reckman, J.W.T.M., Vasak, S. & Bierkens, M.F.P.
(2010). Global depletion of groundwater resources. Geophysical Research Letters, 37 (L20402).
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Withdrawal and Consumption of Groundwater

Ref: An overview of the state of the world’s Fresh and Marine waters 2nd Edition 2010
Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Lowering
GW Levels
Reduction
of Storage

Degraded
Quality

Seawater
Intrusion

Surface Water
Depletion
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Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Lowering
GW Levels

Over pumping has two impacts:

1.Lowering the groundwater level, making it necessary to dig a deeper well.
2.Change the groundwater flow direction

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 Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Lowering
GW Levels

Biggest Challenge in Pakistan is Well

Interference:
In the well interference the cones of
depression for two or more wells overlap.
1.Well interference reduces the water
available to each of the wells.
2.Pumping cost may increases.
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18 September 2022
 Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Lowering
GW Levels

Water Level Sounder

Traditional groundwater level monitoring is:
1. time consuming
2. Laborious
3. Significantly expensive for large number
of wells.
4. Don’t provided real-time data
GW Level Monitoring
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 Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Lowering
GW Levels
HOBO Data Logger
1. First Bluetooth low energy water level logger
2. Without opening well caps data can be
transferred
3. Smart phone App for real-time data
visualization and transfer
PRICE RANGE
600-1000 USD
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 Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Reduction
of Storage

Aquifer storage Depends on:

1.Geologic conditions, lateral and vertical extent of aquifer.
2.Hydrologic conditions of the aquifer.
3.Level of Groundwater table. Khanzaib.jadoon@iiu.edu.pk
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 Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Reduction
of Storage

C
C C
Aquifer storage Depends on: A
A A AA A
V ΔV
V B BB B B
B B
M N
1.Geologic conditions lateral and vertical M M N N
Distanc
Distanc
Distanc
e fixed
extent of aquifer. Electrical Resistivity e fixed
e fixed

Sounding is usually used to estimate aquifer

dimensions

2.Hydrologic conditions of the aquifer.

3.Level of Groundwater table.

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 Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Reduction
of Storage
Farid A, Khalid P, Jadoon KZ et al JMS (2017)

Aquifer storage Depends on:

1.Geologic conditions lateral and vertical
extent of aquifer. Electrical Resistivity
Sounding is usually used to estimate aquifer
dimensions

2.Hydrologic conditions of the aquifer.

3.Level of Groundwater table.

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Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Degraded
Quality

spatial distribution of
groundwater quality in
the Indus Basin, which
ranges between
marginal to hazardous
due to extensive
tubewells pumping in
different regions
A.S. Qureshi, et. al., AWM (2008)
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Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Seawater
Intrusion

Seawater intrusion is caused

by decreases in groundwater
levels or by rises in seawater
levels

By pumping fresh water cone

of depression forms and as a
result salt water rises and
forms a cone of ascension
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 Sustainability Indicators for Groundwater Management

Surface Water
Depletion

Surface and groundwater interaction takes place in three basic ways:

A. Surface-water bodies gain water from inflow of groundwater through their bed.
B. Surface-water lose water to groundwater by outflow through the bed but connected.
C. Surface-water loses water to groundwater and disconnected by unsaturated zone.
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 National Water Policy 2018

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 National Water Policy 2018
Pakistan Water Charter

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 National Water Policy 2018
Strategic Priorities
Priority Strategy
Groundwater Provincial governments shall establish groundwater
Authorities authority to enforce legislation and take regulatory
measures.
Groundwater Groundwater management to determine sustainable
Management groundwater potential and prepare groundwater
budgets for sub-basins.

Groundwater Artificial groundwater recharge shall be promoted

recharge wherever technically and economically feasible.
Groundwater Groundwater table shall be so managed that it does
Table not impede crop growth or causes land salinity or
underground saltwater intrusion.
Capacity Capacity building of Water Sector Institutions at the
Building Federal and Provincial level.
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There are basically four types of geological
formations:
1. Aquifer

2. Aquitard

3. Aquifuge

4. Aquiclude

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33
Perched Aquifer: - Perched
aquifers occur above discontinuous
impervious layer, which allow
groundwater to “mound” above
them.
The top of a body of ground water
separated from the main water table
beneath it by a zone that is not
saturated
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Unconfined aquifer: An aquifer
which is not overlain by any confining
layer but has confining layer at its bottom
o Also called water table aquifer

o Water table forms its upper surface

o Recharge takes place through

infiltration.
Confined aquifer: An aquifer which is overlain
as well as underlain by confining layers
o Also called artesian aquifer

o Water within aquifer is held under pressure

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o Recharge takes place only in the
area where it is exposed at the
ground surface.
o Piezometric level will be higher
than the top level of aquifer.
o At some locations piezometric
level can be higher than land
surface. Well driven at such
location will flow without the aid
of pump

36
Leaky aquifer: An aquifer which
is overlain or underlain by semi
pervious layer. Its permeability is
very small as compared to main
aquifer

37
 Aquiclude
o Geological formation which is impermeable to flow of water
o Contain large amounts of water due to high porosity
o Clay is example of aquiclude
 Aquifuge
o Geological formation neither porous nor permeable
o Cannot transmit water due to absence of interconnected openings
o Massive compact rock without any fracture is example of aquifuge
 Aquitard
o Only seepage is possible through this formation
o Partly permeable
o Sandy clay is example of aquitard 38