largest architectural circulation In the world

lobby made permanently beautiful and firesafe with

Note details at right and construction photo below.

Miser icord io Hosp it a l, Mil waukee , W is. • Archi t ecls · Brus t & Brust • General
Contractor : Ed Ste ig erwa ld & Son s • Plo.stering Contra ctor Mich a e l lg linski, Jr

MILCOR * Casing Bead provides

clean, protective separation between plaster anti other materials
I Nhasthisa hospital lobby, Milcor Casing Bead
double function: ( 1) It provides a
for covering trim, batten strip or cove mould
over the joint.
sharp, permanent line of eparation between These advantage of Milcor Casing Bead,
the finished acoustical plaster and the acous- however, are in addition to its basic ones of
tical ceiling tile, which is applied over a metal providing the beauty and l'implicity of flush
lath and plaster base; (2) During construc- door and window openings - with the per-
tion, it served as a screed, for a smooth, clean manence of steel.
job at the point where the plaster adjoins the A variety of Milcor Casing Bead is avail-
acoustical-tile ceiling. able - solid and expansion-wing types. For
This application of No. 66 Milcor Casing further details on all types, turn to the handy
Bead is typical, wherever plaster abut a ma- Milcor Manual in Sweet's. Or, if you want
terial with a different co-efficient of expansion your own copy for convenient reference, write
and contraction. It often eliminates the need us for it - no obligation, of course.

• MILWAUKEE 1, WISCONSIN
BALTIMORE 5, MD . -5300 Pulaski Highway• BUFFALO 11, N . Y . -64 Rap i n St. • CHICAGO 9, lll -
4301 S. Western Avenue Blvd . • CINCINNATI 2S, OHI0-3240 Spring Grove Ave . • CLEVELAND 14,
OHIO - 1541 E. 38th St . • DETROIT 2, MICH . - 690 Amsterdam Ave . • KANSAS CITY 41, MO . -
P. 0 . Box 918 • LOS ANGELES 58 , CALIF . - 4807 E. 49th St . • NEW YORK 17, N. Y. - 230 Park Ave.
ST . LOUIS 10, MO . - 4215 Clayton Ave

Aneth•r pepular Mtlcer Cosine leacl-

No . A creo \ • 1 i nter ior beauty
around th is door openi ng. I 1.)
Note that on ly tri m, nan o""
face is exposed. (2.) Expand·
eel win9 provldet effective
plaster reinforcement. (3. J
MHcor No . 657 Applied
MetGI Boie.

Milcor
No. 66 Expansion
Casing Bead

Metal Lath for Strength - Plaster for Beauty!

 PROGRESS

a 3 Newsletter
March 195a

9 Views
15 Progress Preview: Larger Donation to Complete Memorial
Editorial Staff
75 The Single-Family House
Thomas H. Creighton
Ed ito r
76 Structural Economy: Rumford, Rhode Island
The Architects Collaborative
Charles Magruder
Managing Editor 80 New Esthetic Dimensions: Marin County, California
Henry Hill, Architect
George A. Sanderson
Featu re Editor
architecture's design 86 Remodeling: Barrington , Illinois
Martin S. Kermacy, Architect
Burton H. Holm es
Te chn ical Ed ito r
research laboratory
88 Expandable Space: Lincoln, Massachusetts
Robert Fe lson Hugh Stubbins , Jr., Architect
Ass o ciat e Ed ito r
92 Experiment in Structure: Pasadena, California
Viola S. Kaps Leland L. Evison, Architect
Val e rie Butta
Marianne Gutman 96 New Directions in Thermal Insulation , Part II:
Barbara Lun sford The Problem of Hot Climates By Groff Conklin
Assis tant Editors

Stamo Papadaki 102 Newspaper Plant: Sacramento, California

A rt Director
Lockwood Greene Engineers, Inc., Architects-Engineers
Elmer A. Benne tt 107 Newspaper Plant Air Conditioning and Ventilating
Hall H. Grave s
Drafting By Tyler G. Hicks

Page Beauchamp 111 "New Classicism" in the U.S.S.R.

Int erior Desi gn Con sultant
112 School Auditorium: Phoenix, Arizona
Ralph Haver and Fred Guirey, Associated Architects

116 Office Practice: The Architect and Public Relations-6

Executive & Business Staff By Asher B. Etkes and Raymond Dodd

118 Fluorescent Lighting: What Frequency Is Most Suitable?

Philip H. Hubbard
Acting Publisher By Domina Eberle Spencer
Brad Wilkin 122 Products
Assistant Publish e r

Frank J . Armeit 124 Manufacturers' Literature

Product ion Manag e r
127 Spec Small Talk by Ben John Smal
John N. Carlin
Circulation Manag e r
129 All-Purpose Rooms by Page Beauchamp
John Y. Cunningham
Promot ion Manager 130 Pelham, New York: Vernon Sears, Architect
132 Lafayette, California: Confer & Ostwald, Architects
interior design data
133 Dallas, Texas: Fehr & Granger, Architects
134 Greenwich , Connecticut: Edward D. Stone, Architect
137 Interior Design Products

selected details I 143 House: Roof Supports With Variatio ns

145 House: Glass Wall
147 Science Building: Laboratory
149 It's The Law by Bernard Tomson
151 Out of School by Carl Feiss
166 Reviews
190 Jobs and Men
234 Advertisers' Directory
236 P.S.
 Impartial survey shows

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ter Ill ites.
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BUILDING PRODUCTS

8 Progressive Architecture
 p/a views

integration: epitome of perfection, fad, or obligation?

no style label encourage the artists eating that the present-day attitude to-
Dear Editor: Mrs. Moholy- agy's thought Dear Editor: I have read ibyl Moholy- ward integration in the arts is just one of
provoking article, "The I ue of Integra- agy's "The I sue of Integration" with those fads - then disarming when she
tion" (February 1953 P/A), should give pleasure and profit. But I am still inclined shows later on that it is exactly this which
painters and scu lptors something to pon- to feel that sculpture and paintings do not good modern architecture has been doing.
der carefully whether or not they agree appear in buildings simply because those The academaniac and the scholar often
with her able rationalizations. who ultimately pay for the buildings are prone to categorize may see movements
There is a sense of departing from the unwilling to pay for sculpture and paint- and periods rising and falling, then a new
broad theme of Integration to the adop- ing. independent period emerging. Integration
tion of Integrated Architecture as a label I feel that there are many American ar- in the arts is not the mark or sacred cow
for a tyle. The objective development of tists living today whose work would fit (or herring) of any period, but the epit-
thi viewpoint i more to be re pected very nicely into functional technological ome and perfection of every great period
than di puted, although its implications architecture. For, as Mrs. Moholy- agy of art and architecture.
leave the sculptor and painter high and admits, the same forces that have molded HE RY L. KAMPHOEFNER
dry. architecture have formed a number of Raleigh, N. C.
The relative unemployment of the modern painters and sculptors. The large
sculptor and painter is not just a sign of textured spaces that architects so much
the times, chargeable to the increasing admire nowadays have certainly much in the sense of beauty
self-sufficiency of some architects in cer- common with the large canvases of Pol- Dear Editor: I have read the article, "The
tain fields, the fickleness of changes in lock, Baziotes, and others. I am not at all Issue of Integration," and have tried to
style, the indifference of the public to ure that should they be set in place in analyze my own reactions to the thoughts
visual symbols, high costs, and so on. modern industrial buildings the public presented.
Faced squarely, it is rather the failure of would grow weary of them. It seems to me I believe that one of the dominant fac-
the artist to a sess his capacity and ex- too there are many sculptors beside Cal- tors of our generation is that we live in a
ploit the actual variety of his abilities, der whose work would also fit-Lippold, shrinking world and that the shrinkage
and to link them with the manifold oppor- David Smith, and Roszak come to mind. stresses are tremendous. Whatever is
tunities for participation in his own so- The essence of the matter is that it is a created by man has in it elements of the
ciety. bad thing for the country to discourage personalities involved in the creation. The
Life is short and learning comes lowly. artists; it is a good thing to encourage blending of the functional requirements
This modern phenomenon of imperfect them. There would be little art produced of a building and these personalities
and inadequate integration of many ar- indeed if nothing were exhibited or dominate the final result.
tists with their own society is chargeable bought except that which was expected to Per onalities are in turn influenced by
to the failure of many schools of the fine endure forever. If it is to ·b e admitted that environment and upbringing. The artists
arts, in the recent past, to approach their we must all share in the encouragement and artisans living in small, homogeneous
obligation to their students with any un- of American art, it i apparent that acer- communities were governed by fixed con-
derstanding of the meaning, challenge, tain re ponsibility for this encouragement cepts of man's purpose and destiny, and
and opportunity for service inherent in must still rest with both the architect and these concepts were common denomina-
the integrated viewpoint. his client. ROBERT BEVERLY HALE tors in the makeup of their personalities.
Reference is made to many art schools A ociate-Curator of American Art With the shrinking of the world, com-
rather than all art schools, because there The Metropolitan Museum of Art munities have become wheels within
are a few whose dedication to wedding wheels insofar as the basic concepts of
the humanities with a realistic selection life are concerned. The result has been
of means of expression bids fair to aid that any spiritual expression in architec-
the coming generation of artists to inte- misleading and disarming ture and allied arts is partly neutralized
grate not only as a matter of form but Dear Editor: Mrs. Moholy- agy's lucidly by the conflicting ideals struggling for ac-
also as a way of life. interesting article on the issue of integra- ceptance.
AusTTN PURVES, President tion is both misleading and disarming- It seems to me, therefore, that there re-
ational Society of Mural Painters misleading in that she gives the initial im- mains the following two principal fac-
New York, N. Y. pression in the opening paragraphs indi- (Continued on page 10)

March 1953 9
 •
p/a views mg integration of the arts in our day, is
the keen awareness of materials and
(Conlinued from page 9) methods available. and tlw development
not only by the architect. IH1t by his whole
learn, of an instinctive st•n,.;c of beauty
tor>': 1. Functional perfection; 2. Intrinsic and nuances, so an architect and his team and harmony. The greatest integrating
beauty. should know intimately what materials force in this sense is the bea11tv aronnd u,.;.
Since function and livability are direct are available and use them harmoniously wherever it is found, far ,.;11pPrior to any-
and tangible problems. the expression of to creatt~ results that are pleasing to the thing that man can create.
personalities are felt mostly in the crea- eye and the mind.
FRED 'i. SEVE!llll
tion of intrinsic beauty. Just as a painter Until this shrinking world has found its
NewYork,N. Y.
must know intimately the technique of physical and spiritual balance, the best
mixing paints to create the proper hues that can lw hopl'd for. I lwliPYe. regard-
discussion lo what end'!
Dear Editor: The printing of the two ar-
PROTEXOL PROTECTS WOOD ticles, '·The Heritage of Cezanne"" and
'·The Heritage of the Bauhaus·· see1m; to
NOTE: This is one of a series of advertisements designed to be of service to Architects,
Builders and Owners, to establish practical problems in the treatment of lumber to not me particularly mnitorio11s hecause they
only meet Building Code requirements, but also to present the availability of pressure
treatments designed to overcome the inherent vulnerability of wood, thereby assuring probe into our problems so much deeper
greater value wherever wood is used.
than thmw superficial panel discussions
which havl' kept our mw<e11ms and con-
PROBLEM: vention,.; hm;y in recent years.
The elimination of fire hazard and prevention of decay
and insect attack in framing of roof members. Yet, I hope that these attempts are
just beginnings toward further efforts to
EXAMPLE: develop much-needed profp,.;sional medi-
Student Center - Rutgers University, New Brunswick, tation. To come to the truly deeper in-
N. J. Architects: York & Sawyer, New York. Contractors: sights, however, would mean to develop
Rogers & Gans Construction Co., New Brunswick, N. J.
the art of relaxation and devoted under-
standing.
SOLUTION:
Based on available data, the most satisfactory answer This does not mean that I am incapable
was the use of wood that would definitely meet all of enjoying a good journalistic melee. In-
three requirements (fire, decay and insect protection) deed, Sibyl Moholy-:"fagy and Robert
made possible by the Protexol process known as Woods Kennedy have had a brilliant ex-
change of blows. When I consider their
PYRESOTE arguments, they are not very much apart
in their basic intentions. But the words
VACUUM PRESSURE-TREATED WOOD
can be given so many contrasts and the
To assure equally dependable results, the following specification is suggested: prejudices can he so pronounced.
The I rouble with those discussions
SPECIFICATION: (A.I.A. File 19-A-3 and 19-A-33) usually is. and 1s Ill this ca,.;e. that the
PROTEXOL PYRESOTE •.. Combined fire, decay and insect resistant. authors have their way in presenting the
All lumber or plywood, after working or framing to its final dimension, shall receive facts slantingly.
a vacuum-pressure (full cell) treatment with toxic chemicals equal to American Wood
Preservers Association Standard P-5-51, which, in addition, shall contain fire retardant Why Cezanne has to be singled out and
chemicals equal to American Wood Preservers Association Standard P-10-51, meeting isolated from the rich tradition of modern
the requirements of Military Specification Mll-C-2799,
Type H, Class 2 and Mll-C-2865. All lumber or plywood painting. and then he made responsible
shall be kiln dried after treatment to a moisture content for everything good in modern art as a
not to exceed 15% plus or minus 3%.
matter of heritage, is not made convinc-
It is the intent of these specifications to require a treat-
ment that will insure permanency and non-corrosiveness ing. The argumentation does not show a
of both toxic and fire retardant chemicals equal to the comprehensive approach. and is bound to
Pyresote treatment as offered by the Protexal Corpora-
tion, Kenilworth, New Jersey. create 1111 warranted misunder,-tandings;
particularly by the apodict ic manner of
presentation.
On the other hand, Kennedy's descrip-
tion of the Bauhaus and its activities is
seen in a somewhat distorted perspective.
for which probably the belated publicity
by Bauhaus exponents in this country has
to take a fair share of blame. I am still
(Continued on page 12)

O Progressive Architecture
 P /a progress preview

larger donation needed to complete memorial

The Memorial Hospital at t. Lo, France,

.intended to be a tangible and u eful ex-
pre ·sion of friendship between France and
the United States, threatens to become, a
St. Lo's Mayor expresses it, "another
skeleton in the city of ruins." Rising con-
struction costs, apparently unavoidable de-
lays, and a rather sad loss of interest on
the part of some of the original sponsors
have resulted in a handsome shell. Pic-
tured on these pages in it~ present condi-
tion, it promises to be one of the world's
great hospitals, standing on the hill above
the still-ravaged city of St. Lo with a few
workmen poking around its ten floors of
reinforced concrete structure. The building
designed by Paul elson, Architect, with
Roger Gi lbert, Marcel Mersier and Charles
Sebillotte as Associate , needs more fund-
raising by more friends of the project be-
fore it can go further. t. Lo's Memorial Hospital as seen from the northwest. Curved
The story of t. Lo's ho pital is an inter- driveway is ramped above the service and personnel entrance on
esting one, which could have been (might the north side; main entrances are along west side of projecting
wing.
still be, if a new wave of enthusiasm can
be stimulated) a heart-warming example of
living-memorial; it has become, at the mo-
ment, an embarrassment to some and a
frustration to the community and to the
hospital's designers. The city's almost total
destruction during the war so impressed a
group of Americans who saw it in 1945
(the Hon. William Phillips, the Hon. Rob-
ert Woods Bliss, Robert Pell, and others)
that with then-General Eisenhower's con-
sent and approbation they conceived a
project to buil d the much-needed hospital
as a memorial, replacing an inadequate one
that had been destroyed. American Aid to
France, Inc. (then American Relief for
France) undertook fund raising and suc-
r.eeded in collecting almost 150,000, and
rt'ceived, through the courtesy of Drew
1'P11rson, almost 200 million francs from in-
~11rance money as a result of the Friend-
ship Train fire in Paris. The financing of
the ho~pital has been compHca ted; three
Frenc1; •.1inistries, under recon truction
laws, contribute funds, and the municipal-
ity must put up a certain sum ( 40% of

Views (top) from the automobile ramp toward the hospital proper.
Looking from a typical patients' room (lower left), glazing will
be behind projecting structural fins. Series of courts (lower right)
which separate visitors' entrance corridor from clinic and per-
sonnel areas.

March 1953 15
 p /a progress preview

the total above the value of the original

hospital that was destroyed). It is thi
share allotted to the municipality of St. Lo
that American Aid to France has tried to
raise. As the budget ha been revi ed from
time to time, figure have risen until now-
for completion of construction, personnel
lodging, furni hin<>'s and equipment-some
$2,800,000 additional is needed as the mu-
nicipality's share alone. to complete the
project. Total construction cost is now es-
timated at about $5,700,000.
St. Lo Memorial Hospital incorporates
all of the advances in hospital planning
that the U.S. Public Health Service (whose
architects worked closely with Nelson) has
advocated, and at the same time it offers
many innovations of its own. Paul Nelson's
egg-shaped operating rooms (SELECTED
(Continue d on p a g e 20 )

Southeast view (top), nurses' wing in foreground. South-

east approach (above) to patients' wing; plan breaks at
central core, dividing floors in to two nursing units.
Ribbed concrete wall panels (left), cast on the site.

16 Progressi ve Architecture
 architecture's design research laboratory

~ THE SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE i

In architecture-as in sentimental songs- there's no place like home. To support

this premise, we here explore the hypothesis that the custom-designed house,
architecture's unique sport, is also the profession's ceaseless and universal testing.
ground and research laboratory.
Several factors distinguish the private house from all other building types.
In the first place, the client is just one family, or, in some cases, a single person.
Compared to other types, the dollar expenditure- even for an elaborate resi-
dence- is small. The structure is lightweight and may be schemed of anything
that will stand up. And houses are built everywhere under the sun- north, south,
east, and west; by the sea, on remote mountains, in cities, and on the desert. By
no means the least important distinction, the house is the one building type on
which the client usually feels himself to be a knowledgeable authority.
Since a house is for just one "expert client" it is a highly specialized affair
and may be downright whimsical, catering to the idiosyncrasies of the particular
family involved. Some like to live in caves; others prefer goldfish bowls. Some
like clutter, others live neatly. Many dote on television; some wouldn't have a
set in the house. A few want extreme seclusion; others are happy only if there
are mobs around. Standards mean little. Since the cash outlay is modest, and the
structure light, things can be tried out in a house that would be economically
disastrous in a multimillion-dollar office building. Since houses are built every-
where, they can and do vary infinitely, to make the most of differing climates
and natural settings.
Thus, everything and anything is possible here, subject only to the client's
willingness (or determination ) to try the untried- and the architect's ingenuity.
It is not surprising, therefore, that more new elements in plan, structure, and
design find their first expression in the private house, than in any other building
category. A few examples: long before office buildings or schools employed
louvers as light· and air-control devices, they had been used in dozens of ways
in the private house. Full walls of glass appeared in family living rooms years
before their double-insulating-glazing counterparts found their w ay into big city
buildings. And the contemporary steel frame and the curtain wall are surely no
more than a technological maturing of the sim pie mill construction of early New
England barns. Radiant-heating coils were first buried in the slab of someone's
home, and the first use of the lift-slab method of construction produced a small
house. And so on- and on and on.
Almost any carefully designed house will reveal fresh design facets-ele-
ments that, in translation, could well become vigorous new words in architecture's
vocabulary. In the five houses selected as illustration for this study, the particular
"laboratory tests" documented concern structural economy, esthetic dimension ,
remodeling, expandable space, and an experiment in structure.

March 1953 l5
 architecture's design research laboratory

structural economy
o aspect of design research is more im- of the large-scale operator who employ
portant than the earch for simpler, more complicated devices which pay off through
location Rumford, Rhode Island economical way of building. And this multiplication.
architects The Architects Collaborative applies whether the problem is a mall The house was de igned for a 60-foot
frame house (such as the one shown here) lot and room sizes were planned to meet
or ome huge metropolitan tructure. The FH standards. In addition to three bed-
tudy may involve the be t way of using room and bath, the owner wi hed to pro-
new materials, or it may be concerned with vide some overflow space that might be
a more efficient organization of the most used in a variety of ways-a playroom,
time-honored. The hou e shown falls in workshop, or added bedroom-bath space.
the latter category. The re ult, using standard-length lumber
The owner i in the lumber bu iness and the implest po sible framing, is a
and is interested in the possibility of split-level cheme. The half-level basement
closer co-operation between lumber yards provides the required expansion space and
and architects. Hi idea i that good con- gives privacy to the bedrooms, five steps
temporary design for hou es might be above the main floor.
merchandized through lumber yard that That this search for structural economy
would carry all of the standard-length or was succe sful i evidenced by the fact
precut lumber for the purchasers. Basic that cost, counting playroom at full area
criteria were that con truction be so imple but not counting the 5-foot crawl space
that any local con tra ctor could carry it (where the heater is located) under the
out-an approach quite oppo ite to that living room, came to 7 per square foot.

16 Progressive Architecture
 I

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:,,
: :'!
:J b
i~
13.R . B.'R. .
··.·

. LJI..
I +r~
II

-~""""'°" ~rt
j
D' .
B.R. ~
LJl...____,
~bic.Si
- .·
: Ix~-..· 6"12.
D ~r ::I
:·: - - - 2.Jtl0~, ~._I IC. "3

1ffl====i======I t=l¥f===(i-~Cd
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BEAM-. . ll 0 .C. """\. BJl. IOGI N G
o.c. _ "--
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I

CE.ILINC.. J O I ST ~

2 -2. :ic.4i

11+---"--U- 2.x 4 STUDS, 16 O.C.

2-2x.4~

March 1953 11
 J conscwus wish on the part of both owner
a11d architects was to prodde a greater sense
of spaciousriess in the living-dining area than
is usually found in speculatfre housing; other
refinements include sliding closet doors and a
built-in cabinet in the typical bedroom (left).
Photos: Richard Garrison

18
architecture's design research laboratory: structural economy

The lii;i11g-dining space goes right through

the house from front to back (below), with o
ceiling track provided that can close off the
kitchen (left) from the living area. The
house has 4" insulating batts fo ceilings,
2" batts in 1Lalls; wood sash are operated
with roto-gear operators. A forced warm-air
system prot'ides heating.
 architecture's design research laboratory

The most subtle aspect of architectural de- talent of each designer. onethele s, in
sign is the final fillip that is given to a pired examp les- as with other desig1
location Marin County, California building basically well planned, uses sen- factors, most frequently discovered in th
architect Henry Hill sible materials sensibly, and is soundly residential field- can serve to kindle fees
constructed. Namely: the hard-to-define inspiration.
landscape architects Eckbo, Royston & Williams
fillip of esthetic correlation or design in- The house presented on the e pages a
piration- the ingredient that distinguishes pear to us to possess esthetic qualities
architecture from engineering and makes extraordi nary measure--in accommodatio
of it an art. Since this factor rests in the lo site; in plan organization; in fine d
realm of the spirit, standards are largely tailing; and in the eye-pleasing handlin
hypothetical, and expressions vary with the of masses. texture . and contrasts.

80 Progressive Architecture
 .··.

·..

CH ILD$ G.1%, . C.HILD~ B.JZ. .

: :. . ~ .
: ·.: . ..
 architecture's design research laboratory: new esthetic dimensions

The large, rectangular stone pier at the en-

trance (left) u·as not necessary, structurally,
as the second-floor orerhang is supported on
pipe columns, but Hill "wanted to introduce
an accent-an announcement-of the entry."
To emphasize its visual, rather than struc-
tural, importance, "it projects beyond.
frankly becoming freestanding, with the sec-
ond floor sitting on the edge. Entrance
flagging, exterior wood wall, and ceiling
treatment are continued into the house
(below, left), td1ile an outdoor sitting dee!.
(below, right) projects from the hillside to
embrace a few treetops.
Photoo: Morlry Baer

The plan ( previo us page) indicate tl1 e re- crow n. yo u want t 11 go on beyo nd, lo ee Exterior wall of the fram e house ar
markable sitin g. with the hou se bent what wi ll unfold on th e [urth e r edge. Thi ' nf redwood s iding ; whi le redwood.plate
around to conform with the curve of the c ircular c rown drop~ al 45 degree. in all Philippin e mahogan y. primavera. slo n
near-hiJltop location. "Yo u approach th e directions. excep t for th e ra mp approach. til e. and . tru Lura! gla . a re all used i
knoll on a ridge ramp ge ntl y ri sin g to th e l felt stron g ly that thi s . ame feeling of ~ id e. Op rabl e ash are of ~ t ee l. The owne
outh." Hill tates. ' "th e id droppin g on wanting to look over and beyond th e edge reports that livin g in th e house ha bee
both side of the ramp. The crest of th e shou ld be kept in th e architecture:· Th e re- ""ver y comfortable _ . . Hi ll ha s an exce1
knoll is crowned with ma g nificent oak~. fore, th e hou se i ~ ""wrapped around the tional arti. ti c ability. a~ we ll as a practir
Rut even when you reach th e ed ge of th e edge." prpoe n ·ing th e top. knowledge nf design an rl co n. !ruction."

82 Progressive Architecture
The study ell and bent liiing-room wing
protect an outdoor living area (left) with a
mountain view to the southwest. To keep as
much open area as possible on the dome-
like site, grading and leveling of the top
were involved; but, to keep this to a mini-
mum, "we sliced off generally about 21h' for
level areas-in spots, as much as 41h'-but
we simply put big retaining walls around
the oaks and leveled around them, preserv-
ing the natural lei;els at the base of the
trees."

Entrance hall stone flagging, wall of hori-

=ontal redwood siding, and 8-ft pine ceiling
continue the treatment used along the entry
loggia out ide. From here, the progression
into the living room is down three steps in
the hall passage and down three more into
1he high-ceilinged living room (ceiling level
remaining the same throughout). Huge win-
dows to the southeast and southwest drama-
ti=e views of an Francisco Bay, rnlley, and
mountains.

83
architecture's design research laboratory: new esthetic dimensions

Design refinement i' not restricted to the

family living quarters; witness the elegance
of the service staircase (aero spage). This
stair goes down to a partial basement floor
(not shown) where a workshop, heater room,
and laundry are located. The owner's bed-
room (left), with its mirrored, sliding closet
doors, opens onto a private sunning deck.

The view from one of the children's bedrooms (right)

hints at the magnificence of the site. The cabinetwork and
cooking facilities in the kitchen (be low, left) are both
functional and beautiful. Even the usually forgotten difficult
corner (below, right) has received the designer's pains-
taking attention.

85
 architecture's design research laboratory

locati on Barrington , Illinois

architect Martin S. Kermacy

remodeling
The renovation of old buildings is an ac- and view; bedrooms and storage space
tivity known to every arch:itect's office. were painfully inadequate. The new big
Mo t often and most dramatically seen living-dining room exploits the lake view
in houses and storefronts, it nonetheless to the southeast, and the architect did
occurs in buildings of every type. Stand- everything possible "to emphasize the sense
ard become meaningle in th:is field, since of thrust and projection from the hill
most cases are unique. But the idea that crown toward the water." The angled gla s
are developed are all grist for the design wall was schemed "to establish a relation-
mill. The little reborn and enlarged house ship with the water by approximately par-
shown on the e two pages is- we think alleling the shore line"; the cantilevered
all would agree--an improvement in every terrace floor was used "to augment the
respect over the old . sense of lightness when viewed from the
The owners decided to remodel an old road below." The changed roof line in-
cottage. on a handsome wooded site over- tersects the line of the soffit overhang,
looking a lake to the east and southeast, thereby "bringi11g the whole structure clos-
for a year-round home. The original wa er to the ground and establi hing visual
not only too small, but the north-facing relationship to the land."
living room was wrong for sun, breeze. Photos: Hedrich-Blessing Studio

86 Progressive Architecture
~.
M : BEDl'l.OOM

=:: == :: ----= __
---_: :: &EOfl,OOM
Utlllll

BE:Otz.OOM

Bl
 architecture's design research laboratory

expandable space
Organization of space is a factor in every and ceiling planes that it can readily be
architectural problem. One current-day removed, should the owners find this de-
location Lincoln, Massachusetts expression- that has almost become a sirable. The use of large areas of glass to
cliche-is the open plan, a scheme that join indoor and outd_oor areas is obvious
architect Hugh Stubbins, Jr.
new methods of construction and concepts (see Selected Detail, page 145) . Place-
of planning made possible. Improvements ment of the fireplace breast, with openings
in glass manufacture have produced nu- at either ide, both protects the dining
merous instances not only of better light· area and increases the sense of spacious-
ing but of almo t total visual joining of ness; the slate flooring that extends from
indoors and out, and a design lightness not the entrance in through the dining area
formerly pos ible. and includes the living-room hearth al o
The little house shown here-planned assists in this desired visual encl; and the
from the start for eventual expansion to up weep of the butterfly roof, lifting the
about twice its present size-is both a we tern {main view) walls of the room to
skillful design in itself and full of this in· dramatize the outlook, adds till more to
gredient of potential new horizons. The apparent ize. ot the least of these ex-
future expansion will require minimum tension-of- pace elements is the siting of
changes in the original ; and a partition the house on the crest of the hill, with a
between the present bedroom and living cantilevered balcony to dramatize the
room is so installed within continuous floor we tern river view.

88 Progressive Architecture
$u..M'-'"?'-------''-i~ "'tNt
0 ~·~

BE.OP.00"'1
( FUTUr-.E 4TUOV I

LIV1N C. r.r.ooM
FUTU '11E O A12.AC.E.

-1========'4 ....
At the entrance to the house (two photos be-
low) exterior space is defined by such variou.i
devices as a louvered wood fence and alter-
nating panels of obscure and clear glass. The
post-and-beam structural system was laid out
on a 9-/oot module, allowing direct use of
10-/oot joists, the overlapping provUding effec-
tive tie. Posts are 4 x 4's and beams, 4 x 14's.
Photos: Richard Garrison

March 1953 89
 architecture's design research laboratory:expandable space

90 Progressive Architecture
The entrance, dining, and living space is all one subtly defined
area. Between dining space and kitchen, a pass-through unit with
sliding panels allows counter eating for quick meals. Exterior
walls are variously of redwood, plaster, and plywood. Windows are
steel casements, and the house is heated by forced hot air; oil fuel.

March 1953 91
 architecture's design research laboratory

experiment in structure
The architectural world is forever looking lems. To effect this, he worked out a
for, discovering, and trying out new ways structural scheme that resists wind and
of putting buildings together. And, as with quake, both laterally and longitudinally.
every other element of design, the private Elements include a series of aligned, verti-
location Pasadena , C a lifornia house usually serves as the testing ground. cal, hollow-core structural frames (black
If the system is not wholly successful, overlay on floor plan) that occur well
architect Leland L Evison
no great damage is done; if it works, a within the ·b uilding envelope and are tied
engineers Mackintosh & Mackintosh chain-fission reaction sets in and before into the concrete floor slab by means of
long, the basic principle is adopted and steel plates; and rafters, similarly spaced
adapted to structures of every type, built 4' o.c., with supporting posts at their ends
of every known material. Witness the also tied to the slab by steel inserts. The
progression from a house of rammed earth roof diaphragm-4' x 12' asbestos-cement-
to a structure of monolithic concrete; or surfaced structural-insulating panels placed
parallel to the frames-carries all stresses
from a simple wood frame with wood cur-
toward the center of the building and down
tain wall to a welded-steel frame with
to the ground through diagonal steel straps
curtain wall of glass.
and bracing that occur between the
In the house shown here, the system aligned vertical members within the house.
(detailed in progress photographs on f al- The spaces between the structural sup-
lowing pages) was developed from the ports may be treated in any way the
architect's conviction that structure and designer chooses-for lighting, insulation,
closure should be treated as separate prob- ventilation, etc.

92 Progressive Architecture
-.-.-. - .-: ----; - --~

! •
! CA!liPOP,i

1lR .

Interior wall surfaces are of striated plywood

on stud frame; the cement floor is integrally
colored. The house has a radiant-heating sys-
tem in the fioor slab. The black pattern on
the fioor plan indicates the vertical elements
of the structural system.
Photos: Julius Shulman

March 1953 93
 architecture 's design research labo ratory: experiment m structure

The floor slab is poured, u-ith radiant-heating

coils buried in it (above, left) ; note aligned
steel inserts to receive framing members. The
steel-channel tie member and cross bracing
(above, right) occur between the interior
core frames.
tructural photos: Frederick L. Richards

The pattern of the rafter frames, fixed glass,

and louvered ventilation areas is clearly
shown in the porch-end view of the com-
pleted house. The bedroom detail shows a
combination of fixed glass, tilt-in wood sash,
and in·opening plywood panels beneath that
serve the ventilating louvers.

94 Progressive Architecture
 .
~----------

1170 ~q. fiM"°

' '
~--·-----------~
1170 sq.rw

114o SC!. FiM

lo c i=:'")

\ \
.)
'·

The independent structural frame (left) per-

mits any sort of enclosure within reason.
On a sloping site, the system can simply
be stepped down hill (above), the roof break
allowing introduction of a clerestory window.
Roof edging is stainless steel.

The tructural photographs (of an earlier frames, ca ing and cornice are elimi- materials other than the cement-surfaced
house) demonstrate the basic system, nated." Though tilt-in wood sash are occa- tructural in sulating units for the roof clia-
which is constantly undergoing refinement ionally u ed in re tricted area , light and phragm. But the basic principle is always
as each new hou e is developed. alient ventilation in general derive from areas the same. Ii this type of sys tem were to
points about the ystem, that the architect of fixed glass, with louvers and vent panels be used on large group of hou es all
emphasizes, are that it produces " a house beneath them. built at once, he believes that izabl e cost
who e tru ctural principle allows com- Commenting on hi s current thinking avings over tandard con tru ction would
plete flexibility of plan; where no walls about the system, the architect says "we be realized. As the small ketch plans
are structural or bracing elements; where- are carrying the modular po t-and-beam indicate, there are endless design pos i-
in all base. ha e hoe, window and door idea to the limit." He i also trying bilities within the di scipline of the module.

March 1953 95
 materials and methods

"For at least one third of the citizenry of the

United States, including the peoples of the in-
NEW DIRECTIONS IN THERMAL INSULATION,
sular possessions and mandates, the more urgent
by Groff Conklin
air-conditioning problem is that of maintaining
comfort livability during hot weather, not cold."
W.R. Woolrich 1

It has taken a remarkably long time for the then it resulted in sizable savings in heat- evidenced by the statement of an anony·
science that has made America great to ing-plant costs, by making possible reduced mous eastern builder quoted by The Wall
turn its attention to the problem so sharply furnace and duct or pipe sizes, and in much Street ]ournal: 2 "In two or three years no
identified by Dean Woolrich. Ever since the lower annual fuel costs. Insulation against speculative house ... will be built to sell
beginning of modern technology for ther- heat gain, on the other hand, has, until for over $15,000 without air conditioning.
mal control inside structures it has been recently, been generally neglected because And many in the $12,000 class will have
predominantly directed toward providing it did not seem to offer any economic ad- it, too."
warmth rather than coolness. vantage. Even as late as the first half of While this may well be true, it is also
1950, when the Housing and Home Finance true that nonair-conditioned homes and
There is good reason for this obvious
Agency made a survey of new single-family nonresidential structures will continue to
emphasis. On our particular planet, in its
detached FHA-insured houses, only about be built for a long time to come. Architects
particular location vis-a-vis the sun, it is
two. thirds of the dwellings in the three hot- practicing in hot climates should know how
not unusual for an unprotected man, in
climate regions of the country used any to design for low heat gain, whether the
many parts of the world, to die from cold.
roof or ceiling insulation, and fewer than buildings are to be air conditioned or not.
But it is almost impossible for a man to die
seven percent used wall insulation. It is One of the stumbling-blocks in the way
from the sun's heat only, anywhere on this
true that more than half of these homes of rational design for comfortable living
earth. Even in the great deserts he usually
were furnished with attic fans, but without in hot climates is that there are very few
dies of thirst before he dies from heat ex-
insulation the fans could be only partially reliable standards that can he followed in
posure.
effective since they could not reduce heat all regions. For example, climatic condi-
Provision for warmth coupled with eco-
entering the structure. tions vary enormously from area to area,
nomic considerations, has made insulation
Today, when we seem to be entering the even though they may lie in very nearly
of buildings against heat loss the over-
Air-Conditioning Age, insulation has at last the same latitude. A home designed for
riding interest of architects, engineers,
become an important consideration in plan- comfortable living in hot, dry El Paso, with
builders, and manufacturers concerned
ning both dwellings and nonresidential less than nine in. of annual rain, will pre-
with the design and use of insulating mate-
buildings in hot climates. It is obviously an sent quite a different problem from one in
rials. Until very recently, insulation could
important comfort factor in such climates hot, wet Houston, with over 46 in. of annual
be classed as a paying investment only
and is now sure to become accepted, with rain. The two cities lie only two degrees of
when it was used to reduce heat loss, for
the advent of room or central air cooling. latitude a part and both have average July
1/J,•rm 11/ F.n~ineerin~. The University of Texas, Austin, That such equipment is swiftly becoming temperatures of around 82 F.
Texas; qunted from September 1952 Heating, Piping and
Air ConJitioning, page 119.
essential in homes built in the South is In the North,modern homes are designed
for low heat loss. Such designs present
relatively few complicated thermal prob-
lems for the architect or the engineer. The
experts have insulating materials, vapor
">;70
barriers, weatherstripping, double glazing,
·1 · and various other devices at their disposal;
they use them as they wish and as their
-<r~---1 clients can afford, with the result that the
"tight" house has become the northern
ideal. With the installation of summer or
hot-climate air-conditioning units, such a
house can under certain conditions he quite

1 September JI, 195:!.

Figure I-average daily solar radiation

received at the ground during January
in Btu per day. Maps (left and across-
page) are by Sigmund Fritz and Tor-
rence H. "tllacDonald, U. S. Weather
Bureau (Heating and Ventilating, July
1949).

96
Part II : * The Problem of Hot Climates

a suitable environment-though one should all of its insular possessions and other mili- humidity prevents full solar radiation dur-
be able to open it widely during cool eve- tary outposts were located on or in near ing the day and also limits reradiation of
nings. However, for summer comfort with- proximity to that latitude ... Some 50,000,- daytime heat out to the sky at night. Mix-
out air conditioning, the tight house is a 000 citizens of this nation must journey tures of the two are found in some areas-
mistake. It is a heat trap of a sort, particu- northwards many hundreds of miles to ex- hot-dry regions, for instance, with definite
larly insofar as it bars natural ventilation. perience the phenomena typical of such a rainy seasons, as in Lake County, Califor-
Incidentally, this characteristic of houses latitude.'" nia, where average monthly precipitation
designed for low heat loss can be just as varies from as low as 0.1 in. in July to as
what are "hot climates?"
much a summer comfort defect in most of high as 20.5 in. in January.
Strange as this question may sound at first,
our northern states as it is in the "hot" One of the common characteristics of hot
it is of basic importance to the architect
regions of the South. This is due to a fact climates in southern United States, unlike
and builder. On November 18 and 19, 1952.
about the climate of the United States that the true tropics, is a short winter season
the Building Research Advisory Board of
Tyler Stewart Rogers, author of the excel- during which some artificial heat is needed.
the National Research Council held a "Cor-
lent Design of Insulated Buildings for The weather is rarely severe, but is cold
relation Conference on Housing and Build-
Various Climates, has described as follows: enough to be very uncomfortable without
ing in Hot-Humid and Hot-Dry Climates'"
"My studies indicate that the summer heat heating. In many of these regions, homes
in Washington, D. C. In the very title of
problem is almost uniformly severe over are designed for hot-climate comfort
the Conference the most important differ-
the United States, whereas the winter heat rather than cold, and the necessary warmth
ence in hot-climate types was emphasized. 5
problem varies mostly with the northern is provided by inexpensive space heaters of
The hot-dry climate is usually character-
. . . or southwest areas." 3 In actual fact, one sort or another. Central heating in such
ized by hot days and cool nights, as the
July is just about as hot, in terms of aver- climates, unless part of an all-year air-con-
sun's heat is quickly reradiated to the clear
age amount of daily sun heat received on ditioning system, is generally an economic
night sky. The hot-humid climate is de-
a flat surface, in Chicago as in Fort Worth, waste.
fined by somewhat lower temperature
in Newark, New Jersey as in Palm Beach, These are the most important variations
extremes both day and night, since high
Florida! Data presented by Sigmund Fritz in hot-climate conditions, and they are
and Torrence H. MacDonald of the U. S. wide. Obviously, the problems confronting
Weather Bureau, 4 show solar radiation dis- the architect who has to design for hot-
5 The author would like to state that a good deal of the
tributions during January and July for information in this report was derived from the papers climate comfort are many and varied, and
and the discu5sions at the B.R.A.B. Cor&ference. The
continental United States (Figures 1 and proceeding.~ of the two-day meeting. when published, among the most important is the problem
will be an essential reference for any architect, builder,
2). or engineer interested in hot·climate construction. of the actual nature of the climate he is
However, designing for comfort and for
the efficient operation of air-cooling equip-
ment in regions where heat is the primary
problem-those regions with short, mild
winters and long, hot summers-requires
very different and much more complex
techniques than those commonly used in
the North. Too often the northern-trained
architect practicing in hot climates uses,
in Dean Woolrich's words: " . . . heating
and cooling standards that are keyed to the
40th parallel, as if the United States and

*Part I of this serfrs was published in May 1952 P/A.

3 PrivClte communicatwn.
4 "Averaf{e 5folar Radiatiun in the United States.'• by
SiKmund Fritz and Torrence H. MacDonald; July 1949
Heating and Ycntilatiug.

Figure 2-average daily solar radiation

received at the ground during July, in
Btu per day.
9
 materials and methods

Figure 3-thick earth walls and roofs of Figure 4---Winthrop Sargent, first governor
Pueblo Indian houses in hot-dry New Mexico of the Mississippi Territory, built his well-
produced small openings and deep reveals; in lialconied, high-ceilinged, and large-windowed
addition, a longer time was required for sun house ( 1810) in a dense growth of oak hung
heat to penetrate to the interior surfaces. with Spanish moss, to help combat the hot·
Photo: courtesy oi Smithson- humid climate of Natchez.
ian Institution, Bettman Archive Photo: hy Eu·ing Gr.!lloway, N. Y.

going to have tu cope with in any particu- local governmental and nongovernmental the information cannot be obtained in de-
lar situation. sources. Detailed climatic data which tail. local opinions on humidity conditions
would be extremely useful are often to be will be of some value.
essential climatic facts (3) Day-and-night temperature average~.
found after a little inquiry; the major
In northern regions, where homes are dt>- if not for every period of the year. at least
types to be sought are the following:
signed for minimum heat loss, minimum- for periods of a week or so in each season.
( 1) Outdoor daytime dry-bulb tempera-
design temperatures are often the only cli- In hot-dry climates there will be a marked
ture averages, on a weekly or monthly
matic data used by architects. Of course. difference between day and night tempera-
basis, for the actual area in which the
the really up-to-date ones also study angles tures; in hot-humid climates there will be
building is to be erected. The A.S.H.V.E.
of solar incidence, so that they can locate less of a difference.
Guide gives design dry-bulb temperature'
large windows to avoid sun always shining ( 4) Estimates of the proportion of the
for nearly 300 cities and towns in tht>
through them_ but that is about all. year in which it is cold enough to require
United States, but these temperatures are
In the South, however, if buildings are to artificial heat, at least part-time. Local cus-
not necessarily adequate for towns or rural
be rationally designed for hot-climate com- toms in this respect are usually reliable. In
areas in the same general region as a city
fort, a wide variety of information about general. artificial heat is needed whenever
for which a figure is given. Temperature'
the local climate should be at the archi- the outdoor temperature falls much below
can be markedly different over a distance
tect"s disposal. A surprising amount of 60 to 65 F for any extended period of time.
of a few miles. Local dry-bulb temperature
material is already available on broad re- Indoor relative humidity may effect this fig.
data should be obtained wherever possible.
gional lines_ from such sources as "Re- ure; the higher the humidity, the greater
If the only information that can be ob-
gional Climate Analyses and Design Data.'- will be the need for artificial heat. at tem-
tained j, the average temperature for the
begun in the September 1949 Bulletin of peratures under 65 F.
hottest month, together with maxima, many
the A.I.A., the publications of the U. S. (5) Wind velocities and prevailing di-
conclusion,.; about home design can be
Weather Bureau_ the current Guide of the rections. Whenever there is a prevailing
based on that material alone.
American Society of Heating and Ventilat- breeze in hot climates, the architect should
(2) IF et-bulb temperature avf'rages on
ing Engineers, and the excellent 1941 year- take every possible advantage of it by cor-
book of the U. S. Department of Agricul- the same basis. so that outdoor relative rect orientation of the building and by suit-
ture_ Climate and Man. humidity can be estimated. The average able openings m the walls. Average
But these data are only general. More n~lative humidity in a region will have con- velocities and directions are here primarily
specific material will have to be unearthed siderable effect on the design of building,.. important, particularly in hot-humid cli-
by the architect or engineer from state and in hot climates. as will be seen below. If mates where any non-air-conditioned

18 Progressive Architecture
 the problem of hot climates

LIGHT rz,ooi:
house must be specifically designed to take about climate are important in the plan- COLO~ -'.i..TTIC FAN WITH
LA!2,C.E SCTZ,EENED
fZ,E~LE(T!VE LOUVEIZ, Ari.EA
advantage of the breeze if it is to he at all ning of any home in hot climates, whether 1N4ULATION,
Al~ SPACE ON

comfortable to live in. However, the like- it is to be air conditioned or not. They will BOTH ',IDES

lihood of catastrophic winds during certain affect the orientation of the house on its
,;easons of the year must he recognized, es- site, the placement of openings in the walls.
pecially where hurricanes and destructive their size and shading, the selection of ma-
gales are not uncommon. Data on wind terials and construction techniques. anrl
velocities and directions are not usually many other factors.
~~--EAVE AND f2.00F PEA!Li VENTt, F-01'2,
easy to compile on a microclimatic basis.
and the architect often has to rely on rule-
It is true that some of these factors will
be used differently if the house is to he air
VENTILATION BEHIND f2.EFLECTIVE
!'.'.OIL ( QI', fZ.IDC..E !30AfZ.D MAY i..IAVE
HOLE', FOrz.. Arrz. PA£,<',AUE I
of-experience information from local inhab- conditioned-and this leads to certain dif-
itants, particularly in small towns and rural ficulties. There are many engineers and
Alfi. ',PACES. FQf'.Z,(EO VENTING, CONVECTIVE
areas. architects in the South who believe that NOT l=EA<',IBLE IN TH I', [2,00>" TYPE: IN'7ULATION

1'2,EF-LE(TIVE
( 6) Angles of solar incidence at various no dwelling should be designed and built Li C.HT J'Z,QOF COLOfZ. IN'?ULATION
I
times of the year. These are not difficult to anywhere in the United States today, in I
obtain. Solar incidence angles, from sun- eluding the South, that could not be eco-
rise to sunset for every season, and particu- nomically air conditioned upon the addi- t
( NOT SHOWN ) SCfZ.EE"-IED OPEN END7
larly for times of lowest and highest tion of suitable equipment. This means that OF UNDEfZ,-f"Z,QOJ: AfZ,EA FQIZ, VENTILATION,
~A!N Pl2.0TECTED BY WIDE OVEfl,HANC,

morning and evening altitude, are of major a number of design aspects will have to he
importance in establishing the dimensions worked out with a different future use in 5
of overhangs and other methods of protect- view and may thereby produce less effective
ing the interiors of the rooms from the immediate results. It seems somewhat ex-
sun's rays. A general fault of most modern treme to recommend such a procedure, at what seems to be the concensus, covering
homes in hot climates is that protection least as long as (for example) in hot-dry as much as possible the areas of agree-
against the sun is inadequate on exposed climates relative comfort can be achieved ment. The whole problem is too new. re-
sides. When the major climatic problem is by the suitable inclusion of insulation. search-wise, for any positive and scientific-
one of solar heat, shielding from the sun's large shaded openings, and adequate arti- ally certain data to be obtainable on many
radiation at all times of the day and all ficial ventilation in the design of the home. of the most debatable points, and the fol-
seasons of the year is a major factor in lowing paragraphs are offered more as a
comfort and also, of course. in the econom- designs for hot climates compilation of the available architectural
ical operation of air-cooling equipment. At present it is not possible to present ab- experience in these areas than as an exact
( 7) The average number of cloudy or solute standards for the design of buildings statement of ascertained facts.
rainy days in a year. This information, in hot-dry and hot-humid climates. Even if In hot-dry climates, traditional or native
plotted against average temperatures and the architect is able to obtain every type of buildings are usually built with extremely
humidity data can often help the designer climatic data previously described, he will thick ma:;onry, stone. or earth walls and
to arrive at pragmatically sound decisions still be faced with the indisputable fact roofs. Small openings with deep reveals.
on types and sizes of sun-control devices. that there is a fairly wide difference of and extensive exterior shade when the cli-
and on other factors that depf'nd on solar oprn10n among men who are experienced mate makes it possible. are characteristic
heat and glare. in building in hot climates about what of such homes (Fif!ure 3). In addition. one
18) Local rlata about I h <' sit!! for Lhf' types of materials. equipment, and build- finds in some parts of the world sheltered
"tructnre that will affect the microclimate ing techniques are best. At the recent areas outside the structure. such as patios,
of the dwelling itself. Types of information B.R.A.B. Conference, there seemed to be a courtyards, or areas enclosed by fence or
needed include: actual breeze directions noticeable divi:;ion between those men who arbor where, open to the sky. the family
on the site, if th Py can he determined: felt that the wisest practice would he to can sleep at night.
natural 'hade; site contours and their rela- follow the local traditions for hot-climate This living pattern 1s quite logical, for
tion to prt'vailing winds: nearne"' of building and those who supported new the walls and the roofs are thick enough to
-treams or lakes; position relative to techniques. Followers of tradition said that prevent the sun's energy from warming the
nearby hills or valler; type of soil. to their point of view was especially valuable interior of the building during the day.
judge its suitability for future shade plant- in underdeveloped regions, where native Some heat may penetrate. but it will be
ings: and so on. Careful consideration of materials and methods often made possible dissipated overnight through reradiation to
these factors will incrf'a'e the interior com- quite comfortable homes. Believers in mod- the night sky and through natural ventila-
fort of the dwelling by permitting it to take ern methods agreed that some of the old tion; meanwhile the family is sleeping
fullest advantage of exi>'ting favorable cli- traditions were sound but that others were comfortably in the open patio. Indeed, the
matic conditions and to suppress unfavor- antiquated and should be retired to pas- idea of sleeping outdoors with the body
able ones. ture. directly expm,ed to the night ciir (except
These eight categories of information Actually, the only safe thing is to present for insPct sc-rePning) is particularly sound

March I 953 9!
 materials and methods

in hot-dry climates, since one can become over bedrooms in modern houses built in walls will reduce the amount of heat enter-
cooler faster in such regions by permitting hot-dry climates be made retractable so ing the building, thus making it more com-
body heat to radiate to the clear night sky that they could be pulled back at night, fortable and also increasing the economy
than by many other ways more common thus exposing the occupants to the cool of operation of the air-cooling equipment.
with us. night sky; but this is in itself a more costly
building methods for hot climates
Today, such thick-walled construction is construction, and, furthermore, has not as
usually too expensive to be practical and is yet been tested for effectiveness. Modern technology has made possible con-
no longer commonly used in this country. With the thin wall and shallow window siderable improvement in structures de-
Architects from the Southwest like to tell of the modern house, in hot-dry climates, signed for hot climates, both dry and hu-
of the northern builder who observed the must go special devices for providing shade mid. Some of these methods were described
comfortable temperatures maintained in or else an intelligent use of existing natural in previous P /A articles by the author. 6
the adobe structures of the desert Indians shade, since deep reveals are no longer The important amendment to the data in
and who set about manufacturing standard present to keep out the solar energy. the first article, which dealt with roof con-
eight-inch blocks out of adobe. Of course, In hot-humid climates, the most common structions for both winter and summer
he was miserably disappointed when his characteristic of houses is their openness. comfort and economy in the north tem-
homes became unbearably hot toward the They are designed to catch every vagrant perate zone, is that in hot climates the
end of the day! He had ascribed to the ma- breeze that passes: for comfort in humid problem of vapor condensation in the build-
terial a quality which was entirely depen- climates (other than in air-conditioned ing's structural components above ground
dent on dimension. Concrete or stone has homes) is most satisfactorily achieved by level rarely occurs. Vapor barriers gener-
about as high a heat transmission coeffi- ventilation. ally are not required in such climates. L. V.
cient as any nonmetallic substance-as The well-balconied, high-ceilinged, large. Teesdale of the Forest Products Labora-
high as 16 Btu, as compared with 0.27 Btu windowed Natchez, Mississippi mansion tory writes: "We have never heard of con-
for mineral wool-but heat will take so (Figure 4), the loosely-woven structures of densation collecting in walls, attics, or
long to penetrate a very thick layer (18 in. the natives in the wet tropics, the roofs . . . of houses that are cooled a few
or more) that it will go back out during the deep-veranda, post-and-lintel, fabric-walled degrees below outside shade temperatures.
cool nights, as well as being diminished by homes of the Equatorial African planters, The temperature differences are not great
night ventilation. Thus, heat will not seri- and the paper-thin walls of the dwellings enough to cause condensation." 3 Teesdale
ously affect the interior of the structure. in southern Japan: all are designed to ad- also calls attention to the fact that conden-
With only eight in. of thickness, the time mit breezes. The houses are so placed that sation is common on concrete-slab floors in
lag is wholly insufficient to keep the heat whatever air there is in motion passes northern climates where winters are rela-
out. through the living quarters. Outdoor sleep. tively severe. Such condensation is most un-
Today adobe and other materials of a ing is rare and is not missed since night- likely to occur in warmer regions.
sky radiation is a small factor in humid Moisture condensation or high vapor
similar nature are being replaced by mod-
climates. One sleeps on the screened pressure inside the house in hot-humid cli-
ern insulating materials and construction
porches or verandas, instead. mates is, of course, not uncommon; as any-
techniques, which permit only a small por-
Artificial ventilation, whether by native one knows who has ever tried to get rid of
tion of the heat to enter the wall or roof
boys waving punkahs or by electric fans, summer mildew at the seashore or in cli-
exposed to the sun or the hot air. Similarly,
is one of the few sure ways of obtaining a mates similar to that found in and around
since sleeping in the open is rarely feasible Washington, D. C. However, this conden-
bit of comfort in a very hot-humid climate.
in most urban and suburban areas, either sation cannot be prevented by vapor bar-
The slow-moving, large wood-blade electric
air conditioning or artificial ventilation riers. Dehumidifiers are highly effective but
fan is the only type for this type of climate.
with attic or bedroom exhaust fans, or both, expensive; well-designed air conditioning
However, an efficiently-operating air-con-
take over the task of keeping the rooms ditioning unit will provide the really effec-
and their occupants cool at night. It has tive solution for those who must live in r; "Weather Conditioning of Roofs for Residences," No·
vember and Dcamber 1949 P/ A; ''Sun Control Methods,"
been proposed that sections of the roofs hot-humid climates. Insulation in roof and May and June 1950 P/A.

Figure 6--spray system on roof of the Acme

Ceramic Housing Project, Austin, Texas, is
being tested by the University of Texas Bu-
reau of Engineering Research. Spray heads
are on 12 in. risers and each head sprinkles
an area of about nine ft in diameter. Evap-
oration of water from the roof removes about
1060 Btu for each pound of water evaporated.
Photo: courtesy of R. A. Bacon, W. E. Long

ID
 the problem of hot climates

will also do the job. There is some reason Natural ventilation alone, however, is eventually it transmits some of its stored
to believe that in extremely humid hot hardly adequate as a method of eliminating heat down into the dwelling.
climates, in buildings that are to be de- overheated air and solar radiation from the Water-cooling of roofs, however, is not al-
humidified or air conditioned, a vapor bar- top of the structure. All methods of elim- ways possible or desirable in hot climates.
rier in the outer sections of the building inating the heat which do not require ex- In hot-dry regions there is likely to be a
might assist in reducing condensation in cessive operating and maintenance costs shortage of water that will make the tech-
the cooled interior, but there are as yet no should be used to keep the dwelling free nique uneconomical, and in hot-humid
reliable experimental data to support this of the heat penetrating the roof. Teesdale areas it may prove of only minor value
,.;u pposition. continues: "These factors suggest the use since all it does is to add to the natural
Roofs. The problem of keeping sun and of reflective insulation under the roof raf- humidity of the atmosphere. The water also
air heat out of attics or roofs differs some- ters to reduce the inflow of heat, ventilation encourages vegetable and fungus growths,
what from the more ordinary one in north. through the attic space, and blanket or fill particularly in the hot-humid regions and
ern climates, where the roof is designed to insulation between the attic and the rooms has been known to be a breeding-ground
keep heat in during the winter. For one below." Particularly in hot-humid climates, for mosquitoes.
thing, it is more difficult and calls for care must be taken to use inorganic insulat- Actually, the value of water cooling a
sterner measures to reduce the amount of ing materials, such as mineral wool, which roof if that roof has already been designed
heat entering through the roof. One needs are impervious to attacks by the biological for the most efficient reduction of heat gain
more insulation, not less, to improve sum- enemies of the house-termites and other as described above is highly conjectural.
mer comfort under a hot sun. insects, rodents and other small animals, Tests should be undertaken before use.
~o single insulating material and no mildew and so-called "dry-rot." A not uncommon type of construction in
one construction technique will be wholly In most hot climates, attic ventilation hot climates outside the United States is
adequate in reducing downflow of heat to should be powered, since the prevailing the double roof. Perhaps the best-known
a bearable proportion in hot-climate re- breezes are not strong enough to keep the example of this construction is the house
gions. It should become a commonplace for air in the attic from storing heat and per- that Admiral William F. Halsey occupied
architects in such climates to use normal mitting its transmission downward by con- in the Solomon Islands during World War
reflectors of solar radiation, such as light- vection. Power bills for exhaust fans are IL This type of native building is particu-
colored roof-surfacing materials and as not excessive and the investment in artifi- larly useful in those parts of the world
much natural shade as the environment af- cial ventilation is likely to prove a sound where there are moderately strong winds,
fords. In addition, a combination of de- one, provided the fan is installed with due but rarely gales, to provide natural air-
vices and materials should be used in the understanding of the principles of air flow. cooling between the two layers.
roof and ceiling, so designed that they will For example, the air intakes for an attic The double roof has been adapted to
keep a large part of both the radiant and exhaust fan should be located on the side modern materials elsewhere in the tropics
the convective heat from passing down into of the house that has either a northern ex- (Figure 7). Here two thicknesses of con-
the rooms below. crete masonry separated by short piers
posure or natural shade, and preferably
Teesdale has pointed out' that unven- form a double roof that must be quite effi-
both, since these elements tend to keep
tilated attics, even in such a far-north cient as a bar to radiant heat.
down the actual air temperature (Fig-
region as Madison, Wisconsin, can attain One additional point should be men-
ure 5).
temperatures as high as 150 F in summer- tioned in connection with roof constructions
Water-cooled roofs, either spray or pool
time when the outdoor normal temperature in hot climates. If there are to be cleresto-
type, are often used in hot climates to re-
averages 90 F. "Tests show," he wrote, ries in flat or :shed roofs to permit light to
•·that ventilation through louvered open- duce the amount of heat entering the enter the central area of the structure, ade-
ings will lower the temperature 20 to 25 F. building. Evaporative cooling from a water quate overhangs to keep the sun from the
an a combination of vents under the rnof 'pray (Figure 6) is said to be much more windows should be provided and the roof
overhang and louvers or other outlets is efficient in a hot climate than is a pool, of the clerestory should be as carefully
'till more effective." since the water in the pool does heat and insulated as the rest of the building.

Figure 7-concrete double roof at Kano,

Nigeria. Upper slab provides protection
against solar radiation.
Photo: from paper by Bruce M. Holmes
presented at B. R. A. B. Conference on
"Housing and Building in Hot-Humid
and Hot-Dry Climates," November 1952.

Part Ill will appear in April 1953 P /A. IOI

 newspaper plant
He;,idquarters for McClatchy Newspapers ti rt> Huor for em ploye welfare ... cafeteria.
!The Sacramento Bee; The Modesto Bee; lounge. library. dispensary."
The Fresno Bee), this full-block complex The present group comprises an admin-
also houses the publishing plant and the istrative unit. including offices of the Be~
Ree engraving department, which does out- engraving department (left of pho111
side commercial engraving as well as thP above). and a mechanical unit. housing th.,
newspaper's work. Future expam;ion will editorial rooms. pressroom. composin;.:
add offices for the McClatchy Broadcasting room, mailing room. and delivery and ship-
Company. In the words of Dunbar Beck. ping docks (background). Basic require-
the associated designer, the problem was ments for an optimum newspaper site. in
"to keep these various activities separated. the opinion of Lockwood-Greene, Inc ..
hut to maintain a good relationship to each architects-engineers who are specialists in
other and to the employe services that are
newspaper-plant design. include "efficient
used in common.-· Highlights of the group:
receipt of newsprint; a good center for
·'Morf' than 200.000 sq ft of working spacf'
truck di,<trihution of the finished product-
.. ceilings and floors that soak 11p so11nd
newspa pers: a convenient location, for thP
and reduce fatigue . . . air conditioned
thro11ghout ... wired music in all dqiart- staff to get to work: and convenience to th ..
ments . . . new 8-unit press . . . railroad business areas of the city, where adverti'-
siding for direct expansion of any and all ing is secured." How well this plant meet'
departments . . . additional f.loon; mav hP these needs is apparent from a study of the
added, wings extf'ndf'd .. includ<" an <>n- tioor plans (page 104 I.

02 Progressive Architecture
 owners McClatchy Newspapers

location Sacramento, California

architec ts-engineers Lockwood Greene Engi neers, Inc.

designer Dunbar Beck, represent ing the owner

spec ial assistant Denis C. Elliot

-----
production layou t consultant Hal P. Skemp

landscap e architect Douglas Baylis

general contractors Lawrence Construction Co. (office building)

H. W. Robertson, Inc. (mechanical building)

Un the west front (right) a side entrance

leads directly to the central employe ele-
' at or lobby. The adjustable louvers outside
window areas are also used on the south and
east (below) sides of the building. A steel-
framcd, fireproof structure, with foundations,
floors, and roofs of concrete, the plant is
also built to resist earthquake stresses (con-
struction and equipment outline, page 104)_
A full discussion of the ventilation and air-
conditioning begins on page 107. The build-
ing has a sprinkler system, a watchman's
dock system, and fire-alarm ho.res connected
with the city's alarm network.
Photo": Roger Sturtevant

- f

March 1953 I 03
 newspaper plant Construction
Foundation, frame, floors, roof: reinforced-con-
crete foundation and floors: reinforcing steel--
Bethlehem Steel Company; structural-steel frame
-Bethlehem Steel Company; concrete, concrete
blcck, and brick walls. Wall surfacing: exterior:
concrete and brick; interior: plaster. Floor sur-
facing: linoleum, industrial floor covering-Pab-
The second floor (administration building) co Products, Inc. Ceiling surfacing: acoustical
houses executive offices of the McClatchy tile-Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation.
Newspapers. Roof surfacing: built-up roofing (Mechanical
Building )-Johns-Manville Corporation; built-up
roofing (Office Building )-Koppers Company,
Inc. Waterproofing and dampproofing: protec-
tive coating-A. C. Horn Company, Inc. Insula-
tion: acoustical tile, thermal roof insulation-
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation. Parti-
tions: interior: plastered cement block; steel
and glass-E. F. Hauserman Company; steel
toilet partitions-The Mills Company; Windows:
steel sash (Mechanical Building)-Truscon Steal
Company; steel sash (Office Building )-Detroit
Steel Products Company; observation: chrome-
•
Crn(ULATION
trimmed plate glass-Cain Glass Company .
Doors: interior: kalamein and hollow metal-
Superior Fireproof Door & Sash Company, Inc.;
aluminum entrance doors-Kawneer Company.
Hardware: brass and bronze lock sets, bronze-
finished door closers, brass hinges.

Equipment
Kitchen and cafeteria: stainless-steel units-
In the administration building end of the Dohrmann Hotel Supply Company. Office equip-
first floor are offices for The Sacramento COMP05\NC.
r ..JOB
~NTING
ment: executive chairs-Emeco Corporation;
Bee and Bee engraving department. posture chairs-DoMore Chair Company; safe
cabinets-Remington Rand Inc.; side chairs-
Maso Steel Products Company; steel desks and
tables-Globe-Wernicke Company; typewriter
stands-Cramer Posture Chair Company. lnter-
communicai"ion and public address systems: Mc-
Clatchy Broadcasting Company. Elevators: elec-
tric-Montgomery Elevator Company and Otis
Elevator Company; oildraulic freight-Rotary
Lift Company. Lighting fixtures: executive of-
fices: incandescent units with special fixtures;
manufacturing and hospital ward areas: fluores-
cent units; office area: slimline units; lobby area:
fluorescent cove lighting. Electric distribution:
panelboards, multibreaker-Lexington Electric
Products Company, Inc. Plumbing and sanita-
tion: water closets, lavatories, toilet seats-Crane
Company; water heater: copper-lined hot-water
storage tank; heating elements in boilers-Mc-
Donough Steel Company, circulating pumps-
Chicago Pump Company; flush valves-Sloan
Valve Company; circular and semi-circular in-
(AP',PE.NmY dustrial wash fountains-Bradley Washfountain
Rolls of newsprint arrive on the rail-freight Company; cast-iron underground pipe, copper
siding and are taken to basement storage b.- hot- and cold-water pipes; sprinklers-Grinnell
elevator; ink tanks are filled throur<h rurb Company, Inc. and W. D. Allen Manufacturing
boxes on 21st Street. Company; shower controls-Crane Company;
water-supply system: city water for drinking and
kitchen uses, two wells provide cooling water for
air-conditioning and manufacturing operations.
Heating: low-pressure steam with condensate re-
NEW5PRINT ~Tor.;AGE turn-The Nash Engineering Company; boilers:
Pacific Steel Boiler, Div. United States Radiator
Corporation; fuel: gas or oil; burner-S. T.
Johnson Company; convectors-The Trane Com-
pany; exhaust fans-American Blower Corpora-
tion, Div. American Radiator & Standard Sanitary
Corporation. Air conditioning: warm- and cold-
l ~~5 P~INT. air systems, Freon refrigerant, compressors-
Carrier Corporation; diffusors-Anemostat Cor-
poration of America; blowers, cooling coils-
American Blower Corporation, Div. American
Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corporation; fil-
ters-American Air Filter Company, Inc.; con-
trols-Johnson Service Company.

I 04 Progressive Architecture
Along the west wall oj the first fioor of the admin-
istration building is the classified-ad department (be-
low), where operators receive orders by phone.
Bordering executives' offices on the second fioor is
a cantilevered balcony (top, right).
A complete dispensary is included as an employe
service; in the corridor that serves this department
(right, below) the doors are of obscure tempered-
plate glass.

In the newsroom, on the second fioor oj

the mechanical wing (left, top), the
ceiling is acoustically treated. The room
is lighted by slimline lamps in surface-
mounted fixtures with eggcrate diffusers.
An underfioor duct system in all office
areas makes possible telephone or elec-
trical connection at almost any point.
The pressroom (left, below) occupies
the entire rear end of the first fioor; an
off-street truck Jock adjoins.

March 1953 105

 newspaper plant

I
_ _ _ _ _ _J

Employe services occupy the top floor of the

administration building-a cafeteria, recreation
room., library. and dispensary. The top level of
the mechaniral building contains the mailing
room; printed papPrs come up to this room on
a power-driren conreyor to be bundled, labeled,
and taken by coni·eyor and spiral chutP down to
the 70-ft truck dock at ground /Pre!.

I 06 Progressive Architecture
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PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE
REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORP.

330 WEST 42ND STREET

NEW YORK 36, N. Y.

BUSINESS REPLY CARD

First Class Pe rmit No. 1538, Sec. 34.9, P. L. & R., New York, N. Y.

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE
REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORP.

330 WEST 42ND STREET

NEW YORK 36, N . Y.
 materials and methods

newspaper plant air conditioning and ventilating

by Tyler G . Hicks*

Newspaper plants require air conditioning Besides these problems of heat and smoke, usual comfort conditions, summer and
as it is the only effective means of solving a high-humidity atmosphere is needed for winter. Areas where work may resemble
certain operating problems arising from conditioning stereotype-plate mats in stor- that in a typical office structure are edi-
the materials and processes of printing. age. torial, circulation, recreation, cafeteria,
Local ventilation with humidification of The usual engraving department in- library, and medical. These are common
room air is another means of simplifying cludes operations such as etching, drying, to many newspaper structures.
some production and comfort problems. photography, and photo printing and de- Areas needing other than straight air
But neither ventilation nor air conditioning veloping. Controlled humidity, exhaust, conditioning are kitchen, conference
alone is satisfactory- the modern news- and air filtration in the right combinations rooms, museum, first-aid treating, and
paper plant combines the two to secure a are usually satisfactory. cooking school. Where large changes in
carefully controlled atmosphere within the occupancy are expected, recreation rooms
building. composing and pressrooms and cafeteria are made more comfortable
Linotype operators must be able to con- by more than just air conditioning. Direct
paper characteristics centrate on their operations without dis- exhaust systems may supplement air con-
Newspapers are printed from rolls of paper turbances of drafts or uneven room tem- ditioning and remove objectionable smoke
by a process called web-fed ar web print- peratures. Fully-conditioned spaces care- and odors.
ing. The paper is hygroscopic; its proper- fu lly designed for the job are the only
ties vary with the quantity of moisture it answer. the sacramento bee
holds. Recommended temperature and humid- Application of the general principles that
Paper rolls that lose moisture from their ity conditions for pressrooms, stockrooms, have been outlined wiU vary from one
ends have "short" or "tight" edges. Cracks and storerooms are listed (Table /). Five newspaper plant to another, depending on
develop at paper edges and web breaks on percent variation of relative humidity in location, architectural treatment, press
the press may be frequent. This means the pressroom is allowable if production types, job-shop size, and many other fac-
press shutdowns may occur more often, is to be satisfactory at all times. This and tors. Th e Sacramento Bee is an example of
cutting output. High-speed presses are ex. the 5-F allowable temperature variation advanced design because it combines mod-
pensive machines and any condition that result from paper characteristics. ern interior and exterior treatment with
reduces their production causes a direct The best humidity for roll storage is year-round air conditioning.
loss on the initial investment for the press. 50% ; the best temperature is from 73 to All departments in both th e administra-
Static electricity and ink misting are 80 F. The job shop, a part of most modern tion and mechanical buildings are condi-
two other newspaper problems caused by newspaper plants, requires conditions tioned throughout, under complete auto-
low-humidity, "dry" atmospheres in the fixed by the type of work done. (Table I matic control. Hoods and mechanical ex-
pressroom. News inks are thin-they dry gives specifications for a typical plant.) hausts are used in all places where news-
mostly by absorption. A change in press- paper equipment generates heat or fumes.
room temperature or the wrong tempera- editorial, circulation Locker rooms and service areas have simi-
ture can affect ink viscosity, slowing pro- In general these departments need only lar exhausts.
duction.
Table I: Temperatures and Humidities for Printing Plants*
stereotype, engraving
H ere we run in to processes givin g off large Process Temp F R.H. %
quantities of heat, others tha t req uire hi gh
relative humidities, room-air exhausting, Pressroom :
special filtration to recover valuable mate- Newspaper and oth e r we b printing 75-80 50-55
rials, hood services of several types, and Multicolo r offset lithography 75-80 46-48
close control of atmospheric conditions. Other sheet -fed printing 75-80 45-50
All are essential for economical, rapid,
Stockroom:
and safe production of modern newspapers ~
Roll sto rage 73-80 50
Examples of stereotype-room problems Multicolor offset lithography 73-80 5-8 % above
include the large internal heat gains from pressroom •
b
lead melting and molding machines, mat Other paper storage 70-80
formers, and scorchers. Heat, smoke, and Binding , cutting , drying , fold ing, and
glu ing 70-80 45-50
foundry-like odors must be localized. Room
temperature must be maintained higher
than in the rest of the plant because per- a 5 t o 8,,o above press room
b same as pressroom
sonnel perspiration rate is high. Drafts are Notes : Air from pressroom and stora g e rooms should not be recirc ula ted through office a reas .
objectionable; they may endanger health. Provid e hood s for gas dryers (solvent recovery recommend ed for all except job sho ps).
Exhaust system with dust col lectors incorporated is requ ired fo r ty pe- and plate-clean ing
areas . Check use of gasoline and other solvents.
• Associate Editor, Power • Abstracted from A.S.H.V.E. Guid e, 1952, p. 942

March 1953 107

 mate rials and methods

The extent of the air-conditioning in- water sprayed over the cooling-coil surface
stallation will be realized when one sees over which air is drawn. Humidistats con-
that the entire basement (except for photo- trol all phases of this process.
Figtue 1-one of two refrigeration com- engraving department and job shop at At least two fans are used in each air-
pressors used for building cooling at the Bee. north end, reel room for press, ink room, conditioning system. One is the usual sup-
boiler room, and electric service room) is ply-air fan, the other a recirculated-air
available for newsprint. fan. The latter can automatically vent
system design details large volumes of air when the systems run
Sun load can have a major effect on re- with 100% outdoor air. They are automati-
cally controlled so that when the outdoor-
frigerating-system loads during the sum-
air temperature is suitable for cooling, the
mer. To reduce sun load and system
refrigerating plant is shut down and a mix-
operating cost, all Bee windows exposed
ture of outdoor and room air is used for
to the sun have adjustable louvers. These
cooling. Therefore, if there should be a
allow blocking of the rays as the sun
breakdown in the refrigerating units, it is
travels from east to west, preventing large
possible to run all air systems on natural
fluctuations in heat load. Roof decks are
ventilation and mechanically exhaust all
well insulated for the same reason .
air introduced into the building. This is
All outdoor air introduced into the
extremely important, should an interrup-
building is filtered. Every cubic foot of air
tion in refrigeration service occur in sum-
circulated inside the building is filtered
mer. Also, it is common practice to seal
about eight times per hour for dust and
and lock the windows in fully air-condi-
pollen removal. Most air 1s further
tioned buildings to reduce dust infiltration.
cleansed and conditioned by passage
Having air available during refrigeration
through water sprays.
failure eliminates the need for opening
Room air is supplied through slotted building window .
openings in the top of contin uous cabinets
located under the windows. This blankets cooling, refrigeration
exterior walls with cool air in summer, During plant design, extensive studies
warm air in winter. were made in an attempt to apply the prin-
The air-conditioning systems using re- ciple of the heat pump to the building
frigeration require no reheating in sum- heating and cooling systems. But the heat
mer. This reduces operating costs to the pump did not prove economical in any re-
lowest possible figure for a fully air-con- spect for a building of the B ee's character.
ditioned building. Instead of a rebeater, Its application was discarded after a care-
bot and cold plenums are fitted at supply- ful comparison of costs and operating re-
fan discharge. The cold plenum is kept at sults with well water and refrigeration
a low eno ugh temperature to satisfy any systems (Figure 1).
one of the various zone-supply ducts. The
Water from two deep wells is used for
bot plenum handles recirculated room air
cooling in several of the air-conditioning
in summer. In winter the air in the plenum
systems handling large volumes of outdoor
Figure 2- fan room in mechanical building is heated only enough to offset building
air. The water is then reused in the con-
contains newsroom air- conditioning system heat losses. Each zone duct connects to
densers serving the refrigeration systems.
(ri ght ) and composing room system (left). both hot and cold plenums. A pair of
Heat ab tracted from the air and refriger-
dampers automatically admits the correct
ant is added to the well water during each
percentage of bot and cold air to the zone
step and the warm water is wasted.
duct, according to the demand of the zone
Figure 3-two low-pressure heating boilers thermostat in the conditioned space. Sy terns utilizing well water for summer
supply steam and hot water; burn natural cooling are arranged so that well water can
The system of this design is most flexible
gas or oil. preheat outdoor air introduced into the
because as many different temperature
conditions can be obtained as there are building in winter. A substantial heating-
zones. The three double-duct systems in- fuel economy is realized for systems han-
stalled in the building replace 33 individ- dling large volumes of outdoor air, when
ual systems which would otherwise be compared with the cost of gas or oil fuel.
needed. The results are equally satisfac- Well water is also used for cooling and
tory. setting molten-lead newspaper plates in the
Relative humidity throughout the build- stereotype department. The system in-
ing is automatically reduced in summer cludes a large well-water storage tank with
and increased in winter to provide maxi- circulating pumps, piping, and automatic
mum human comfort. Winter humidifica- controls which maintain the cooling water
tion is automatically maintained at com- at the desired temperature for the ,best
fort condition by means of recirculated results in setting the lead plates.

108
 air condition ing and ventilat ing

building heating outdoor air to replace air exhausted and

The heating plant consists of two low- where there are high internal heat gains.
pressure steam boilers (Figure 3) fired by Well water is reused in the refrigeration
natural gas with standby facilities so that system before being wasted. Figure 4-low-velocity pan outlets in press-
heavy oil may be burned at a few moments room are at bottom of drops from large ducts.
stereotype room
notice whenever gas service is curtailed by
the local utility company in severe weather. The supply-air system is the same as for
Domestic water is pumped through heating the pressroom. Specially constructed hoods
coils immersed in the boiler water, then with direct mechanical exhaust relieve heat
stored in tank reservoirs, ready for use. from lead melting and molding machines,
The system is automatically controlled. mat formers, and scorchers. As a result,
pressr oom
the total exhaust quantity is high and ex-
ceeds the amount of air supplied to the
This is cooled in summer and heated or
room. This produces a negative air pres-
cooled in winter by a central-station air-
sure in the room and heat, smoke, anrl
conditioning system handling 100% out-
foundry odors are localized.
door air and using well water for cooling.
All outdoor air is used so that the room is Stereotype mats are stored in a separate
purged of ink and oil mist and paper lint enclosure automatically maintained 'lt
from presses. Recirculation of air from high relative humidity for mat condition-
this room would introduce costly and ing.
troublesome maintenance problems from Hoods for stereotype pots are o. 10
ink, oil, and paper. gage steel plate to withstand rugged use
Outlets discharge reel-room supply air and to prevent buckling from heat given
at the floor. Low-velocity pan outlets (Fig- off by lead, The hood encloses the entire
ure 4) supply air below press catwalks in pot and has self-closing doors to prevent
the pressroom. Low-velocity low-level air spilling or splashing of lead during load-
distribution secures the maximum cooling ing. Dross is skimmed off the top of the
effect from the supply air. Since heat gen- liquid lead through other doors. The oper-
erated by a press comes from friction ator adjusts the quantity of exhaust air to
throughout the length and height of the suit working conditions.
press structure, the heat rises unhampered Personnel perspiration is unavoidable in
to the room ceiling. Here it is exhausted this room becau e equipment has high
directly by roof ventilators arranged for radiant-heat loss. Room temperature 5 to
easy cleaning. Direct removal at a high 10 F higher than usual is needed for the
point in the room prevents most of the best comfort conditions. Careful placement
heat from affecting room temperature at and design of air supply ducts will elimin-
operating-floor level. nate drafts.
Conventional mixing-type air outlets
were not used because they would inter- composing room
fere with the warm air current over the A double-duct system provides full air con-
press. About one-third of the additional ditioning. Interior space as well as each
cooling effect obtained by pan outlets wall exposure is separately zoned. Heat Figure 5- overhead outlets supply air to
would be nullified by conventional outlets. gains from closely spaced linotype ma- composing room containing Linotype machines.
Temperature reductions of 5 to 7 F have chines and high-intensity lights are large.
been observed in pressrooms cooled by pan For best results heat-load computations
outlets and ceiling exhaust. Also, it is pos- should be made for each bay and the re-
sible to make a substantial reduction in quired air volume for the bay established.
Then uniform temperature throughout the Figure 6-advertising makeup also requires
system air capacity below usual designs.
area will be obtained. Supply-air outlets cnntrolled air conditions for comfort and
This cuts operating costs.
efficiency.
The supply-air fan has a two-speed chosen (Figure 5) must be suitable for
motor to allow a 50% reduction in air good air mixing and temperature equaliza-
capacity for winter operation. This also tion without drafts.
reduces air movement to a minimum dur- About 50% of the total air supplied this
ing the winter, improving personnel com- room is outdoor air. This is needed to
fort. partly offset direct exhaust from some
Summer cooling is done by two banks of equipment and for diluting oil mist, lead
well-water coils. One bank is in a sprayed- fumes, and smoke haze coming from lino-
coil section for winter humidification. The type machines. Good zone control is needed
choice of well water was based on the fact because the heat gain from linotype ma-
that it gives a good economic balance be- chines varies from 25% to 100% of full
tween costs and room temperature condi- rated motor and heating-element capacity,
tions where space needs larger volumes of depending on speed. No fixed humidity is
 materials and methods air conditioning and ventilating

needed for any operations in this depart- be high enough to contain powder within Ceiling outlets of the air-m1xmg type
ment. Automatic controls maintain stan- the enclosure hut not so high that the pow- evenly located in the room distribute air
dard comfort conditions in winter. der is drawn into ductwork. Plenum space uniformly throughout the room. No special
having a fine cotton-hag filter is built at the problems are encountered.
engraving depart111ent Grid-type secondary resistors are used
top of the powder box and connected to the
A central-station air-conditioning system direct exhaust system. The bag has a shak- for press speed control. Located in a sepa-
handles 100% outdoor air for the makeup ing device to keep it in good condition. rate room, the resistors are in fan-cooled
of direct exhaust. Full air conditioning Conventional hoods connected to direct cubicles hooded and vented directly out-
was selected because the department has exhaust are used for gas stoves and dryers. doors. Replacement air enters through
no exterior exposure. If this were not so, Acid is stored on a prepared section of the louvers in the exterior wall. Louvers have
something less than full air conditioning floor against a wall. A stainless-steel duct air filters to keep electrical equipment free
would probably be satisfactory. Usually, on the wall behind the acid carboys ex- of dust. Outdoor air is not heated in winter
people confined indoors need lower tem- hausts air through high-veloci ty slotted because equipment in the room does not
perature conditions for the same sensation openings in the duct, quickly removing need constant attendance.
of comfort felt by people working near fumes.
windows. statistics
Photographic dark rooms have a direct
A single duct supplies the entire area, exhaust above sinks and a conditioned air The main air supply and exhaust quanti-
the temperature for different rooms being supply less than exhaust volume. This ties are summarized (Table II) . Also listed
regulated by gradual-acting dampers in maintains a slight negative pressure in the are important items of equipment used for
branch ducts. Dampers are automa tically room. Camera rooms using cameras and heating, refrigeration, air washing, and
controlled by room thermostats. arc lights have high internal heat gains cooling-water supply.
Etching-department operations require while the arcs are in use. A direct exhaust The mechanical design of a building of
several types of direct exhaust and hoods. register on the camera center line and the Bee's type requires far more study
Zinc and copper etching machines have midway in the arc's travel removes heat than the average office building or similar
enclosed stoneware tubs containing acid from the room. structure. Heat loads for a variety of
and a wooden circulating fan, with air Conditions in printing rooms are some· processes under different operating condi-
slots and an exhaust outlet. Stainless-steel what similar to those in camera rooms. tions must he determined. Careful air sup-
ductwork under suction is connected to Room temperature and humidity must he ply and exhaust balances must be worked
the exhaust outlet and has the means to held as nearly constant as possible when out for each room to insure the best com-
vary the quantity of direct exhaust from sensitized paper is being handled. This pre. fort conditions. Not only is engineering
the machine. Ductwork must be soldered vents stretching or shrinkage during print- skill needed for the system design hut good
and the condensation collected and ing or while the paper is in storage. judgment must be used in evaluating heat-
drained. load data. Long experience coupled with
Table-high enclosures for manual dust- other rooms engineering skill are the best tools for
ing of engravings are called powder boxes. A central-station air-conditioning system approaching the design of plants such as
Velocity across the enclosure opening must using well water serves the mail room. the Bee.

Table II: Sacramento Bee Air-Conditioning System Design Details

Direct Outdoor
Total oir mechanical air
Area supplied exhaust supplied

Press 30,600 32,000 30,600

Stereotype 9,000 9,000 9,000
Composing 18 ,000 4,500 4 ,500 min
Engraving 6,000 6,300 6,000
Ma il 13.000 2 ,600 min
Press contro l 14,000 14,000 14,000
Kitchen 2,500
Locker rooms , etc. 15,400
Newsroom , C irculation 15,000 2,500 min
Gen e ral Offices 50,000 10,000 min

Totals 155,600 83 ,700 79 ,200

Heating equ ipme nt:

Boilers (2) 8,500 sq ft edr, 15 psi, natura l-c;ias o r oil-fired connected t o two-pi pe system
Cond ensate pumps, duplex, operating on gravit y return
Direct radiation , at a ll entrance doors from str eet , shipp ing doors, and st air towe rs
Refriqerat in9 equipmen t:
Compressors (2) d irect-expansion with ste p-type unloading controls , total capacity 300
tons
Air wa shers, sprayed· coo ling sect ion s for seven systems ; total capacity 135,600 cfm
Well pumps:
Deep-wel l turbine-type (2) 200 gpm a nd 500 gpm , to furni sh wate r for a ir cooling , re-
frigeration condensers, and stereotype -plate cool ing

11 O Progressive Architecture
 Soviet-designed Palace of Culture, "a gift of the Soviet Union
to the People of Poland," which is now under construction as
the focal point of reconstructed Warsaw.

A large part of the world today is under the Soviet Union had had its experience with in the air (perhaps hung from dirigibles)."
influence of the Soviet Union, in the arts what he called "so-called modern" and "Now," continued Vlassov, "Soviet archi-
as well as in a social and economic sense. "Constructivist" architecture. "So-called tecture is designed to the needs and desires
What is the Soviet attitude toward archi- Left architecture and Constructivism were of the people, while the so-called modern-
tecture? What is the argument for designs rather well developed at one time in the ists produced buildings that no one liked
such as the one illustrated on this page? Soviet Union", he said. "There was much or understood but themselves." He went on,
Last August, at an international architec- work of that type built-even complete "In the Soviet Union the people have the
tural conference in Poland, the writer par- cities. Le Corbusier built, in 1927, the Cen- deciding word, and our country is a union
ticipated in an interview with Alexandre tral Cooperatives Building (the Palace of of many nationalities. In order to under-
Vlassov, Chief Architect of Moscow. An- Centrosoyous). It stands today as a "mu- stand why Soviet architecture has devel-
other Russian architect-Grigori Zacharow seum" piece of so-called modern architec- oped in quite different lines one must un-
-added a few comments of his own; Hel- ture. Although it was executed carefully derstand fully the whole development of
ena Syrkus, Warsaw architect, acted as in- with a light Armenian stone it stands now the Soviet Union and the Soviet state. The
terpreter. Vlassov's remarks are a criti- with papers in the windows to keep the main thing, which is the difference between
cism of contemporary architectural trends cold out, and costs five times as much to past and present, is that the whole nation
in the western countries as well as an ex- heat as a normal building." Vlassov went of people have the deciding role. The Con-
planation of present-day Soviet architec- on to say that Le Corbusier's building did structivist work done in the early years was
ture. They are presented without com- not recognize the climate or the other needs not accepted by the Soviet people. The
ment, in the belief that the reader may of a building in Moscow. Zacharov inter- simplified architecture-bands of windows,
want to arrive at his own conclusions. rupted to say that Vlassov himself, in his concrete forms-was not dear to anyone
Vlassov began by explaining that the younger days, was a designer in the manner but the architect himself."
of Gropius or Le Corbusier-a modernist Architecture in the West, Vlassov be-
-with the difference that "he worked on
*An interview with Moscuw's Chief Architect by Thomas
H. Creighton the earth, while others tried to build cities (Continued on page 182)

March 1953 111

 loca t io n Ph oenix, A rizona

associated a rc hitects Ra lph H ave r and Fred Gu irey

structu ra I e ng inee rs Ste ph e ns & H a mlyn

mecha nical en gin ee rs M . M. Lowry

color co nsult a nt Mary Lo uise Mcleod

school auditorium
ge ne ra l co ntractor Kitc he ll- Ph illi ps, Inc.

Latest addition to a 1000-pupil elementary sound control. The metal-lath-and-plaster with cork. In music room, flooring is as-
school (A ugust 1951 P / A ), thi s auditorium ceiling (4" wool-type insulation above) is phalt tile, exce pt on band platform ( ply-
has a co ntinental type seatin g a rrangem ent also staggered and not only conceals th e wo od-topped tables of graduated heights) .
tha t acco mmodates 500. The theory behind roof framin g h ut also h elps sound di sper- H eatin g is handled by gas-fired, air-
selection of th e continuous seatin g without sal. Side walls (li ghtweight concrete block , blower units th a t give " flash heat" a s
cente r aisle was that each teacher could es- plaster ed ) are semi-absorptive, while the needed ; coolin g is by means of evaporative
cort th e pupils directly to th eir seats, from rear wall is specially treated- perforated cooler s. The hou se lights are on a rheostat,
th e sides. In actual operation, th e architect wood-base panels over a l1h" blanket of with add ed li ghts above the front seats that
r eports that this very r eal advanta ge is gla fib er-to kill r everberation s and pro- are turn ed on wh en th e room is used fo r
somewh a t counterbalan ced by th e fa ct that vide co rrect r everberation tim e. classes that r equire r eading. Stage lightin g
teachers lack control over th e children in Stru cturally, th e a uditorium con sists of con sists of three rows of bord er lights, on
th e center seats. Oth er plan r equirements a series of ri gid steel-bents with wood-joist rheostat, with spots to th e front, and out-
wer e a mu sic room, book-storage room, and purLn s spannin g th e 16-foot bays between. lets on th e proscenium and stage walls for
ro om for th e school custodian. Th e flo or is colored con crete, sealed a nd additional spots as n eeded. Footlights were
The stagger in the side walls assists waxed, exce pt for ai sles, whi ch are fini shed not con sid ered n ecessary.

112 Progressive Architecture

 '' +

EX IS TINC. 13UILOIN6

I 13
 school auditorium

Covered ramp and platform walks on either side of

the building provide direct access at several points.
The one on the north (above) is terminated by the
music·room wing. View of the south walk (right)
shows one of the tu;o entrances that occur at the
front of the building (left of photo).
Photos: Stuart Weiner

114 Progressive Architecture

Both the zcalls and the ceiling oj the
auditorium hai;e broken sections, which,
with the semi-absorptive surfaces and
glass-fiber-blanketed rear wall, provide
acoustic correction. Side walls and
ceiling are light gray; the f rant wall is
dark green; and the rear wall is rose.
Figuring covered area at one half, the
cost of the building came to $9.SO per
sq ft.

March 1953 115

 office practice

The Architect and Public Relations: 6

by Asher B. Etkes and Raymond Dodd

After you've launched your publicity Here's how such research material might vast number of people. And they permit
program, keeping it alive may present be tied into a news release from your an expression of personal opinion not
some problems. office: countenanced anywhere else in print. Just
If you're an architect with a continuous "The rising public demand for air con- be careful of your facts, make certain that
output-houses for example-to talk and ditioning, indicated in the recent nation- your comments are valid. There's always
write about, there's no great difficulty. But wide survey by X Magazine, was antici- some reader ready to pounce on a mistake
what about the designer in the industrial pated in the designing of the new 12-story and announce it to the world in a return
field? He may spend upwards of a year Wonder Building, scheduled to be erected letter.
planning a single project, spend another at 13th and Market Streets. Use these techniques sparingly-a warn-
seeing it materialize from blueprint to "This was revealed today by the archi- ing applying to most of your publicity ac-
reality. tect, John Smith, who reported that the tivities. Too much is definitely worse than
It's understandable that there may be entire structure will be air conditioned too little. The tag, "publicity hound," is a
lengthy periods between newsworthy proj- year 'round to assure perfect weather in all hard one to shake off, once bestowed by
ects, but that's no reason to put a public- seasons for the personnel of seven major any editor or staff.
ity program in mothballs. You can't afford firms slated to occupy the building next Let's re-examine the project long abuild-
to. Even with sustained publicity, it is May. ing. There's no reason to hold a tight
tough enough to get people to remember "Mr. Smith added that the decision to checkrein on publicity until its final com-
you and your work. To forget you is easy. air condition the new modern structure pletion date. Look around. What about
Fortunately, there are other subjects was made a year ago, after a limited survey newsworthy design or arrangement prob-
available to keep the publicity ball rolling. produced opinion results closely parallel- lems solved in the drawing-board stage;
Just remember that your status is that of ing those of the X Magazine research." how about ingenious engineering tricks in-
a recognizecl authority on matters archi- ... And so forth. voked to hurdle the "impossible;" what
tectural and that your comments or opin- This technique of "riding" a recognized about clever construction wrinkles evolved
ions bear weight-provided you pick the trend is fully justified only if your indi- to speed construction or save money? And
right subject and contribute something of vidual publicity hitch-hiker offers legiti- don't forget the people connected with your
real interest. mate news. It's apparent that the an- project, or your office; a good human in-
Take surveys, for instance. Scarcely a nouncement of an air-conditioning installa- terest angle makes news.
week rolls by without the results of one tion, even throughout a 12-story building Publication outlets for these stories-or
being announced. They are reported in is fairly commonplace. Spicing it with a photographs-depend on the character of
newspapers, magazines; maybe even an few facts from an authentic survey makes the facts. Fairly sensational engineering
original report may cross your own desk. it decidedly more palatable to both editor or construction procedure involving a
Examine them closely. If the survey find- and reader. welter of technicalities would be greeted
ings are related to your immediate activi- Be dead certain you use the right spice. eagerly by the trade magazines but draw
ties, golden opportunity may lurk between Surveys on radiant heating. the swift in- a blank with newspaper editors. How to
the lines. crease of electrical appliance, or on popu- determine which goes where might prove a
A variety of persons and organizations lation shifts may serve you well, if they dilemma for the individual who rubs el-
sponsor surveys for a variety of reasons, dovetail neatly with your work at hand. bows daily with lintels and logarithms.
but the end results indicate trends. And Don't use a survey result. however, as a There are no set rules. However, it's
trends are news. thin veil to disguise a mediocre fact; your safe to assume that a new cement-mix pro-
As a case in point, let's appraise a sur- motives may show through the transpar- portion would meet with flagging interest
vey of householders. Perhaps the research ency. If your radiant installation is novel. from newspaper readers, no matter how
indicates what these people do, have or your equipment planning unusual, or a strong a foundation wall it produced. But
desire; it offers some estimate of what population growth has influenced your de- if one of the new ingredients happened to
ideas or products are growing in popu- sign, your excuse for utilizing a survey be something incredible-household corn-
larity-or declining. If you can establish a news peg may be valid. If it isn't, wait for starch for instance-your story might land
bridge between such a survey and your one that is. on page one. It all boils down to offering a
current work, you may have grist for a Here's another possibility: If your field newspaper editor something understand-
news release. or community is touched directly by a sur- able that will excite, astound, amuse, or
As an example: One survey points up vey's findings, a critique of the material inform his readers-and your story stands
the fact that home air conditioning is might prove either interesting or impor- a better chance of hitting print.
booming in public favor, that people with- tant. Generally, this type of opinionated Another important publicity potential
out it now want it tomorrow. Drafting this news is unsuitable for the news columns of for the architect is the convention-school,
material for your own use is obvious if you your local paper but not for the editorial industrial, or special trade.
design homes; it also might fit your needs page. So perhaps that's where it belongs- True, it's unethical to set up a booth
if you have specified air conditioning for in the "letters to the editor" section. to tout your talents but it's not if you
the factory, store, or office now on your Never underestimate such letters. join hands with a manufacturer or sup-
drawing board. They're read carefully and regularly by a plier who has one. Materials of all varie-

116 Progressive Architecture

 keeping a program alive

ties go into the structures you design, but tion, and other pertinent data. There's a sent all pertinent facts. Try to keep your
if one product is outstanding in use or good reason; pasted-on credits frequently data to a reasonable length and don't strain
application the maker will welcome your dry out and part company with photo- to be literary. The editor is more concerned
co-operation. A display of your work graphs filed for long periods. And a few with information than with style and will
utilizing his product to good advantage years hence, if your photo is plucked from probably re-write your caption anyway.
lends authenticity to his exhibit. the files to illustrate another story, you'll In releasing a picture series or photo
Lend a few ideas, as well as your best get no credit if all identification has story, include a "master" or detailed cap-
drawings and photographs, to boost the vanished. tion to guide the editor both in appraising
eye appeal of your joint effort. Your profit This may seem like primary advice but your story and preparing it for publication.
in this type of publicity is not the printed on the subject of credit, avoid a stamp with For the pictures themselves, simple identi-
word but an opportunity to get your name a legend like "please credit John Smith. fication is sufficient-as it is with photos
and design before important audiences-- Architect" or some similar command. Such sent along to illustrate major feature
and possible clients. credit instructions are photographers' pre- stories.
On the subject of photographs, keep in rogatives (most insist on them and editors Here are a few elementary but impor-
mind that a poor one is no bargain; a good respect such credits), but a terse demand tant tips. In preparing picture captions,
one is never expensive if it shows your from you may appear downright presump- and story copy too, type your name, ad-
project to full advantage. Art requirements tuous. dress, and phone number in the upper left
of publishing today are at an all-time high Get full permission before releasing a corner. This announces the publicity source
level, so choose your lensman carefully. photograph for publication-particularly immediately and makes it easy for an edi-
With luck, you might unearth a news- that of the client. It's rare that you run tor seeking more data to reach you quickly.
paper photographer willing to earn extra into objections hut disregarding this mat- Plenty of good copy has perished because
pin money. If so, use him for general ter of courtesy might prove embarrassing editors have failed to make contact.
"news" shots of construction or of people; -and troublesome-if the publicity you're If the news is to be released when re-
but think twice about assigning him to planning runs counter to client policy. He ceived, type "For Immediate Release" in
photograph your best work for a major may be planning some publicity on his own. the upper right corner. On the other hand,
publicity effort. Not that he isn't a good Most professional photographers will ob- if your publicity is going out ahead of an
photographer, but top architectural pho- tain legal releases from each individual actual meeting or public announcement,
tography requires unusual know-how in identifiable in their photos, as a matter of the instruction should read something like
both composition and technique. It's tricky. course. Make certain that they do. Per- "Release A.1\1. March 15." And setting
Don't pick a photographer solely on the sons photographed without their permis- the release date ahead has advantages.
strength of striking portraiture or exciting sion may sue if their pictures are used for The item can be set in type during slack
candid shots-no matter how excellent. De- advertising or publicity purposes. By com- time in the composing room and not get
cide on a man whose samples reveal his parison, a dollar fee for a release is dirt pushed aside for major news stories dur-
ability to make buildings or industrial cheap. ing the hectic scramble before deadline.
production lines look glamorous. His fee '\fake a deal with your photographer There's even an approved method of at-
may dent your budget but fine photographs when planning widespread distribution. In- taching captions to photos. Run your ce-
can pay high publicity dividends. Of variably he'll scale down rates for quantity ment along the upper edge of the caption,
course, you may find a genius behind a production. But even if such reduced lap it under the bottom of the photo as
passport camera. But don't bank on it. prices still swamp your budget, you might both lie face up. That way the caption
Keep from being stingy when ordering investigate the copy-negative technique. folds over the photo neatly, is easy to zip
prints. You should have a couple of extra This entails photographing an original off. Important? It is to the art editor. A
sets in your files; there's always the chance print (top photographers rarely release caption slapped all over the back of a
that other publications may want them-- negatives), then using the copy negative photo going to the engraver has to be
sometimes in a hurry. And never econo- to make fast contact prints for twenty-five copied, if it won't come loose. And this
mize with small prints. A few dollars extra cents or less per print, depending on quan- can cause a lot of irritation when there's
for king-size enlargements is money well tity desired. There's one drawback, how- a deadline.
spent. Your work will look more impres- ever; quality generally suffers. Use of the Publicity and public relations employ
sive to everyone, including art editors. method rests with the type of subject mat- myriad techniques for creating and dis-
Also, be smart and don't request your ter and where you release such copies. seminating news, for understanding and
photos returned. It may prove a nuisance What data to include in a picture cap- dealing with the public and publications.
to an editor and remember, having your tion is dictated by the type of photographic To set down every possible method is a
pictures in a publication's files may net release-whether a picture is to go out thankless task, because every new project
future dividends. Good photos never die. single, as part of a series, or to illustrate may provoke a fresh set of conditions re-
Therefore, rubber-stamp your name and a story. quiring a different operational procedure.
address on the reverse side of each photo Brevity is the essence of most captions The term, experience is the best teacher,
you release. Write, with extra soft pencil but in the case of the individual photo re- may be a cliche but it's certainly apt where
please, the identity of the subject, its loca- lease-one standing on its own feet-pre- publicity is concerned.

March 1953 t 11
 materials and methods

FLUORESCENT LIGHTING:
By Domina Eberle Spencer*

The architect accepts without question the advantages result from operating fluores- equilibrium is established and the volt-
customary 60-cycle operation of lighting cent lamps at their most suitable fre- ampere characteristic becomes essentially
circuits, as nearly all of our electric energy quency. In addition, economic savings re- linear. These conditions are satisfactorily
is generated at 50 or 60 cycles per second. sult and the weight of metal required for approximated for an incandescent lamp at
The architect takes the available frequency the auxiliary equipment can be markedly 60 hertz' (Figure 1-B)- At this frequency,
and expects the engineer to manage the reduced. the temperature of the incandescent fila-
details of distributing the standard fre- The architect should seriously consider ment is nearly constant, dynamic thermal
quency to all electrical devices used in his the possibility of changing to a higher fre- equilibrium is established, and flicker is
buildings. The purpose of this paper is to quency whenever he is planning fluorescent not perceptible.
question the acceptance of the standard 60 lighting for a large builJing, or for an in-
cycles per second in the lighting of build- stallation in a d-c district, or for a project Fluorescent Lamps
ings with fluorescent lamps. with an independent generating station. The characteristics of a fluorescent lamp
At the turn of the century, when a-c depend on the state of ionization of the
the best frequency
generating stations were becoming well vapor within the tube.' Deionization of the
established, there were two principal ap- The choice of the best frequency for fluor- vapor in a fluorescent lamp is very rapid
plications: motors and incandescent lamps. escent lighting installations is based on compared to the cooling of an incandescent
The only reason why a frequency as high the consideration of a number of factors. filament. At 60 hertz, the volt-ampere char-
as 60 was chosen was to eliminate flicker in The most important of these is the volt- acteristic of a fluorescent lamp is a com-
Edison's incandescent lamps. Today, how- ampere characteristic of the lamps. plicated affair (Figure 2-A). To establish
ever, higher frequencies are widely used: Incandescent Lamps dynamic equilibrium for the state of ion-
airplane equipment is ordinarily designed ization in the fluorescent tube, we must
The characteristics of an incandescent
for 600 cycles per second to reduce weight; increase the frequency until there is not
lamp depend on the temperature of its
standard frequencies for induction heating time for deionization during a half-cycle
filament.' As the temperature varies dur-
of metals are 1000, 3000, and 10,000 cycles of the applied voltage. At such frequencies,
ing a cycle of the applied voltage, the re-
per second. the volt-ampere characteristic of the fluor-
sistance of the lamp also varies and the
A study of the properties of fluorescent escent lamp becomes linear. For the fluor-
volt-ampere curve has the shape shown
lamps shows that they are entirely unsuited escent lamp, this occurs not at 60 hertz but
(Figure 1-A). If the frequency is low,
for the 60-cycle operation. To perform at at approximately 3000 (Figure 2-B).
there is time for the filament to cool ap-
their best, fluorescent lamps should be Therefore, fluorescent lamps will operate
preciably during a half-cycle and the loop
operated at a frequency at least 50 times at their best only if the frequency is raised
is pronounced. As the frequency is in-
as high. In this pa per circuits for these above the standard by a factor of at least
creased, the temperature of the filament
higher frequencies will be described and 50.
becomes nearly constant. Dynamic thermal
costs analyzed; it will be shown that many

* A'l~odate Professor of :Mathematics, University of 1

V. ]. Francis, Fundamentals of Discharge Tube Cir- :; The "hertz" is the meter-kilogram second unit of /re~
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut cuits, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N. Y., {1948) quency. I hertz= 1 cycle per second

Figure I-incandescent lamp Figure 2-fluorescent lamp

v v v

I I

(A) 25 HERTZ (B) 60 HERTZ (A) 60 HERTZ (Bl 3000 HERTZ

118 Progressive Architecture

What Frequency Is Most Suitable?

More Lumens Per Watt rent waves are pure since waves and chinery may appear to stand still when it
As dynamic equilibrium 1s approxi- radio-frequency interference is completely is moving, to go forwards when it is actu-
mated, the amount of light radiated eliminated. With a poor wave form (Figure ally going backwards, or to rotate at an
(lumen) for each watt input is increased 2-A), the spectrum is rich in high-fre- entirely deceptive speed. Difficulty with
(Figure 3 and Table I show the type of quency overtones which may produce stroboscopic effect is not experienced for
change that resulls). The higher the fre- radio-frequency interference. 60-cycle incandescent lamps, which flicker'
quency, the more light we obtain for the less than 12%. With fluorescent lamps, on
Flicker
same power input. The increase continues the other hand, stroboscopic effect may be
Above 63 hertz, Hecht and Shlaer' have very troublesome. Slow-decay phosphors
up to about 10.000 hertz. The data" of
shown that the eye perceives no flicker. are now being used which reduce' the 60-
Campbell, Schultz, and Kershaw (Table/)
Thus, any increase in the frequency at cycle flicker from 100% to between 27%
indicate that increases of as much as 13%
which fluorescent lamps are operated wiJ! and 58%. This may still cause trouble at
occur at 10,000 hertz. Data' taken with a
completely eliminate flicker. 60 hertz but is negligible at the lowest fre-
different circuit gave a somewhat greater
increase of 15% for 40-w T-17 lamps oper- Stroboscopic Efject quency that has been considered8 for
ated at 3000 hertz. "high-frequency" operation of fluorescent
Stroboscopic effect is an entirely differ-
lamps ( 360 hertz).
ent thing. A light source operated at such
Long Lamp Li/ e
7
a high frequency that no flicker can be Arthur A. Rrntman and John JI. Campbell, "Stro-
The life of a fluorescent lamp is cut short boscopic and Flicker H/fects From Fluorescent Lamps,"
detected may thoroughly confuse our ob- Illuminatin~ Engineering, Vol. XLVIJ, 1952, p, :!7
as a result of ion bombardment of the 8
]. H. Cam11beil, "lii{!h Frequency Operation of Fluor·
servation of moving bodies. Rotating ma- escent Lampi·,'' Illuminating Engincc1ing, Vol. XLJ/l,
filament during starting and during steady 1948, p. 125; 1. H. Campbell and B. D. Bedford, "Fluor-
escent Lamp Operation at FrequenciPs Abuuf' 6t) Cycles,"
state operation. If dynamic equilibrium is Proc. Nat. Electronics Conference. Vol. Ill, JQJ7, p. 307;
Kuo-Shu Chao, "lnve.~tigatiun of Fluorescent Lamps at
6
attained and quick starting is provided, the S. Hecht and S. Shlaer, "Intermittent Stimulation by Frequencies Ahnve 60 Cycles," S. Jf. Thesis, Electrical
Light," V: "The Relation Between Intensity and Criti· Engineering, Jf.I.T., 1949; John A. Losh, "Fluctuation$
life of the fluorescent lamp will be m- cal Frequency for Different Parts of the Spectrum," in Color and Helios nf a Fluorescent Lamp:' S. B.
Journal of General Physiology, Vol. XIX, 19J6, p. 965 Thesis, General Enr:;ineering, M.l.T., January, 1950
creased. Accelerated life tests' made on
40-w T-17 lamps at 3000 hertz showed an
Table I
increase of 12% in lamp life as compared
to 60-cycle operation on G.E. 89G400 bal- Lumen Output of Fluorescent Lamps as a Function of Frequency
lasts. It is felt that the 12% increase ob- (At rated power input)3
tained with the first life tests is on the Lumens per watt expressed as percentage of
60-hertz values
conservative side. Results in a test installa-
tion in the U. S. Agriculture Department Frequency 40-watt 40-watt 96-in.
(hertz) T-12 T-17 I T-12
seem to indicate that the life at high fre- ------- --- - --
quencies is practically indefinite. 60 1003 1003 1003
360 1013 1073 I 1023
Radio-Frequency Interference 1000 1043 I 1093 1033
!
Will a fluorescent lighting system oper- 3000 1083 1103 1063
ated at 3000 hertz interfere with radio
10,000 I 1113
I
1133
I 1083

reception? The answer is no. Radio-fre-

quency interference sometimes encoun- Figure 3-lumen per watt as a function of frequency'

--- -----
tered with fluorescent lamps has nothing 70
1---~
to do with the frequency at which the 68
lamps are operated (so long as they are ~i,...--"

-
66
not operated in the broadcast band). It !-----
9b IN 1-12
L---'
depends, rather, on the wave form.' If a

--- -
>- 64
>-
--.

--- -----
linear volt-ampere characteristic is ob- "~
tained (Figure 2-B), the voltage and cur- ~
62

60
l...---"'
.----
zw
40 WATT T-12
::t 58
3
~
;, Adapted from Figure I in ]. H. Campbell, H. E. 56

~
Schultz, and D. D. Kershaw, "Characteristics and Appli·

---
cations of High-Frequency Fluorescent Lighting,'' Paper
#16, j'l/ational Technical Conference of the Illuminating
Engineering Society, Sept. 8-12, 1952, Chicago, Ill.
54
"'"'
AO

4 Measurements made in collaboration with R. A. Co- 5L

radeschi who has recently joined the staff of Bell Tele-
phone laboratories, New York, N. Y.
5 ]. Warren Culp: "Noise in Gaseous Discharge Lamps," 50
Illuminating Engineering, Vol. XLVJ/, I952, pp. 37-46 60 100 >bO 500 100 1000 2000 4000 1000
Ff7.EQUENCY ( HE~TZ ) 10,000

119
 materials and methods

Acoustic Considerations Higher frequencies will be entirely m- The Frequency to Choose

The hum from 60-cycle ballasts is pro- audible to human occupants. All of the characteristics of the lamp
duced by vibration of magnetic-core lami- indicate that a frequency of at least 3000
nations. The sound is radiated at a fre-
Weight of Auxiliary hertz should be used. Acoustical and
quency of 120 hertz. On the basis of engineering design of weight considerations indicate that even
High-frequency circuits contain a smaller the necessary capacitors and reactors, the higher frequencies would be advantageous.
number of noisy inductors than 60-cycle highest possible frequency is best. The size Transmission-line characteristics, on the
circuits. Nevertheless, it is desirable to of the auxiliary decreases rapidly as the other hand, give some advantage to lower
make sure that any sound radiated from frequency is increased. The higher the fre- frequencies. Thus, we can conclude that
the auxiliary equipment will cause as little quency, the smaller and lighter the aux- the lowest frequency suitable for operating
annoyance as possible. According to Knud- iliary equipment. fluorescent lamps is 3000 hertz.
sen and Harris,' minimum masking effect The possibility of choosing 6000 or
will occur if the frequency is near the top Transmission 10,000 hertz should not be entirely dis-
of the audible spectrum. The frequency The only factor that tends to limit the carded. Frequencies higher than 10,000
range for ordinary speech is between 100 use of high frequencies is the distance to hertz need not be considered for fluorescent
and 7000 hertz, while the ear is most sensi- which an uncompensated transmission line lighting because: (1) the improvement in
tive in the vicinity of 3000 hertz. A 60-cycle can be extended without encountering fluorescent lamp characteristics beyond
circuit gives noise at 120 hertz and is par- large fluctuations in the line voltage when 10,000 hertz is negligible; ( 2) motor-
ticularly effective in masking the entire the load is changed. This distance is gener- generators for frequencies beyond 10,000
range of frequencies used in speech. If a ally taken as a quarter wavelength. Thus hertz are not available.
1500-cycle circuit is employed, the ear will for 60 hertz we can anticipate possible
be extremely sensitive to even a small trouble at about 778 miles, for 1000 hertz circuits
amount of the 3000-cycle noise. But if the at 47 miles, for 3000 hertz at 16 miles, and The simplest circuit suitable for high-fre-
frequency of the generator is 3000 hertz, for 10,000 hertz at 5 miles. As the build- quency operation will be described here.
the noise occurs at 7000 hertz, near the top ings or plants likely to be considered for Circuits are discussed in greater detail in
of the audible region. Such noise produces high-frequency systems in the near future another paper. 10 In most cases encountered
little masking effect and the ear is rela- are not likely to be 5 miles across, we need
tively insensitive to the noise itself. On an by the architect today, power must be ob-
anticipate no immediate difficulty on this
acoustic basis, 3000 hertz can be consid- tained from 60-cycle lines. A motor-gener-
score. If public generating plants at high
ered as the minimum acceptable frequency. ator set is used to obtain the desired
frequency were to be constructed, these
f J". 0. Knudsen and C. M. Harris, Acoustical Design- voltage fluctuations would be eliminated by
ing in Architecture, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 10
D. E. Spencer, "Frequency and Fluorescent Lamps,"
N. Y. ( 1950) using compensated transmission lines. to be published

Table II-Design Data for Group Operation Circuit

Type of lamp

40-watt 40-watt 96-in.

T-12 T-17 T-12

Roted lamp current {amp) 0.430 0.425 0.425

Rated lamp voltage 99 103 190

Equivolent lamp resistance {ohm) 230 242 447

Recommended minimum starting voltage 385 385 625

C (microfarad) at 3000 hertz 0.0611 0.0607 0.0379

L (henry) at 3000 hertz l.972Xl o-3 2.oox10-3 5.84Xl o-3

'
Operating 25 40-w lamps, or 14 96-in. lamps from a single switch

Figure 4-A, B, C to Z represent groups of lamps each controlled by Figure 5-group operation circuit
a single switch and connected as shown in Figure 5.

FLUOrz.E~CE.NT LAMP.t,

bO~
MOTOr', • C.ENEr',ATOf2,
i
C.ENrnATOr>, l
c c c ;--~n
nn
INPUT

-o-u~T-Pu-r------:.:--------'--.;---..__ _ __.___--'- - - - - - - _LI

~ ••••••••••.••••••••••• }"''--CONTAINED IN SWITCH BO><

120
 fluorescent lighting

frequency (Figure 4), and the Group brightness" T-17 lamp are approximately luminaires and ballasts is $53,800.
Operation Principle is employed. The aux- 50% more. Thus, on an economic basis, the At a lamp life of 2500 hours, annual
iliary equipment is not designed as a one- use of T -17 lamps is never justified. It is lamp replacements will cost $4950. Power
or two-lamp ballast, as generally used always more economical to use the 40-w required per lamp is 39 w for the lamp
today, but is arranged for the entire group T-12 or the 96-in. T-12 lamp with a quality and 11 w for the ballast or a total of 50 w
controlled by a single wall switch. Much lighting fixture. per lamp. The total power for the 60-cycle
of the auxiliary can then be enclosed in an An office building is to be lighted by a system is 269 kw. Annual energy cost is
acoustically-treated wall switchbox. 3000-hertz system using the output from a $10,460.
In d-c districts, fluorescent lamp opera- 200-kva three-phase motor-generator in- If fixed charges are again taken as 10%
tion is not, in any case, economical without stalled in the basement. Wall outlets for of the investment, the annual cost will be:
a motor-generator set. The frequency of motors, computing machines, fans, and Fixed charges $5380
the motor-generator required should not electric typewriters are to be on an inde- Lamp replacement 4950
be 60 but 3000 or perhaps 10,000 hertz. If pendent 60-cycle circuit. Energy 10,460
a large factory or office building is to be The power delivered to each lamp is
supplied by its own generating system, the 39 w, the power to the inductor L per lamp Total annual lighting cost
generator should be built for a frequency is 1.25 w, giving a total of 40.25 w per with 60-hertz system $20,790
suitable for fluorescent lamps. lamp. The 200-kva generator can therefore
supply power to operate 4970 lamps. Losses Thus, the architect's client may expect to
The simplest group-operation system
in the motor-generator may be taken at save $3410 each year by installing the
that has been testedu is shown (Figure 5).
19%. Therefore, the power taken from the high-frequency system, a saving of 16% of
The line voltage is sufficient to start the
60-cycle line at rated load is 238 kw. The the annual cost of the 60-hertz system.
lamps. The capacitors limit the current to
lumen output of each lamp is 2540 lumen, A comparison of the weight of the aux-
rated value, while the inductor L provides
and the total lumens for the entire build- iliary required is also of interest. The
unity power factor at each switch. Design
ing is 1.264 x 10' lumen. weight of the 3000-cycle auxiliary (includ-
data for three types of fluorescent lamps is
Take the cost of luminaire (without bal- ing the motor-generator set at 2.28 lb per
shown (Table II) . A small capacitor of
last) at $6.86 per lamp and the combined lamp) is 2.41 lb per lamp or a total of
roughly 0.05 microfarad is required in
cost of capacitor and inductor (per lamp) 12,000 lb for the building. On the other
series with each lamp, while a few milli-
as 95¢. Thus, the luminaires cost $7.81 per hand, a standard 60-cycle instant-start bal-
henries inductance concealed in the switch.
lamp, or a total of $38,800 for the high- last weighs 4.13 lb per lamp, and the total
box provides power factor correction for a
frequency system. Assuming a cost of $25 weight required for the entire building is
large group of lamps.
per kva for the motor-generator, its initial 22,200 lb. The weight of metals required
If there is objection to using as high a
cost is $5000. Or the total initial investment for the new system is only 54% of that
line voltage as is required to start the
exclusive of lamps is $43,800. ordinarily used.
lamps, low-line voltage can be obtained by
If lamp life is assumed to be increased The client is justified in choosing the
using a more complicated set of coils in
12% above normal value, lamps will last high-frequency system for his new office
the switchbox and larger capacitors in
2800 hours. Assuming normal discounts, building. He likes the trim appearance of
series with each lamp. Such a circuit is
lamps are purchased at 92¢ apiece. If the luminaires which look as though they
described in detail in another paper."
lamps are burned 2500 hours per year, contain no ballasts. He is glad to be rid of
cost annual lamp replacement will cost $4090. stroboscopic effect, ballast hum, and radio.
At 1.5¢ per kwh energy costs each year are interference. He recognizes that longer life
The architect who wishes to employ higb-
$8910. means less money spent on lamp replace-
frequency lighting in a proposed building
If the fixed charges per year are 10% of ment and less work for his janitors. He has
must, of course, convince his client that
the investment, the annual cost will be: just been reading a summary of the Presi-
this is not a wild scheme to waste money.
dent's Materials Policy Report" and has a
He must demonstrate, if possible, that the Fixed charges $4380 warm patriotic glow as he realizes that he
new system is not only advantageous in Lamp replacement 4090 can save over 6 tons of steel and copper by
the respects previously mentioned but also Energy 8910 choosing the new lighting system. And
that it provides an economic saving.
finally, when he sees that he can save over
To show that this can be done, let us Total annual lighting $30,000 in 10 years, three-fourths of his
consider the design of an actual building. cost with 3000-hertz initial investment, he is completely sold.
The 40-w T-12 lamp is the most economi- system $17,380 Ground will be broken in the spring. A
cal" and will be used in this design. Costs
At 60 hertz the cost of the same lumi- revolutionary idea in fluorescent lighting
of a similar system using the 96-in. T-12
naires with standard G.E. instant-start bal- is about to leave the laboratory and draw-
lamp are only a few percent higher; but
lasts is $10.00 per lamp. But the output of ing board and become accepted practice.
costs of a similar system using the "low-
the lamps is only 2350 lumen, so 5380
12
Resourc.es for Freedom, A Report to the President by
11Tests made in collaboration with Prof. Jamison R. lamps must be used to provide the same the Pres1dent9s Materials Policy Commission United
Harrisrm of Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Boston, Mass., States Government Printing Office, Washingto~, D. C.
and R. A. Coradeschi.
quantity of light. The initial investment in (June 1952)

March 1953 121

p/a products

selective radiopaging
With the unprecedented expansion of mod- broadcasts a series of code numbers elements of the system are the transmit-
ern technological society, the problem of to all receivers on its wavelength, cannot ting unit with a 100- or 1000-channel-
keeping in touch with key personnel in provide for the instant receipt of urgent keyboard sending desk, a sending aerial
large buildings or industrial installations messages. Audible wired paging systems strategically located to broadcast its sig-
has become increasingly complicated. can be heard by anyone in the area, in- nal most efficiently, and the receiver which
Royalcall Radiopaging System, developed cluding hospital patients who should not is small (fitting into the breast pocket of
by Al Gross, electrical engineer, and Harry be disturbed. Audible annunciator systems a business suit), light, and compact. A
Royal, President of Royal Communication using bells or buzzers are limited in the third item being developed and practical
Systems, Inc., from the original idea of possible number of coded numbers which for large installations is a special notifica-
Charles F. Neergaard, hospital consultant, can be transmitted. Unless the recipient tion rack which will hold receivers when
fulfills all the requirements of a really of the message is in sight of an annuncia- not in use. When a receiver is removed
effective paging system with the ability to tor board and can see if his number is on from the rack, a number or name will
signal a particular individual, out of per- display, visual paging is not effective. light up on an annunciator board in the
haps hundreds, with relative privacy and In contrast, the Royalcall system indi- telephone operator's room announcing that
with no accidental duplicate signal reach- vidualizes radio signals so that only one the person assigned that particular re-
ing any other receiving set in the vicinity. receiver out of many on a given wave- ceiver is ready to receive signals. Installa-
It is now available to architects, designers, length will receive the signal and it tion of the system will require a minimum
and engineers throughout the country for reaches the person being paged whether of special wiring. Transmitters will oper-
general use. he is consciously listening for it or not. ate in the IO-megacycle strip known as
The new system has overcome the limi- Furthermore, the signal when it is trans- the Citizen's Band which is free of com-
tations of existing paging systems. Costly mitted does not startle the receiver or mercial broadcasting interference and in
two-way communications in the form of disturb the people he is with. Once the which broadcasting by nonlicensed radio
the wartime walkie-talkie do not limit the signal is received, the recipient goes to operators is allowed by the Federal Com-
signal to a single receiver, while the auto- the nearest telephone and calls the central munications Commission.
matic radio signal system, which constantly switchboard for his message. The basic The standard unit offered will operate

air and temperature control in nine colors. The Perma Products Co., track or jamb hardware. Stevens-Thuet Co.,
5455 Broadway, Cleveland 27, Ohio. 2165 Cowles St., Long Beach, Calif.
Kno-Draft Type HPR-K Air Diffuser:
high-pressure air diffuser capable of hand- Rilco Type 7 5: tied arch for low-cost clear
ling wide volume variations in different electrical equipment, lighting
span buildings can be used with wood,
zones, provides flexible distribution system asphalt or asbestos shingles, or metal roof Gratelite: new type of plastic louver dif-
and saving in space and ductwork. Long covering. Arch is formed in two segments fuser for fluorescent fixtures and tubes,
runs of diffusers serving large areas can be with straight section on either side of ridge providing lower apparent brightness because
supplied by conduits of uniform size with- connection. Light-weight, laminated Douglas of "in shadow" lattice-like pattern. Diffusion
out customary reduction for each take-off. fir arches and ties precut and drilled, results from %" cubical facets which give
Consists of perforated cylindrical damper, shipped unassembled with necessary hard- 45 ° x 45 ° lengthwise and crosswise lamp
sound absorption chamber, standard circular ware. Spans range from 24' to 40' with shielding. Furnished in sizes up to 4 ft
diffuser; available in neck sizes 4" to 10" center heights ranging from 4'-2%" to long to fit fixtures of specified Guth design.
and capacities of 70 to 525 cfm. Connor 8'-9%". Rilco Laminated Products, Inc., The Edwin F. Guth Co., 2615 Washington
Engineering Corp., Shelter Rock Lane, First National Bank Bldg., St. Paul l, Minn. Blvd., St. Louis 3, Mo.
Danbury, Conn.
Chalkboard Dean: lighting unit designed
doors and windows to give maximum illumination from top to
Year-Round Air Conditioning Equipment: bottom of chalkboards without glare. Light
new line of residential year-round air con- Fleetlite Window Unit: complete, double- from a row of fluorescent lamps is dis-
ditioning units; over 190 models in wide hung window unit with new extruded tributed over the board by means of a
range of heating and cooling capacities. aluminum sill. Koroseal lip along bottom parabolic trough reflector placed along the
Self-contained packaged units with factory- edge of storm sash and sill; pile Mohair top of the board extending out from the
sealed refrigeration system based on newly weatherstripping on vertical surfaces of sill wall. The size of the reflector causes the
developed hermetic compressor. Designed contacting inside edge of sash; three verti- bare lamp candlepower to be amplified by
for use with General Electric's Air-Wall sys- cal steps inside of screen, storm sash, and about five times in the direction of the axis
tem of heating and cooling as well as for interior sash are protective features. Fleet of the parabola. Solar Light Mfg. Co., 1357
conventional cooling and heating distribu- of America, Inc., 458 Dun Bldg., Buffalo 2, S. Jefferson St., Chicago 7, Ill.
tion systems. General Electric Co., 5 Law- N. Y.
rence St., Bloomfield, N. J. SDP Luminaire: new luminaire for heavy
Alumi-Door: all-aluminum overhead garage industrial use provides upward component,
door with Monocoque facing, a type of which distributes 23% of the light toward
construction
crimp given sheet aluminum which presses the ceiling, by slots located over the lamps
Shakertown Glumac Unit: new sidewall out horizontal strips at a slight upward on each side of the reflector. Two slimline
material consisting of cedar shingle outer- angle. Capable of withstanding heavy concus- lamps of 38, 58, or 75-watts each are used.
course electronically bonded to water- sion without denting, door is also resistant Back to back lamp spacing is provided. Slide
proofed, impregnated insulation backer- to vertical or horizontal distortion. Painted action hangers and a longitudinal shield
board. Necessity of sawing, cutting, planing, or unpainted, it may be washed down with to provide 27° shielding are available.
and fitting individual shingles is eliminated. a hose without danger of rust or warpage. Westinghouse Electric Corp., First National
Each unit measures 18" by 46% ", available Sizes 8'x7', 9'x7', 16'x7', available with either Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh 30, Pa.

122 Progressive Architecture

 Component parts of Royalcall transmitter (right) : 100-
channel keyboard (bottom), annunciator panel (upper
left) which can be used in the same fashion as the
boxed keyboard, and frequency selector (upper right).

on 50 watts and will have an effective tone basis so that the continued effective-
broadcasting radius of four miles. This ness of the broadcast could be checked.
unit will be able to handle up to 1000 The person carrying the receiver walked
receivers; it will be able to broadcast throughout the multistory hospital build-
differently-keyed signals through a series ing and it was found that the signal did
of oscillating crystals. It is estimated that not die out even when the person went
as many as 40 of these 50-w transmitters into a completely lead-lined X-ray therapy
could be operated within the same area. room and closed the door.
Tests have shown that the penetrating The new paging system will have a wide
Receiving unit (right and
but extremely short broadcast signal has variety of uses. Letting a particular indi-
below) weighs 12 ounces;
literally no effects whatsoever on nearby vidual know, instantaneously and without aerial is enclosed.
or distant radios, television sets, or other his volition, that he is wanted is often an
communication devices. On the other hand, urgent necessity, whether he be a physi-
it was also proved that X-ray machines, cian in a modern skyscraper hospital or
diathermy machines, arc-welding machines, a buyer in Chicago's Merchandise Mart, a
electric motors, and all other modern elec- general in the Pentagon Building, or
trical devices are incapable of interrupting a key scientist in an atomic energy instal-
or distorting the Royalcall signal, or of lation encompassing many square miles of

·k---·E1~
reducing its selectivity. territory.
The effectiveness of the transmitter's Inquiries about the system may be ad-
penetrability was proved during the first dressed to Harry Royal, President, Royal
test of the prototype in Cleveland last Communication Systems, Inc., 11462 Eu-
year. Here the broadcasting unit was a clid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio; or to Stand-
low-power 5-w portable. The signal was ard Electric Time Company, Springfield,
broadcast to the receiver on a constant- Massachusetts.

finishers and protectors sanitation, water supply, drainage system with new filter plant and self-skim-
ming pool overflow developed for resi-
Mason-Dri: rubber based weatherproof American-Standard Disposer: food waste
dential swimming pools. Instead of con-
masonry paint protects against the destruc- disposal unit which can be connected to
ventional filter assembly requiring from 8 to
tive elements of lime, alkali, and moisture drain of any standard sink with a 3 Y:J" to 4"
10 valves, plant has one dial-type valve
present in masonry. Any type of masonry opening. Three-way handle of the safety top
which controls filtration, backwashing, and
surface is also kept free from stains, control acts as drain, seal, and operating
overflow. Filter assembly includes integrally-
streaks, and mildew. Available in several control as well as protective device when
mounted motor and self-priming pump,
colors. Sapolin Paints, Inc., 229 E 42 St., unit is running. Force of shredding blades
automatic air relief valve, and Latex-coated
New York, N. Y. grinds all types of food waste into fine pulp.
disc underdrain. Plans, specifications, labor
American Radiator & Standard Sanitary
and material estimating forms, and equip-
insulation (thermal acoustic) Corp., Bessemer Bldg., Pittsburgh 30, Pa.
ment installation data provided. Landon,
Channel-Seal Roof Insulation: cane fiber- Submersible Cellar Drainer: new type of Inc., 5920 Sepulveda Blvd., Van Nuys, Calif.
board roof insulation material with special submersible sump pump without protruding
bevel on all four edges of deck-side. When floats or rods; complete unit can be installed surfacing materials
units are applied, a network of triangular in sump pit with no extended pump shaft Eze-Hang Wall paper Adhesive: new ad-
channels is formed between roof deck and above floor level. Motor and operating hesive for wallpaper application which is
insulation which equalizes air pressure be- switch enclosed in stainless steel housing applied directly to the wall instead of to
tween roofing and deck and protects against allows pump to be completely submerged the wallpaper. Ready-mixed to the right
localized pressure build-up with consequent without damage to the motor if electric consistency and applied with a standard
blistering or separation of felt and insula- power should fail. Operating range set at paint roller, the adhesive works equally well
tion. Asphalt-coated, comes in laminated factory; no float adjustment necessary. with any pretrimmed wallpaper or wall-
panels 24" x 48" in thicknesses of 1 ", l Y2 ", Fairbanks, Morse & Co., 600 S. Michigan covering and will adhere to almost any
and 2". Celotex Corp., 120 S. La Salle St., Ave., Chicago 5, Ill. surface: enamel, canvas, wood, masonite
Chicago 3, Ill. paint, or other wallpaper; acts as bond and
specialized equipment neutralizer even for new plaster. With its
Durant Anchor: new type of insulated Tele-Jae: permanent television antenna use, wallpaper is easily removed when it is
anchor for use in underground insulated pipe anchor; provides a direct through the roof completely saturated with water rubbed on
systems conveying hot or cold liquids or lead-in to the television set which gives with sponge. Commercial Packaging Corp.,
gases which eliminates contact between better reception and eliminates exposed guy 724 Hoffman St., Hammond, Ind.
anchor plate and pipe. Plate is insulated wires and lead-ins on the roof and outside
from the pipeline both thermally and elec- walls of the house. Installation of the Lamidall: new plastic laminate panel Ya"
trically hy a noncompressible block of anchor takes less than 30 minutes in build- thick, for use on both walls and counter
Transite sheet material. Design and material ings under construction. Froelich-Reeder- tops. Plastic surface, resistant to heat, mois-
serve to minimize heat loss at anchorage Froelich, 1350 N. Highland Ave., Hollywood ture, stains, and ordinary abuse, bonded to
points and prevent pipeline corrosion due 28, Calif. tempered Presdwood. Panel available in
to electrolytic action. Durant Insulated Pipe wood grains and colored patterns with
Co., Warren Way & Bay Rd., Palo Alto, Swimming Pool Construction Package: matched mouldings. Woodall Industries,
Calif. new "packaged" engineering and equipment Inc., 3500 Oakton St., Skokie, Ill.

March 1953 123

 p/a manufacturers' literature

Editors' Note : Items starred are particularJ:y 2-3. Architectural Porcelain Enamel, ment, specifications of various models.
noteworthy , d11.e to immediate and widespread

* interest in. the ir contents, to the conciseness

and clarit y with which inf ormation is pre-
sented, to announ cement of a new, important prod-
1ict, or to s o.me other f actor w hich tnakes them
A.I.A. 15-H-2, 12-p. booklet giving facts about
porcelain enamel and laminated wall panels
with architectural porcelain facing. Typical
Photos, detail drawings. Am erican Art
Metals Co., 433 Bishop St., N. W. Atlanta,
Ga.
especially v at..able. details, available shapes, coping details of
porcelain enamel panel. Photos of new and Two bookle ts covering line of louvered
remodeled buildings on which enamel has windows and doors conditioned to both
been applied and typical applications on northern and southern climates, including
wood and masonry construction. Davidson new heavy extruded aluminum-framed unit.
air and temperature control Enamel Products, Inc., Dept. H-53, llOO E. Table of standard window sizes, materials,
1-l. Base-Ray Radiant Baseboards Kibbey St., Lima, Ohio. construction, operation, weatherstripping,
(91 5) , 6-p. folder describing cast-iron radi- fini sh, erection and calking, and glass and
ant-beating baseboards; inverted and pro- 2-4. Flintkote Building Materials (BK- glazing details. Drawings, photos. The Case-
jecting corner plates and extensions 7" 216), 12-p. catalog containing general in- ment Hardware Co., 612 N. Michigan Ave.,
high, 2" thick. Floor to ce iling temperature formation and detailed specifications on Chicago ll, Ill.:
differential 2° to 3 °. Heating and decorative asphalt shingles, asbestos-cement sidings and 3-2. Approved Jalousies, A.I.A. 35-P-3
advantages, piping arrangements, other types shingles, insulating wool, built-up and roll (1003)
of heating equipment; photos, drawings. roofing materials. Color illustrations of
Burnham Corp., 2 Main St., Irvington, N. Y. typical roofing and siding products. Flintkote 3-3. Extruded Alumimun Framed Ja-
Co., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, lousies (101l)
1-2. Dunham Engineering Data Manual N. Y.
(26-95), 28-p. booklet providing engineering Four two-color booklets showing features of
data for those who specify, sell, and install 2-5. Tilt-Up Construction ( S3), 32-p. varied line of architectural metal products.
heating systems and equipment. Sections booklet describing a special form of precast Installation photos, cutaway drawings, de-
cover steam data, water properties, piping concrete construction. History of develop- tails, sp ecifications. Store front booklet
data, weights and measures, pipe and fitting ment, advantages, design information, se- revised to include all new moldings. Dept.
dim ensions, heating terminology, and mis- quence of operation, construction details, NB, The Kawneer Co., Niles, Mich.:
cellaneous facts such as temperature con- tilting operation, insulation details, special
uses. Fully illustrated with photos and draw- 3-4. 1953 Awnings, A.I.A. 35-P-2 (53051)
version formulas, decimal equivalents,
electrical unit equivalents, weights of sheet ings. Portland Cement Assn., 33 W. Grand 3-5. 1953 Store Fronts, A.I.A. 26-D
steel. C. A. Dunham Co., 400 W. Madison Ave., Chicago, Ill. (53011)
St., Chicago 6, Ill.
2-6. Pretensioned-Presu·essed Concrete 3-6. 1953 Zourite, A.I.A. 23-F (53031)
1-3. The Kewanee-Iron Fireman Boiler- Bridge Members, 12-p. bulletin by M. W.
Loving, Consulting Engineer. Description of 3-7. 1953 Entrances, A.I.A. 16-A (53021)
Burner Unit (2314), 14-p. catalog in color
giving detailed description and data on line manufacnire and erection of pretensioned- 3-8. VMP Steel Doors and Frames, A.I.A.
of new units for high or low pressure heat- prestressed concrete bridge members requir- 16-A, 8-p. brochure giving information on
ing, power or process steam. 8.2 sq ft of ing only about 25 % of steel necessa ry for line of steel doors and frames, single swing
heating surface per boiler horsepower. Cut- reinforced concrete bridge members of con- and double acting doors, sliding door and
away of unit with description of parts; ventional design. 35 finished and progress frame units, fire doors, and all types of
ratings, data, dimensions. Information on photos with detailed cap tions. Concrete engi neered doors. Specifications with draw-
other units: oil burners, forced-draft gas Products Co. of America, 1505 Race St., ings, photos. Virginia Metal Products Corp.,
burner models, and combination oil and gas Philadelphia 2, Pa. 1112 First National Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh,
burners. Kewanee-Ross Corp., Kewanee, Ill. Pa.
2- 7. Round Columns of Concrete, A.I.A.
4-D, 4-p. leaflet on the advantages and uses
1-4. The Trageser Copper Core Auto- electrical equipment, lighting
of a laminated fiber form for the construc-
matic Gas Water Heater, 8-p. folder.
tion of co ncrete columns, piers, underpin- 4-1. A Comprehensive Factual Defini-
Detailed information on water heater with
ning support, piles, weep hol es, storm sewers, tion of Art Metal Inca ndesce nt Lighting,
copper storage tank including specifications
etc. Available in 19 standard inside diam- A.I.A. 31-F-2 (153), 60-p. booklet describing
and cutaway drawing. Nonsludging base,
eters, from 3" to 24", len gths up to 24 ft. in detail 4 7 incandescent li ghting products
insulated with wall of extra thick Fiberglas,
Suggested strippin g methods, concrete cap for commercial use. Lighting design infor-
Grayson Unitrol, ribbon burner, draft
details. Sonoco Products Co., Construction mation, product illustrations, performance
diverter. Trageser Copper Works, Inc., 5000
Products Div., Mystic, Co nn. statistics, lighting calculations, mechanical
Grand Ave., Maspeth 78, N. Y.
construction with cross section drawings,
2-8. Suggested Details of Waylite Ma- installation methods, application suggestions,
construction sonry Wall Construction. 16-p. brochure general eng ineering information. The Art
Two bulletins describing perforated hard- co ntainin g 64 drawings illustrating various Metal Co., 1814 E. 40 St., Cleveland 3, Ohio.
board and over 60 hanging fixnires which constru ct ion details for masonry units, pre-
are interchangeable and seU-locking without pared in accordance wi th modular co- Two catalogs on commercial lighting equip-
nails, screws, or tools. Illustrations of use ordination of design. Photos of masonry ment. First deals with units for use in stores,
as a complete wall treatment or separa te interior and exterior finishes. The Waylite display rooms, show windows, restaurants,
sections in homes, offices, factories, display Co., P. 0. Box 30, Betl1lehem, Pa. museums and other types of public buildings.
rooms, and stores. List of sizes and finishes, Optical nnits, downlights, louvered indirect
wall installation details, drawings of metal lights, r eflector lamp units, fluorescent units,
doors and windows spotlights among products described and
fixtures and accessories with prices and
specifications. B. B. Butler Mfg. Co., Inc., 3-1. Amarlite Altuninmn Entrances, illustrated. Second booklet discusses tele-
3148 Randolph St., Bellwood, Ill.: A.I.A. 16-E, 20-p. catalog of complete building vision lighting and features base lights, spot-
entran ces of aluminum; standard and semi- lights, borderlights, follow spots, beamlights,
2-1. Peg-Board, A.I.A. 35-H-5 sta ndard entra nces, ex trud ed shapes. Descrip- switchboards, control equipment, accessories,
tion of doors, frames, and operating lamps. Recommended lighting complements
2-2. What Is Peg-Board Equipment condi tions, standard hardware and equip- for television sn,d ios of various floor sizes

124 Progressive Architecture

 and grid h e ights. Ce ntury Lighting, In c., 521 loudspeaker sys tems. Photos, charts. Electro· asphalt, rubb er, and cork tile. Sizes, thi ck-
W. 43 St., New York 36, N. Y. Voice, In c., Bu chanan, Mich.: nesses, colors, finishes of each, fully illus·
trated. R ecommended and nonrecommended
4-2. Architectural Lighting (2) 8-1. The Aristocrat (189) u ses; architects' sp ecifi ca tions, maintenance
4-3 . Television Lighting (4) 8-2. The Regency (185) advice; information on the use of r es ilient
flooring ove r radiant heating. Separate fold-
4-4. Lighting Churches, A .I .A. 31-F, 20-p. 8-3. Metal Toilet Compartments, A.I.A. ers on advantages of flooring materials in
brochure on church illumination giving 35·H-6 (530), 12-p. catalog of ceiling-hung or schools and hospitals and special greaseproof
information on lante rn des ign and lighting, floor- supported, flush or panel type, metal tiling for heavy.duty industrial flooring.
down lighting, and adjustable wall fixtures. toile t com partments, hospital cubicles, dress· Kentile, Inc., 58 2 Ave., Brooklyn 15, . Y.
Special sections on pulpit and sa nclnary ing co mpartments, and showers. Specifica·
lighting. Illustrations of typical chnrch light- tions, installation data, drawings of each type. 9-2. Northern Hard Maple, Beech, and
ing fixiures. Rambu sch Decorating Co., 40 Color chart ; standard and variable installa· Birch Flooring, A.I.A. 19·E-9 (902-AF), 20-p.
W. 13 St., New York 11, N. Y. Lion r ecommendations. Fiat Metal Mfg. Co., architects' edition of brochure giving general
21-33 Borden Ave., Long I sland City I , N. Y . characteristics, grading rules, standard speci-
fi nishers and protectors fi ca tion s, finishing data, and supplementary
8-4. Fountain and Food Service Equip-
5-1. Vermiculite Plas ter Protection for ment (1052) , 36-p. brochure covering line material on maple, beech, and birch flooring.
Wood Construction, 2-p. bulletin sum· of soda fountain, cold food, hot food, re- Direct photographic color reproductions of
marizing fire ratin gs for wood-joist floors frig era ted short order, di shwashing, storage, mapl e flooring pane ls, charts, cutaways, in·
and wood-stud partitions protected with and utility uni ts, equipment stands, refriger· stallation photos. Maple Flooring Manu·
vermiculite plaster on gypsum lath and metal ated di splay cases, fa st food service equip- facturers Assn., 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago
lath and comparable fir e resistance obtain· me nt. Specifications, drawings, photos, price 1, Ill.
able with sand plaster in each instan ce. li st. Stanley Knight Corp., 3430 N. Pulaski
Cutaway, chart. Vermiculite Institute, 208 Rd., Chicago 41, Ill.
S. La Salle St., Chicago 4, Ill.
8-5. Display Equipment (52-G), 74-p. * 9-3. Genuine Clay Tile, A.I.A. 23-A
(K-400 ), 22-p. brochure d escribing
present statu s of thin setting bed
insulat ion (th erma l, acoustic) catalog of m etal merchandising equipm ent
including pricmg and signing material, technique of installing clay tile as shown in
6-1. Loxit Acous tical Sys tems, A.I.A. 39, binning hardware, over-counter units, win· a nation-wide survey of the experience of
(A.C.), 4-p. bulle tin describing regular, <low and counter display s tands, floor racks, representative members in building industry.
surface-applied, and combination acoustical perforated panels. Photos of each piece of Development, possible advantages and dis-
suspension systems. Mechanical advantages, equipment, index. Reflector-Hardware Corp., adva ntages of technique, detailed specifica·
typical specifications, information on acous· Wes te rn Ave. & 22 Place, Chicago 8, Ill. Lions for three basic types of thin setting
tical wall trim. Cu taways and drawings, ins tallations, U. S. Dept. of Commerce Com-
Loxi t Systems, Inc., 121 7 W. Washington mer cial Standar d for water-resistant organic
surfacing materials
Blvd., Chicago 7, Ill. adhesive for clay tile installations. Tile
9-1. Archi tect's P ortfolio, A .I.A. 23-B, Cou ncil of America, 10 E. 40 St., ew York
* 6 -2. Fiberglas R oof Ins ula tion
P referred, 16-p. fold e r con taining
more than 40 photos of outstanding
23-C, 23-D, fo l der con taining pamphlets on 16,N. Y.

installations of fiber glass roof insula tion in

industrial plants, schools, stores and shop·
ping centers, hospi tals and public buildings. lTo obta in literature, coupon mu s t b e used by 51 1153.1
350 more ou tstand ing jobs listed wi th names (We request students lo send their inquiries direclly lo the manufaclurers.1
of architects, general con tractor , and
roofing contractors. Da ta on thermal con·
ductance and application specifications PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE, 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36 , N. Y.
included. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., I should like a copy of each piece of Manufaclurers ' lite rature circled b elo w.
Nicholas Bldg., Toledo 1, Ohio.
1- 1 1-2 1-3 1-4 2- 1 2-2 2-3 2-4
san itation , water supply , plumbing 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4
7-1. B r iggs Bea utywa re P l mnh ing Fix- 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 4- 1 4-2 4-3 4-4
tures, A.LA. 29-H ( i), 24-p. condensed 5-1 6-1 6-2 7- 1 8- 1 8-2 8-3 8-4
catalog listing porcelain e nam e led formed 8-5 9- 1 9-2 9-3
steel and vi treous chi na p lu mb in g fixtures
and chromium brass fittings, incl udi ng bath.
tubs, lavatories, wa te r closets, sinks, and Name
cabinets. Features of complete l in e, color
chart, desc ription of each mod el wi th
Position
photos. Briggs Mfg. Co., 3001 Mi lle r Ave.,
Detroit 11, Mich.
Firm
specialized equipment
Two 8-p. bulle tins describing fo l ded horn Ma.ilin11 Address OHome
corner enclosures wi th complementary loud· OBusiness
speaker systems; Klipsch licensed ; mahogany
and blonde finishes. Recommend ed coaxial City St at•
drivers, compo nent specifica tions, response,
impedance, efficiency, and distortion da ta. please print 3 / 53
12" and 15" full range and separa te 2-way

March 1953 125

 ADMINISTRATION
BUILDING
CULVER CITY UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT
Culver City, California

ARCHITECTS & ENGINEERS

DANIEL, MANN, JOHNSON AND MENDENHALL
Los Angeles, Calif.

HERE IT COUNTS

FROM THE DESIGN AS WELL AS FROM THE UTILITARIAN STANDPOINT

Revere Copper plays a dual role in this building which sible without allotments greatly increased, there isn't
won an award from the Southern California Chapter of any reason why your next job can't have the many benefits
A. I. A. in their annual competition. It has been used in of Revere Copper. See the Revere Distributor nearest
the facias in combination with the brick walls to create you about Revere Sheet, Strip or Roll Copper for flashing.
an unusual and striking effect. In fact the flexibility in Particularly ask him about the money-saving advantages
design of Revere Copper is practically limitless. At the of Revere Keystone Thru-Wall Flashing.* And, if you
same time its non-rusting and enduring qualities place have technical problems, he will put you in touch with
maintenance costs at the vanishing point. Revere's Technical Advisory Service.
Those are the reasons architects and builders prefer *Patented

to use this "ageless" metal whenever they can. And sheet

llEVERE
metal contractors are glad when it is specified because it
is so readily worked and soldered.
In addition to the 2,000 sq. ft. of 16 oz. Revere Sheet
Copper being used for the facias, the roof flashing also
COPPER AND BRASS INCORPORATED
Founded by Paul Revere in 1801
was made of 16 oz. Revere Sheet Copper, the entire 230 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y.
building taking some 2,500 lbs. The Main Cornice
Mills: Baltimore, Md.; Chicago and Clinton, I II.; Detroit, Mich.;
Works, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif., were the subcontractors Los Ange/es and Riverside, Calif.: New Bedford, Mass.: Rome, N. Y.-
Sales Offices in Principal Cities, Distributors Everywhere
who did the installing, while Brunzell Construction Com- SEE REVERE'S "MEET THE PRESS" ON NBC TELEVISION EVERY SUNDAY
pany, Culver City, Calif. were the general contractors.
Now, with restrictions eased, and quantities permis-

126 Progressive Architecture

by Ben John Small spec small talk

scope gripe average consumer. I don't think so. I main-

A specification writer I know is a rabid tain that if the ad teaches something, we
'·anti-scope" man. He sees no justification remember, and if we remember we are
for a scope of the work. It is his conten- more apt to specify. As a broad generality,
tion that despite the fact that most scopes most of us will specify brand names in
make no claims for all inclusiveness (i.e- proportion to informational services ren-
'"including, but not limited to, the follow- dered by product manufacturers. An infor-
ing, - ") it encourages service as a bid- mative ad should want to say "tear me out
der's check-list of required work. During and save me today, I stand ready to erve
the pressure of a bidding period, esti- you tomorrow."
mators are apt to ignore the all inclusive-
reference specifications
ne s warning, use the scope as an actual
work list and merely skim read the de- Reference specifications, when employed
tailed specification clauses. His experience properly, serve as an excellent device for
indicates that scopes are more often mis- producing good specifications. Conversely,
leading than useful. What do you think? when employed improperly, you may find
yourself squeezed between Scylla and
hucksterectomy Charybdis. For example, let us review
If I were an adverti ing man concerned "Aluminum Windows Specifications" is- the general contractor indulges in a bit of
with the problem of attracting the atten- sued by the Aluminum Window Manufac- cost shaving on this important item and
tion of those who specify I should think my turers Association. Like similar reference slips in a low-price ersatz goo. Hereafter,
approach would include a re-reading of specifications, in addition to contributing I am going to ask the general contractor
P A's research report "How Building to the pecification's slenderizing process, to certify that the adhesive offered for ap-
Products Get Into Buildings" as well as its usage maintains an au courant quality proval is the one recommended by the
the technical literature criteria prepared in the specifications in that the General acoustical tile manufacturer for securing
by the American Institute of Architects. Conditions require the latest edition the tiles under the specific conditions of
For advertising in architectural magazines thereof. However, the specification writer the project. (I must send a note to our
I would design the ad to attract the pro- must not use reference specifications with- field superintendent to check this. comes
fessional reader exclusively and not at- out a prior careful reading. In the installation time.) I also plan to broaden
tempt to use one watered down for non- A.W.M.A. specifications mentioned above, our specifications by specifying noi e re-
professional palatability. If the ad con- erection, glass, glazing, clips, glazing com- duction coefficients like this ".65 to .75"
tained a building product drawing I would pound, glazing, caulking compound, caulk- instead of ".65" or any other specific NRC
indicate continuous construction as well- ing, grouting and cleaning after erection on the grounds that from an acoustical en-
such construction, however, would be re- are required to be done by others. If this gineering viewpoint there is no need for
viewed by an architect or engineer and not point is missed, there may be trouble. If average installations to demand any pre-
"an artist's conception of." To most speci- you include the A.W.M.A. specifications by cise NRC rating since such ratings repre-
fier I think well presented technical data reference without specifying modifications sent resultant averages anyway. In a re-
in an ad has more pees-appeal than de- to suit the project, there may be trouble. cent classroom design we plan to cement
vices used commonly in promoting over the The A.W.M.A. document specifies "where acoustic tiles on the wall 4'6" down from
counter consumer goods. An ad man would called for" and "when specified"-be cer- the ceiling and extend the tiles on the ceil-
undoubtedly disagree with this the$i~ and tain you do. See that sizes indicated on the ing for a distance of no more than 2'0"
say that the professional man succumbs. drawings are co-ordinated with those in the from the walls. Our acoustic engineer says
with a little technical data bait. to the A.W.M.A. specifications. If non-stock sizes this design is proper for the classroom (he
same eye-catching devices designed for the are required, specify this as one of the maintains we over-acousticize anyway) and
A.W.M.A. specifications modifications. Ca- now I sleep soundly in the knowledge that
veat Emptor! should any tile fall the chances of its strik-
ing a child are reduced greatly. Just the
sound and fury same, I have warned my children to keep
I am having acoustical tile installation out of the side aisles and keep an eye on
troubles. Every so often I hear about the ceiling. I expect an urgent note from
acoustic tiles which have been cemented in the teacher momentarily.
place falling either singly or in patches. I
have seen several such balding examples in specialist
schools and hospitals. In checking with I was invited to JOIIl a select group of
some manufacturers and their authorized architects who toured the recently com-
applicators I was the recipient of indignant pleted home of an obviously successful en-
denials to the effect that such things do not gineer. When someone asked him who de-
happen these days. If, they contend, tiles signed an elaborately equipped closet I
should fall the cause is probably traceable am certain I heard him reply, "closeteer."
to improper adhesives (water soluble Pardon, whilst I run off and do some
type) and anyway how much of a bump on "scheduleering." I am vice-president in
the noggin can a tile cause? With respect charge of preparing schedules for use in
to the adhesive, I do not know about your our specifications. As we departed an en-
specifications, but mine require the ad- vious architect mumbled something about
hesive to be that as recommended by the this sewage disposal plant engineer becom-
manufacturer of the acoustic tiles. Maybe ing affluent from effluent.

March 1953 121

 Schillings Drive-In Restauran t, Covington, Ky., Sodu s Bro s, Formica Fixtures

HAVE LUNCH ON ME!

That's the unspoken Formica invitation thot is ac· Because it can't rot or crack it is sanitary and
cepted millions of times each day in eating vermin-proof. It is armour coated against normal
establishments all over the country. There are more abrasion and scratching . It stoutly resists alcohol,
meals being eaten daily from Formica surfaces boiling water, mild acids and alkalies.
than any other material you could name.
The acceptance of the name Formica is a perpetual
The reasons Formica has been standard material temptatior. to those who would have you substitute
in eating and drinking places for so many years less proven materials of similar appearance.
go far beyond its obvious color and beauty.
When you specify and insist on genuine Formica
Formica 's super smooth surface wipes clean meal you assure yourself the protection of 41 years of
after meal, year after year with only a damp cloth. "know how" and integrity.

For • • I inrormat1on
a clcl1f1ona •L •
on Form1ca
• see swee ts ro
130.
or wri., e

....... . ... F 0 R M I GA ................................. .

4633 SPRING GROVE AVE., CINCINNATI 32, OHIO

In Canada Arnold D a nfield & Co. Ltd ., Oakville, O ntario

128 Progressi ve Architecture

Any game e r n ~,,puccessful
insofar as it meet s c · fo iv!!i&t\ ~i:~~d. This is
usually the one room · ' le · ~gi t on run rampant
and express all of the litt e n 1 e · · se ves. Displays of
hobbies or collections fit easily into such a room. The rest of the house may be
almost conventional-at best, subtle in its design. But the recreation room rightly
is a completely personal conception, because this is the relaxing, letting-down-the-
hair, entertainment room- the most informal of all rooms. Ease and comfort are
great considerations. Serviceability, in many phases, plays an important part.
Ample storage space, fabrics and tabletops that will withstand wear, cabinetwork
and furnishings that especially accommodate the family's wants must be considered.
True, these factors should be carefully studied in all the rooms in the house,
but because of the very special uses of recreation rooms (which will vary in each
home ), much more thought and planning are required.
Here is usually the most cheerful room of all. Brighter color and unusual
design may show importantly. Thus, it may be the most challenging and fascinating
to create. Sometimes, as in the Breard house (discussed in the following section ) ,
the serviceability is of a different nature. The room is not separated from the rest
of the house but is an important extension, so that the living room and dining room
may be expanded as necessary. Naturally, it must have the same character and
feeling of the adjacent rooms. Even in this instance, more variety in textures of
wall .finishes and more informal materials were used.
The Grant reception room, also presented in the following section, is different
in its conception. A very high ceiling, with draperies and glass walls from ceiling
to floor, creates a great feeling of space in a generously ample area. Hemp squares
on the floor and bamboo blinds on the windows, with durable, wearable fabrics
and tabletops, transform the character to informal elegance. Lastly, we show a
studio, planned to be used for a special activity (weaving) , but also doubling as
an extra guest room.
In summary, colorfulness, informality, serviceability, spaciousness, and origi.
nality of design, may all be successfully used in all-purpose rooms.

March 1953 12!!

 p/ a interior design data

all-purpose rooms
type recreation room

location Pelham, New York

architect Vernon Sears

striated-plywood louvers

t 30 Progressive Architecture
 For a family of five that spends much time in entertaining and play, this
architect-owned recreation room is a wonderful Ludy in a variety of tex-
tures, window treatments, wall finishe , and cabinetwork. The room it elf
inspire activity and fun-encourages enjoyment. At-<ide from the enter-
taining approach, ease of maintenance \\as con ·idered. The vertical louvers,
varied and fascinating in design, take the place of draperies. There is no
carpet on the tile floor-square dancing can start the minute it is suggested,
and muddy or wet foot track can't hurt it. Furniture has been restricted,
to avoid rearranging and moving with every activity.
Color is red, yellow. and dark green-,,ith larger area:s in gray and
wood tones. All told, the room is exactly what a recreation room should
be: right for the family, serviceable, allractively colored, and exciting in
design. Photos: E:.ra loller: Pictorial Serl'ices, fnc.

data
cabinetwork
Music Cabinet : smooth -faced p ly-
wood / painted front , walnut-plywood
top, plywood inlaid b locks, " Bl oc -
we ld" on back/ baffles: monk 's clo th
i n embroidery hoops/ d raw er pul ls:
plywood / U.S. Plywood Corp. , 55 W .
44 St., New York, N. Y./ designed b y
Vernon Sears/ m usi c in sta llati o n b y
Ke ller Dis k a nd Dia l Service, We st -
po rt, Conn .
Counter and Cabinets : da rk g reen
"Kalistron "/ U.S. Plywood Corp ./
cabinet doors, cor rugat ed -me tal cov-
ered with " Kalistron "/ designed by
Vernon Sears/ executed by Thoma s
De lla Bad ia , New Ro che lle , N.Y ./ in-
s talled by Sarg~nt & Carmody, Inc.,
575 E. Va rick St., Mt. Verno n, N.Y.

equipment
Exhaust Fan : Hunter Fan & Vent ilat-
ing Co . 1 Memphi s, Tenn.

furnishings
Captain's Chairs : #N20/ d esigned by
George Nakashima / Kno ll Assoc iat es,
striated-ply ood ceiling In c., !:75 Madi son Ave ., New Yor k,
N. Y.
Glass-top Table : da rk g re en "Ka li s-
iro n"-cove red le g s/ cust om -bu ilt.

lighting
Spotlights : # 1606/ cei ling mounted
fi xtu re with uni ve rs al swi ve l joint /
General Lighting Co ., 1527 Cha r lotte
~t. , Bron x 60, N. Y.

Hanging Fixture : d esigned by Ed -

mund R. Huegel, Ra mb usc h Decorat -
ing Co ., 40 W . 13 St. , New York , N.Y.

walls, ceiling, flooring

Walls: " Blocwe ld " pl ywood sq uares /
"Weldtex" stri a ted -pl ywood strips/
pa inted pl ywood / U.S. Plywood Co rp .
Window Treatment : window s: "T her·
mopane" / Libbey-Owe ns-Ford Gla ss
Co. , Nicho la s Bldg., Toledo, Ohio.
Vertical Louvers : cardboard egg crat-
i ng mate ri al painted and inserted
in wooden fra mes/ corrugated -metal
covered with "Kalistron ," U.S. Ply-
wood / stationary lou vers: striated
plywood " We ld tex," U. S. Pl ywood
Corp .
Ceiling : " Weldtex"/ U.S. Plywood
Corp.
Flooring : Qra y aspha lt t ile.

March 1953 131

 pl a interior design data

all-purpose rooms
type studio

location Lafayette, California

architects Confer & Ostwald

data
doors and windows
Doors : "Pennslab"/ 13/e" select white
birch/ Pacific Mfg. Co., Santa Clara,
Calif.
Hardware : Ply dull chrome/ The
Schlage Lock Co., 2201 Ba yshore
Blvd ., San Francisco, Calif.
Windows: Transoms: 3/16" "A" glass/
Libbey-Owens-Ford, Nicholas Bldg.,
Toledo, Ohio/ matchstick-bamboo
blinds, painted dark green .

walls, ceiling, flooring

Wall s: double, dark and light-red
brick, with 2" air space/ natural fin·
ish/ plaster, painted white.
Ceiling : I" x 8" redwood boards be-
tween 3" x 6" D. F. beams and mul-
lions, painted light gray.
Flooring : ~" structura l concrete slab
membrane with integra l coloring,
green/ :i" radiant heating slab.

Thj studio has been cleverly planned Lo Th e large loping wind w ca Lche norLh dark green wax in interesting conLrast to
ui t the needs of the family. It i eparaLed lighL am! windows on Lhe so uLh a ll ow Lhe the rough-textured brick wall s. The beams
from Lh e majn hou e by a scr eened dinin g and mu llions are painted light gray, but
unli ght refl ecL d by a ga rd en pool Lo mir-
loggia. To be u ed for weaving, mainly, color in Lhe room is depend ent on Lh e natu-
it may erve a an ex tra guest room, sin ce ror on Lhe ceilin g.
ral brick and redwood.
a mall baLh ha been included. The co ncrete floor wa s fini shed wiLh a Photos: Kurt E. Ostwald

132 Progressive Architecture

 type playroom

location Dal las, Texas

a rch it e cts Fe hr & Grang er

recessed· ome lumlnalres
focal ligh
1rch·plywood south wall stone nortlt ""
data
ca b inet work
Shelves, Cabinets: custom-built/
shelves on adiustable shelf standards
and brackets/ Knape & Vogt Mfg.
Co., Richmond at Voght, Grand
Rapids, Mich.

d oors and wind o ws

Doors : flush, hollow core/ aluminum
sliding doors: custom-built/ hardware:
"Sateen"/ satin-chrome finish/ Schlage
Lock Co., 2201 Bayshore Blvd., San
Francisco, Calif.
Win d ows : aluminum casements/ '/"'"
polished-plate and Pennvernon glass/
Pittsburgh Pl ate Glass Co., b32 Du-
quesne Way, Pittsburgh, Pa.

e qu ipm e nt
Air Conditionin g : year-round/ Worth-
ington Pu mp & MachinE!ry Co., Har-
rison, N. J.

furnishin g s a nd f ab rics
Chair : #72U / upholstered in #K530/
designed by Eero Saarinen/ Knoll
Associates, Inc., 575 Madi son Ave.,
New York, N. Y.
Leather Sling Chair : #1982/ black
legs/ Hardoy designed/ Knoll Asso-
ciates.
Stacking Stool : #75/ birch top, black
legs/ designed by Florence Knoll/
Knoll Associates.
Day bed: #700/ upholstered seat
#K534/ back, plasticized Pandanus/
designed by Richard Stein/ Knoll As-
sociates.
Table : #302/ natural-birch top, black
lacquer legs/ designed by Hans Bell-
man/ Knoll Associates .
Low Coffee Ta b le : hand-rubbed birch/
custom-built.
Chair : DCM/ birch seat and back/
chrome legs/ designed by Charles
Eames/ Herman Miller Furniture Co.,
Zeeland, Mich .

li ghti ng
Recessed- Dome Luminaires: #63262 /
Kurt Versen Co., Englewood, N. J.
Focal Li g hts : #9162, "Versa"/ Kurt
Versen .
Floor La mp : #59022/ eggshell finish/
Kurt Versen.

walls, c e iling , floo ri ng

Walls: birch-plywood, na~ural finish.
Ceiling : Fiberglas tile/ membrane
faced / off-white color/ 12" x 12"/
N icholas Bldg., Owens.Corning Fiber-
glas Corp., Toledo, Ohio.
Flooring: Vinyl-cork tile/ 3b" x 3b"/
Dodge Cork Co., Inc. , Lancaster, Pa.

sliding-glass

Planned to accommodate a family of six- watched and food service is convenient. also of birch plywood, has adju stable
including three boys and a girl-for play- However, if desirable to separate activities, shelves for magazines, books and televi-
ing, entertaining, and relaxing informally, the area may be closed off completely. The sion. Materials were selected for warmth
this recreation room is beautifully related north wall is stone and has a firep lace; the and friendliness and ease of upkeep. The
to the rest of the house. Living and dining east wall is of sliding glass, leading onto room has filled all of the requirements of
rooms may become a part of the area, a screened-in porch; the south wall is of the famil y, and has become a gathering
when necessary, and the room is so related birch plywood and contains storage closets place of the neighborhood.
to the kitchen that children may be for games and tables ; and the west wall , Photos: Gottscho-Schleisner
March 1953 133
 p l a interior design data

all-purpose rooms
type recreation area

location W. T. Grant Home, Greenwich, Connecticut

architect Edward D. Stone

associate architects Karl J. Holzinger, Roy S. Johnson

interior designer Dan Cooper

menlo cloth drap ies hemp squ es

Spacious, and inviting, this recreation area provides many forms of relaxation. Tables
for games. comfortable seating, and quiet decoration invite seekers of ease and
comfort. Three complete walls are windows looking out onto beautiful landscaped
grounds. The glare of sunlight is cul by the bamboo blinds. Especially effective
are the long draperies with leaf pattern falling from the top, which make a pleasant
transition from indoors to outdoors. Materials are extremely serviceable-yet cheer.
ful and allrarlive- planned to take the wear-and-tear of informal living.
Photos: Lionel Freedman

134 Progressive Architecture

 split-bamboo blinds

data
doors and windows
Doors: aluminum frame, glazed.
Windows: Aluminum frame/. glass:
Thermopane/ blinds: outside-bark
split bamboo.

equipment
Heating : radiant heating in entire
ceiling and outer edge of floor slabs.

furnishings and fabrics

Ope n Armchair: #1199 "The Alton"/
birch frame/ rubberized-hair uphol-
stery/ Dan Cooper, Inc., 30 Rocke-
feller Plaza, New York, N. Y.
Round Gam e Table : #1257/ walnut,
Kalistron top/ side pockets for chips
and drinks/ 48" diameter/ Dan Cooper,
Inc.
Bridge Tab le: #1256/ walnut, Kalis-
tron top/ 30" square/ Dan Cooper,
Inc.
Free-form Cocktail Table : #1247/
sucupira wood/ Dan Cooper, Inc.
Settee : #1250/ 9'-3" long/ anodized-
aluminum legs/ Dan Cooper, Inc .
Curtain Fabri c: Menlo cloth, yellow
ground, red-and-brown print/ special
print/ Dan Cooper, Inc.

lighting
Dome Lights : Gotham Lighting Corp .,
37-01 31 St ., Long island City, N. Y.

walls, ceiling , flooring

Walls: windows on three sides/ fourth
wall, dark-gray graphite lacquer.
Ceiling : sand-finished cement plaster.
Flooring : brick floor, wood block on
edge/ hemp squares, Manilla ab-
bacca.

135
 /IJ.11,,
~~
. If!; (
s\Jre, you can be sure.' re
FLEXWooo installat\ons o
9~arantee~\
Many a Flexwood installation made
years ago is just as beautiful today -
and will stay beautiful as long as
the building lasts - with no need for
redecorating or special care. That's just
one advantage of this flexible wood
panelling that you can wrap around
columns or curved walls - or even on
concave fluting. With Flexwood you can
use wood panelling and still meet all
fire code requirements. And installations
are covered by a written guarantee.
Over 25,000,000 feet have been
installed. Learn a// of Flexwood's
great advantages. Write now
for a full color Case History Book
and a sample.

\
Reg. U. S. Pat. Off.

a few famous FLEXWOOD installations

Compony Year Compony Year
lnstolled Installed
Aluminum Co. of Americo, lnternotionol Business Moch. Co.,
Detroit, Mich. 1935 Washington, D. C. 1942
N. W. Ayer Co., Philo., Po .. 1946 Eli Lilly Co., lndionopolis, Ind. 1934
Bethlehem Steel Co., McDonnel Aircraft Corp.,
Bethleh.em, Po. 1943 St. Louis, Mo. 1949
Wm. H. Block Co., Pittsburgh Post Gazette, United States Plywood Corporation Dept. FW-38
lndionopolis, Ind. 1936 Pittsburgh, Po. 1937
55 West 44th Street, N. Y. 36, N. Y.
Generol Motors, Chevrolet Temple U., Philo., Pa.
In Canada, Paul Collet & Co., Ltd., Montreal
Motor Div., Detroit, Mich 1935 (Dean's Office) 1944
D'ArcyAdv. Co., St. lours, Mo. 1948 Toledo Public library, Toled<), 0. 1935
Ethyl Corp., Detroit, Mich. 1935 University Club, Son Fran., Cal. 1937
J. l. .Hudson Co., Detro'it, Mich. 1935 Zurich Accident & Uab ility
Illinois Bell Tel: Co., Chicago, Ill. 1938 Ins. Co., Chicogo, Ill. 1935

136 Progressive Architecture

 p /a interior design products
~-~ -·- ,,._.,......._,~-------~--

l-lM-3 ·f)'inl-"'d WaiipdP'-'" :: ': .

c -: '\';.'I/ (ii! (1\ (_ : 1-· ,;
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~- ; Pl- whe•T :',-11 ,-, _ (·-.t , .-.-. ·, . .!

iMOT2V!
"S BJBr
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f

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•~ • ai 1, • aui 1 &o11 • • • i • -.. • • • • .. • ..... '""

' . ' ''".;

March 1953 131

 AETNA WALL

ARNOT
Packaged Office Unit

AETNA DOORS
AND DOOR FRAMES

' \

''
' \

' \

AETNA MARINE
DIVISION
Ship Joiners,
Designers,
Contractors

AETIA STHHL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

730 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 19, NEW YORK

138 Progressive Architecture

 hy·:.11 \J pho· d(·• :•

(""• ;)"· ..

~ •.A '·' ;., ' ,,, , ' t ,

,,r, ! , ,,,,

f.·1 ··1 :''-./r ... ·,,( '•

March 1953 139

 Engineered to do justice to your finest buildings
LOCKWOOD HEAVY DUTY KEY 'N KNOB LOCKS are engi-
neered for endurance ... in classic simplicity of appearance
. . . in precision machining of internal mechanisms. All
parts, many of them brass forgings, are unusually rugged,
ensuring smooth, trouble-free operation year after year.

THREE DISTINGUISHED STYLES

Hatten Urn-shaped knobs offer a pleasing variation of the tradi-
tional elliptical profile. Large rose suggests luxury and provides
extra protection for door finish. Heavy cast brass, bronze or alu-
minum.
HATTEN DESIGN
Hartley The same urn-shaped knob is here combined with a smaller
forged rose of somewhat flatter profile that suggests ruggedness
and quality in minimum size. Heavy cast brass, bronze or alu-
minum.

Holbrooke Classic simplicity in the traditional pattern. Designed

to give the smooth, enduring performance of the Hartley and Hatten
designs at lower cost. Knobs and roses of wrought brass, bronze or
aluminum.

ALL THREE DESIGNS OFFER YOU THESE LOCKWOOD FEATURES

HARTLEY DESIGN
• Full range of functions • Easy removal of cylinder
• Quick, foolproof installation • Long-throw, anti-friction bolt if desired
• Simple reversal of hand • Secure master-keying

LOCKWOOD HARDWARE MANUFACTURING COMPANY

Fitchburg, Massachusetts

HOLBROOKE DESIGN

140 Progressive Architecture

 p j a interior design products

Knock-down Planter: all pieces pack in liner for compact ship-

ment/ walnut members and legs/ white-enamelled box with
copper insert/ retail: $33/ George Tanier, 521 Madison Ave.,
New York. N Y.

Wooden Arm chair: # 132/ frame of Danish beec h,

available in six finishes Florentine, walnut, Um-
brian, Breton, mahogany, Cordovan/ spring-seat
construction/ four brass balls permit inclination of
back to follow position of sitter/ requires 1lfi yds .
of fabri c/ designed by Count Bernadotte/ retail :
$67.50 in muslin/ John Stu art Inc., Fourth Ave. at
32 St., New York 16, N. Y.

Cha lk- and tack-board : "Vers-A -Tilt"'/ tilted sur-

face eliminates glare from natural or artificial
light/ reduces writing fatigue/ chalk-board re
verses to become e tack-board/ each unit 3 ft.
long, 3 f•. 2 in. high, projection from wel l, 21/i
in. et top, 121/i in. et b a se/ installed by four
fastenings/ chalk trough a nd display rail available
in any length to accommodate multiple units/
unit may be shifted up or down ten inches in
mu hp1es of one inch/ Claridge Equipment Co.,
4608 W . 20 St., Chicago 50, Il l.

March 1953 141

 p/a selected detail
:::r
"'S/4"WOOD SHEATHING BUILT-UP ROOFING
0
2'':><. 6" /7,AFTEf.Zi'S cen
"-._"i/4""Tr\IM

.
..tD
0
0
.....
,,,,c
en

....
0
en

...:::r-·
~

..-·
a<
...-·
a
0
:s
en
FL.U4H 2"x4"

0
(o
F. M. OEMA~E5T

/METAL FLASHING

-:S/4 ·x 2. 5/8'

~/4 x 5 5/8' Tf'2,tM

7 5/8" 4QUArz.E
WOOD P0'$T

"')"SCALE

l/8''METAL
PLATE
7j"DIA.
4")( 27/S"I NAILHOLE'7
?5/8"LONC.- /13QTH SIDES

FLOOfZ, LINE OPEN

~
Gn;ADE ...
:.•"
·:,
.·.·o ... <J.

4·· C.ONC~ETE
~ . . . . . . ·.,

"7LAI3
.'

A •

T" SCALE

KLINE HOUSE, Massapequa, N.Y.

J. P. Trouchaud, Architect

March 1953 143

 0 0
practical ideas for
SCHOOL DOOR control • • •
I
I
90• I
I
I
1ao· I
I
CLASSROOM I CC>P..Fl.ICOR.

I
0 RIXSON UNl·CHECK with 4 points
of hold-open. A 180° hold-open built into
I e RIXSON DUO-CHECK operating
Double Classroom Doors swinging
the Uni-check plus 3 additional hold-open
I both ways. With half the wall thickness
points in the RIXSON No. 37 Holder ...
I and locker depth adding up to 23 11, these
allows teacher to set door where desired. I doors when open 90° will extend only 5"
A slight push releases hold-open. The I into the corridor. Small 2 '4" doors on
ideal classroom door control. I Duo-checks panic proof for smail children.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 0 RIXSON UNI-
I CHECK operot-
I ing classroom
door leading out
of doors. Class·
room floor is ele·
6) RIXSON No. 30 Double Acting voted two inch•s
Closers operating doors leading into to prevent driving
stair well. This arrangement allows a rain from entering.
free traffic flow. Sma II 2'6" doors easy Uni•check is im·
for small children to open. bedded into lower
level. This treat-
ment is suitable
only in worm non-
free2:ing dimates.

ltlXSQN11
l1 heavy duty closers (single and
double acting) have controlled the action of school en-
trance doors for over 40 years; lighter double and single
acting RIXSON concealed, floor type closers are being
used in different applications for school classroom doors,
office doors, toilet room doors as well as doors leading
off the corridor into stair wells. Shown above are four
interesting applications .•• further details available.

THE OSCAR C. RIXSON CO.

4450 w. carroll ave. chicago 24, ill.

144 Progressive Architecture

 p/a selected detail
::r
0
c
(II
..
ft)

'°a-
(II
(II

~
a
-

RICl-IAR.D C,,AR.R..JSON

11/2" ~CALE Jl/2"~C.ALE

METAL
,(SADDLE

...··.·: .... ·.· .. ·

lJ ~o o

If 311111Il l l l l l l l l l l l .m ......
~~:.~~Jllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
~7/~Z"SC.ALE

?~11/L-SC.ALE ... 4"x4"WOOO PCXH

ON <r-o~ C.ENTElf.'1

?~
r-OVEP.--:!
I BEAM l'/2"'>C.ALE

~ )l/2KSC.ALE

MORGAN HOUSE, Lincoln, Mass.

Hugh Stubbins, Jr., Architect
March 1953 145
 A classroom in the Goodhue County School, at Vasa, Min·
Because Rilco arches are factory cut and drilled for connection hardware, they can be nesota, designed by architects Max and Gerald Buetow,
erected quickly by the regular contractor crew, saving time and labor. St. Paul.

LAMINATED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

Engineered by Rilco BASIC SHAPES OF
RILCO GLUED-LAMINATED
The luxury of wood is remarkably inexpensive with Rilco construction
because erection costs are low. And the wide variety of basic shapes- STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
plus special ones made to your specifications-permit many interesting
designs for public or commercial buildings where clear span con-
struction is desired.
These Rilco structural members are built up from selected, kiln-
dried Douglas Fir laminations, bonded with the best structural glues.
Each is designed for its particular job by Rilco's own engineering Type 74 Redial Arches
department.
Wood, contrary to popular belief, is a fire-resistant material. Being of
relatively large cross section, laminated members are slow to burn.
TypeD
Boomerang
~
Tangent
They do not quickly lose their strength under high temperatures and Arches
thus have definite advantages over other structural members. They are
available to meet specific appearance requirements, such as architec-
tural, industrial or structural finishes.
For architectural finish, they are surfaced, sanded, coated with wood
sealer and wrapped to protect their smooth surface while in transit. Rilco Flat or Pitched Beams
If you are planning a school or other large building, investigate the
advantages of Rilco members-the dramatic beauty of fine wood, the
strength and permanence of glued-laminated construction, and the
greatly reduced labor costs. Rilco has a complete engineering staff
Rilcord "62" Bowstring Truss
and field representatives to give technical assistance on each job. And
expanded production facilities assure prompt delivery. Write for our
free catalog or, if you prefer, we'll be glad to have our experienced
field representative call to discuss your requirements. Type 70 Tied Arch

r-----------------------------

£Rm~
RILED 1
I
I
II
1
Rilco Laminated Products, Inc.
2517 First National Bank Bldg., St. Paul 1, Minn.

Please send me your new Commercial Catalog, contarnrng basic

design data and information on glued-laminated wood arches,
p R0 DU (TS, IN(. trusses, and beams.
I

ffWORKS WONDERS WITH WOOD" I

I
I Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~
I
I c·tty state_ _ _ _ _ _ __
L-----------------------------
146 Progressive Architecture
 p/a selected detail
en

Roor::
TO worz.1.;BENC.HE'?
-·
n
tD
~
AT PAfZ.TIT!ONS
n

4
-
I
- ==-
t
EXPOSED rz.UN'S
AT CEILING
tD
er
-·-c
-·
A.
PIPINC. TO !'>LAND
WQ/Z,J.c,[3ENC.HE.~
- O N TWO FLOOIZ."i

EXPOSED VEl2.TICAL
~----+--- PIPEf2iUN
'°..-er
Q
7_ PIPING TO ISLAND
W017.l.C.13ENC.HE4
ON TWO E=LOOIZ.4
0
a,...
0
~

EZRA SIOLLER PHOTOS

WHEATON COLLEGE, Norton, Mass.

Caleb Hornbostel and Richard Bennett, Architects

March 1953 147

 Stairways are always safe
when the architect specifies Alundum® Aggregate.
Here 1s permanent safety, attractive appearance, durability
and economy. The surface is always non-slip,
NORTON COMPANY
WORCESTER 6, wet or dry, and cannot wear smooth.
MASSACHUSETTS NORTON FLOORS
TERRAZZO AGGREGATE• CEMENT FLOOR AGGREGATE
CERAMIC MOSAIC TILE • STAIR AND FLOOR TILE

Complete Norton Floors Catalog in your Sweet's

(ND RT0 Nj trlakinif beffer protluofs tu make uther protlucfs better

! 48 Pro~resslve Architecture
by Bernard Tomson it's the law

This month's column is a continuation oj the Board's order, temporarily suspend- Count No. 1 (Cates) the negligence and in-
ing the architect for dishonest practice, competence of Mr. Kuehnel is evident from
the topic begun in February. Both col-
the nature of the mistakes in the plans, the
umns supplement Tomson's Architectural was unsupported by the findings. The failure of the basement walls, the delay in
and Engineering Law (Reinhold, 1951). Court stated at page 1004: the construction of the building, the failure
to secure a building permit and the misplace-
Last month's column emphasized the ne- "The act does not attempt to define what ment of the building in reference to the lot
cessity for enforcing existing licensing constitutes dishonest practice, for the very line. Further, his actions in connection with
good reason, perhaps, that such dishonest the securing of the owner's endorsement of
laws and amendments to those laws which practice assumes such a wide range and payment on certificates after he had knowl-
may be adopted. It also suggested the variety of acts and misconduct that a defini- edge of the misplacement of the building is
outline of a procedure which could be tion could not embrace its many forms, but evidence of misconduct. The owners were
for that reason the acts complained of kept in ignorance of the true state of affairs.
followed in New York by the profession should be found with such definiteness and In connection with Count No. 3 (Jensen)
in aid of the state authority set up to en- certainty that the vice of the acts complained the negligence and incompetence of Mr.
force the law. The column further dis- of might be apparent to all. We fail to find Kuehnel is again evident from the nature
such definiteness and certainty in the present of the mistakes in the plans, the planning
cussed the law involved in this outlined proceeding." of an impractical and dangerous stairs which
procedure and discussed, among other could not be safely installed, the improper
Section 101.31 ( 10) of the Wisconsin construction of floor joists under bathroom
things, the Court's definition of "gross
statute provides for the revocation of and the lack of foundation for pantry walls.' "
negligence," "incompetency," "miscon-
the certificate of registration of any reg- I strongly recommend that enforcement
duct," and "dishonest practice."
istrant who is found guilty of . . . "(b) activities be reviewed by each state so-
The following cases illustrate the prob-
any gross negligence, incompetency or ciety with the end in view of increasing
lem in California and Wisconsin. In con-
misconduct in the practice of architecture the governmental appropriation for en-
sidering these decisions, careful note
or of professional engineering as a reg- forcement. Architects in each state should
should be taken of the summary of the
istered architect or as a registered engi- determine how their societies can active-
Board's findings and the weight given
these findings by the Court. neer.'' iy part1C1pate in enforcement. Further,

•
In Coffman v. California State Board of
Applying the statute in Saunders v.
Johnson (1943), 243 Wis. 96, 9 N.W. 2d
this should be a major subject of dis-
cussion at regional meetings so that ac-
Architectural Examiners, Northern Cali- 630, the following summarized findings tion can be taken in a number of states
fornia, 19 P. 2d 1002 ( 1933), the Court, were found to warrant revocation of a at a time.
after reviewing the complaint, as filed, certificate of registration, at page 634: What was it that Benjamin Franklin
and the findings of the Board' found that "'From the testimony in connection with said about hanging together?

1
"Substitutions were made in practically every phau legally the contractor. and its spacing is standard fur this class of work.
of work on the house. The work was so slighted 'Mr. Coffman acted as contractor, throughout the '(10) It is true that the river gravel was used in the
throughout as to cheapen the building materially. erection of the building.' concrete but this was allowed as an alternate by the
There is a question as to the actual safety of the As to these specifications the board made the fol- specifications.
structure. lowing findings: '(11) It is true that gutters and down-spouts as
'The house vibrates in the wind, and the floors '(1} It is true that substitutions were made in shown on the drawings, were omitted, but with the
shake under ordinary tread. A substitution of wooden various phases of the work on the house, which owner's knowledge.
underpinnings was made in place of concrete founda- materially cheapen the building. '(12) It is not true that the stucco is in bad con-
tion, as specified. "(2) It is true that there i.3 in places considerable dition and it can be considered as waterproof as that
'The exterior woodwork and interior trim are deflection, but there is no question as to the actual specified. The surface has been given two coats uf
Oregon pine, instead of redwood. safety of the structure, although there is vibration California stucco brush coat, in lieu of Government
'This is warping and shrinkin~ badly. of a portion of the floors under ordinary tread. whitewash as specified.
'2x6 floor joists were substituted for 2x8. '(3) It is true that certain substitutions were made "(13) It is not true that Mr. Coffman did not give
"With sufficient underpinning, floor girders were in the underpinning of the house. supervising architectural service to the building. Mr.
smaller than specified. "(4) It is true that the exterior woodwork and Coffman did act as architect throughout the erectiun
'CeilinK rafters are 2x4 instead of 2x6, with lunK interior trim were chanKed from redwood to Oregon of the building.
spans, and are insufficient to support the ceiling. pine. It is not tue that it is warping badly, but '(14) It is true that the buildinK was accepted and
Roof rafters are light 2x4 size and surface 35" cen- certain natural shrinkage is taking place. the acceptance recorded.
ter, instead of 24 as specified. '(S) It is true that 2"x6" floor joists were sub· '(15) It is not true that Mr. Coffman acted as
'The sheathings under the shingles are lx4-41/z" stituted for 2"x8'' but with the knowledge of the tractor for the building but it is true that a con-
space. This is very light. complainant. However, the spans are greater than an tract was executed and carried out between the
"Local gravel was used instead of crushed rock, as alleged agreed limit. complainant and A. ], Fisher, as contractor.'
specified. '(6) It is true that the floor girders are smaller than U pan these findings the board rendered the fol-
'Gutters and downspouts are insufficient, and drains those specified. lowing judgment:
were not provided as specified. '(7) It is true that the ceiling 'rafters' (joists) are 'I. That the defendant caused to be drawn under
'Stucco is in t'ery bad condition, and is not 2"x4" instead of 2"x6", but are at present sufficient his direction and permitted to be signed a contract
U'eatherproof, due to the fact that it was not surfaced to support the ceiling since additional trusses were which was subject to certain prior verbal agreements
with two coats of Government whitewash as specified. found necessary and installed after acceptance of the which would cheapen the building below the standard
"The owner charges that no architectural super- building. set forth by the contract documents-and to the
visiun was given by Mr. Coffman, who has accepted '(8) It is true that the roof rafters are 2"x4" disadvantage and without the knowledKe of some of
his fee as supervisinK architect. spaced approximately at 32" centers, but the change the interested parties. In so doing, the defendant was
'Mr. Coffman did not xive the owner a certificate was made with the owner's knowledge and consent. derelict in his duty as an architect and he is 1uilty
of acceptance of the work oJ A. ]. Fisher, who was '(9) It is true that the sheathing under the shingles of the charge of dishonest practice."

March 1953 149

 Damp days gummed up the lollipops at Dowdy Candy Com-
pany in Birmingham. Alabama. Pieces broke oft shut down
the machines. • Humidity was sticking up the lollipops.
Since damp days are usually hot days, the Dowdy Candy Com-
pany wanted their employees kept comfortable. too. Which
of the many kinds of Carrier air conditioning equipment could
lick this lollipop problem best'? • The Carrier dealer rt'C-

ommt>IH!ed four Carrier Weathermakers. The exclusive Hurni-

trol kept the humidity low-and damp-day production jumped
gets 800,000 lollipops
by more than half. So that the \Veathermakers paid for them-
out of a iam selvt"' in less than a year. • More fine restaurants. more
smart stores, more busy oftices ... more people buy Weather-

makers than any other packaged air conditioner. They like

its beauty . . . its distinctive styling and gleaming. baked
enamel finish. They like its quietness ... with its QT Fan yon
can hardly hear the Weathermaker run. And. especially. thev
like its performance ... feature-for-feature the finest mont'Y

first name in air conditioning can buy. Because the Weathermaker is built by the people
who know air conditioning best. • Does a client of your'
need air conditioning? Carrier has more kinds of air con-
ditioning equipment in more sizes. So you're sure to makt'
the right choice when you specify Carrier. See your Classi-
fied Telephone Directory for nearest Carrier representative.
Or you may write Carrier Corporation. Syracuse. New York.

150 Progressive Architecture