GENETIC INHERITANCE
SCIENCE PRESENTATION
What is genetic
inheritance?
Genetic inheritance is the passing of
traits from parent organisms to
their offspring.
What is Mendelian
Genetics ?
Mendelian Genetics refers to the
principles of heredity discovered by
Greg Mendel , the father of genetics.
His expriment with pea plants in the
1860's.
Who is Greg Mendel ?
Greg Mendel ( 1822-1884) was an
Austrian Monk and scientist known
as “ Father of Genetics.He discover
the fundamental principles of
heredity through experiments with
pea plants. By cross breeding plants
with different traits, he observed
how characteristics like flower color
and seed shape were passed from
one generation to the next.
Law of Segregation
1. Each organism has two alleles
( version of genes), one from each
parent.
2. These alleles separate during gamete
formation ( meiosis), so each sperm
or egg carries only one alleles.
3. Example: A plant with one tall allele
(T) and one short allele (t) will pass
either T or t to ots offspring.
Law of Independent
Assortment
1. Genes for different traits are
inherited independently if they are
on different chromosomes.
2. Example : The gene for seed color
( yellow or green) does not affect
gene for seed shape ( round or
wrinkles)
Law of Dominance
1. Some alleles are dominant , meaning
they mask the effects of recessive
alleles.
2. Example: In pea plants, the allele for
tall height (T) is dominant over the
allele for short height (t) , so a plant
with Tt will be tall.
MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS
Mendel crossbred pea plants with different
traits ( e.g. ,tall vs, short , yellow vs. green seeds)
and observed how these traits appeared in
future generations. HIs findings led to the
discovery of dominant and recessive inheritance
pattern
GENOTYPE
Genotype refers to a unique sequence of DNA.
A genotype refers to the two alleles an organism has
inherited for a particular gene.
A genotype could be:
Homozygous recessive (pp), Homozygous dominant
(PP) or Heterozygous (Pp)
PHENOTYPE
Phenotype refers to the observable trait of an organism.
Phenotype is a result of the expression of one
or more genes.
A phenotype could be:
Brown hair, AB blood type or blue eye colour
ALLELES
Alleles are different versions of a gene that
determine specific traits in organism. Each
individual inherits two alleles for each gene-one
from each parent.
There are 4 main types of genetic inheritance:
Dominant
Recessive
Codominance
Incomplete Dominance
DOMINANT
A dominant gene allele is expressed when
either one or both is present. A dominant
allele overrules a recessive allele.
Example:
The colour purple is a dominant trait.
If a plant has one or two dominant alleles, it will be purple.
RECESSIVE
A recessive gene allele is expressed
only when both are present.
Example:
The colour white is a recessive trait.
If a plant has two recessive alleles, it will be white.
CODOMINANCE
Both alleles of a gene are
distinctly expressed.
Example:
Purple and white shows codominance.
If a plant has both a recessive and dominant gene,
it will be purple with white spots.
INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE
Both alleles of a gene are partially
expressed in an intermediate phenotype.
Example:
The colour violet shows incomplete dominance.
If a plant has both a recessive and dominant gene,
it will be a mix of purple and white (violet).
MONOHYBRID
CROSS
Monohybrid cross is a genetic cross between two
individuals that involves one pair of contrasting
traits. It follows Mendel’s First Law ( Law of
Segregation) and is used to study ow a single
trait is inherited from one generation to the next.
EXAMPLE OF
MONOHYBRID
CROSS
If we cross a tall pea plant (TT) with a
short pea plant (tt) Second Filial Generation (F2):
Parent Generation (P): Self Crossing F1 ( Tt x Tt):
TT (Tall) x tt (short) The offspring ratio follow a 3:1
First Filial Generation (F1): phenotype ratio ( Tall:Shorrt)
Ex
All offspring will be Tt (Tall) Genotypic ratio:
because they inherit one dominant 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt
(T) and one recessive (t) allelle
WHAT IS PUNETT
A Punnett square is a
SQUARE ?
diagram that shows all
possible outcomes of a
genetic cross between two
parents. It's a probability
tool that helps predict the
likelihood of certain traits
appearing in offspring.
PUNNET SQUARE
FOR A MONOHYBRID
CROSS
Tall (T) and short (t) pea plants in F2 generation (Tt x Tt)
Results:
T t
Phenotyphic ratio: (Tall :Short) -- 3:1
3 Tall plants ( TT , Tt,Tt)
TT Tt
T 1 short Plant ( tt)
(Tall) (Tall)
Genotyphic ratio: (TT:Tt:tt)-- 1:2:1
Tt Tt Homozygous Dominant (TT) Tall
t 2 Heterozygous (Tt) - Tall
(Tall) (Short)
1 Homozygous Recessive (tt) -- Short
DIHYBRID
CROSS
Dihybrid cross is a genetic cross between two individuals
that involves two different traits each two alleles. It
follow Mendel’s Second Law ( Law of Independent
Assortment), which states that the inheritance of one
trait does not affect the inheritance of another.
EXAMPLE OF
DIHYBRID CROSS
Let’s consider pea plants with the
following traits: First Filial Generation (F1):
Seed shape Round (R) is dominant. An offspring will be RrYy ( Round
Wrinkles (r) is recessive. ,Yellow) because they inherint one
Seed Color Yellow (Y) is dominant,
Ex
dominant and one recessive allele
Green (y) is recessive. for each trait.
Parent Generation (P): Second Filial Generation (F2):
RRYY ( Round, Yellow) x rryy Self Crossing F1 ( RrYy x RrYy):
( Wrinkled Green)
PUNNET SQUARE FOR
A DYHYBRID CROSS
RY Ry rY ry
we get a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio:
RRYY RRYy(Round RrYY(Round RrYy(Round
Results:
RY
( Round,Yellow) Yellow) Yellow) Yellow)
F2 Phenotyphic ratio:
Ry
RRYy
( Round Yellow )
RRyy(Round
Yellow)
RryY(Round
Yellow)
Rryy(Round
Yellow)
9 Round Yellow ( RRYY,RrYy,RrYY,RrYy)
3 Round , Green (RRyy,Rryy)
rY
RrYy RrYy(Round rrYY(Wrinkled rrYy(Wrinkled 3 Wrinkled , Yellow ( rrYY,rrYy)
( Round Yellow) Yellow) Yellow) Yellow)
1 Wrinkled , Green ( rryy)
RrYy Rryy(Round rrYy(Wrinkled rrYy(Wrinkled
ry
( Round Yellow) Yellow) Yellow Yellow
EXIT TICKET
QUESTIONS
What's one thing you learned in today's lesson?
What's one thing you did not understand?
What's one thing you would like to learn more about?
