UPSC CSE 2025
PRELIMS REVISION
PROGRAMME
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
By Dr. Shivin Chaudhary
Science and
Quick Revision Notes Technology
for Prelims 2025
Cell > Basic unit
(fundamental) of life
.
capableofindependentexistea
structural and .
functional unit of life
>
I characteristics >
(i) Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
(ii) Cytoplasm
(iii) Genetic Material >DNA/RNA .
what is
living ? te essential
features >
Reproduction
Growth
Metabolism
Response to stimuli
cell
theory cells and
all
living organisms products of cells
·
all cells alise
from ple existing cells .
·
Nucleus Brain
-
- S function
controls cellular .
O information about
the cell running
&
· und I cell
Membrane/plasma membrane.
.
⑤
cell Mitochondria
organelles
< ex :
Single ell cytoplasm -
fluid matrix
.
RM
Kingdom classification of living things
Whittaker <s
Cells
on the basis
organisation
nuclear
of
L
Pro-Karyotic
cancient nucleus)
Ev-Karyotic
(true nucleus
compartmentalisation
show
Membrane Bound ,
organelles
·
Cell Membrane
·
fluid mosaic model
-integral
Phospholipidbilayet prot peripheral
as
:
selectively permeable
·
.
Transport active
(energy)
·
s
(gradient)
S
passive
osmosis (water)
Cell wall
· Nonliving
rigid w but made various matisa
of
shape to cell cell to cell interaction
protection
·
, ,
Cell
organelles
Mitochondria
alrobic
respirationAp
>
-
< Powerhouse >
-
circulal DNA molecule .
formation
>Single
Double membrane bound.
Chloroplast in
only plants
>
-
contains
chlorophyle
>
-
Photosynthesis
-
Small circular DNA
>
Other cell
organelles
Plant v/s animal cells
L
S
cell wall +
plasmodesmate centrioles
centrosomes
chloroplasts
Bigger vacuoles smaller vacuoles .
·
NUCLEUS
Brain
of the cellNuclear
>
-
Nucleoplasm +
envelope (only eukaryotes)
>
-
Nucleolus VRNA
synthesis
>
- -
>
Chromatin > Condensed DNA
Genetic Material -
DNA/RNA
characteristics
(i) Replication
(ii) Stable
Chemically/structurally
-
(iii)Scope for Mutation
(iv) Expression as Mendelian Characters.
DNA-droxyribo Nucleic acid
-
D
-A
structure
·
Double Helix Structure
· Sugal(droxybustPhosphate Backa o
Puline's
b
Syrimidines
Adenia cytosine
Thymine
=
DNA structure.
DND
coiling fit
molecule Needs
very long
- .
-
2 2 m .-
.
to into cells .
DNA >
Chromatin > Chromosomes
witing
Histone
·
at time
of cell division
Histone chromosomal
proteins Non
proteins
.
·
·
Stores
>
genetic information
DNA-function > found in all cells
mRNA
Helps in formation of
RND =
Ribonucleic acid
- Reactive
single stranded Less stable more
catalytic
.
,
Uracil instead
of thymine vustable,
faster mutation
·
Ribose Has extra OH
&
.
group
· -
desfor
proteinal
a
·
directly
Enzymes
that
catalysts help in completion
·
activation
of reaction
by reducing
energy
do NOT in reactions themselves·
partake
·
Central Genetics
Dogma of
DNA TRANSCRIPTION <RNA TRANSLATION I PROTEIN
Cenzymess
HUMAN
Reproduction
all cells have DNA > condensed as chromatin
shows as chromosomes
up
at time
of all division.
Chromosomes
>
-
characteristic
for a species . Humans--46 (23 pairs)
Exist as a
pair , k diploid (2n)
>
-
a
If a all
only has one set Haploid (n)
>
- .
Cell Division
for growth (MITOSIS) for reproduction (MESIS)
I
2 7
↑ o
Haploid
4
&
aploid &
& &
cells
S &
DND (2n)( division
·
Daughter cells must have equational
gamete formation
same amount
of
·
over occurs in meirsis
crossing
·
animals >
diploid somaticand
cell
plants, both
haploid diploid cells
Reproduction
meiosis
gamete (sperm)
Male
(first cell of nurborn)
meiosis Zygote
Female
gamete (orum) with sis
y
further growth
-onlythe aof
mile
egg after fertilization
the
fertilization happens
fallopian
in the tube
O of the
female .
Fertilization >
fusion of male and
female gamete .
in the Body (normal
- in vivo
>
in the lab > in vitro
(special cases)
Zygote
·
first of the newborn
cell
contains
pronucleus from both
·
parents
contains
the mother. organelles only from
Mitochondrial Diseases
· fromthemotive
transmitted only has
defective Mito conda
zygote
<
ex
Leigh's Disease
:
.
SOLUTION
S
Pronuclear transfer Reconstructed
(after fertilization) (Maternal
technology
egg transfer
Spindle
(after fertilization)
In Both these
of the child comes from parents
cases , DND 3
Biological Mother Nuclear DNA
·
>
Biological Father Nuclear DNA
·
>
Donor
female > Mt DNA
·
.
GENOME VS GENE
full complement functional unit of inheritance ,
of genetic material codes
for protein
& Jgenome
-
Gene .
TRANSCRIPTION
1991111
&
DNA
Chu RNA
vbId11 DNA
dependent RNA polymerase
·
It ad is
introns removed
(splicing)
>
Remnant RNA world
of
&
scapping tailing
,
Has exons WRNA- also Has some untranslated
Legions (UTR)
TRANSLATION
-RNAbrigT
O
O santicodon
> MRNA
>
U .
RNA reads codons
Genetic Code
codons are total J4
triplets
·
61-amino acids
3
stop warns,
·
No
punctuations
·
degenerate
·
Universal , .
understan as
kue helped
Hargo bind
ma
· code .
Principle of continuity of
DNA
REGULATION OF Gene
Expression
Level
Transcription
of
can
happen
various levels
Processing rvl
J
transport of
mRNA
Translational level.
&
certain environmental
Control
Nobel Prize in Medicine 2024
Ruvkun
Victor Ambros +
Gary
·
earlier -
Transcription factors> main method
of gine regulation
Discovery of Mino-RNA in
Celegans (a Nematodes changed
·
theory
that
Post
Transcriptional Gene Regulation
·
MicroRNA - does Not code
for protein
stop
translation
of oha
Let -7 discovered -
same mechanisms
give
·
in
including
other animals Humans .
,
t
does not
code
for proteins
significance Evolution
and mutation
Disease
understanding
Stem cells
and causes detection ,
oncogenesis
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