 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬WW‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1427 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬
 

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬
 

 
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،،،،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬
 
 

K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

-1-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

 
 W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  U = I X R‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 120 V DC‫א‬‫א‬50 VAC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  50 V ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 120 V ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬–6
 
 
 
 

-2-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬–1
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 W
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-3-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 6
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
-4-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ( A )‫א‬‫א‬
   6
   10
   16
   20
   25
   35
   50
   63
 
 

 
-5-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

6A

10 A

16 A

20 A
63
A
25 A

35 A

50 A

63 A
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
   ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(10050322520161065)
 
 

-6-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 6

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K ƒ
‫א‬ ƒ
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

-7-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30 mA ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 1 mA
  20 mA
 ‫א‬ 30 mA
  50 mA
 ‫א‬ 100 mA
  200 mA
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 

-8-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K3000 Ω 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

220 / 380 V 3 / PEN

L1 L1

L1 L1

L1 L1

PEN

RM = 3000 Ω

 
 
-9-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 6500 Ω  
 4500 Ω  
 4500 Ω  
 3000 Ω  
 1800 Ω  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ RB ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ IF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  UF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
  UB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-10-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
220 / 380 V 3 / PEN
L1

L2

L3

PEN

UB v
.

RB RU

 

 
 
 

-11-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   
   EF‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 F‫א‬  E‫א‬FF  F
 F  F  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
-12-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 6

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬، ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 

-13-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L3L2L1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،
 UB 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RU ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K IF ‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  RU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-14-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬

 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 RL1 = 1 ΩL1‫א‬
 RPEN = 1 Ω‫א‬‫א‬
 RB = 2 Ω‫א‬
 RU = 500 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 RK = ∞ Ω‫א‬

-15-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬UB‫א‬UF‫א‬–2
 KIM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KUB‫א‬UF‫א‬–5
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IM=
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UB=
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UF=
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 

-16-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W ‫א‬

IM =  U =
RB +RU +RM +RL + RL1

UF = IM r ( RM + RU )=

UB = IM r RM =
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 RU / Ω  UF / V  UB / V IM / A
0
500
5 000
50 000

 
 
-17-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
  RU = 0 Ω  IM UF UB
RU = 50 KΩ
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬

-18-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   
   EF‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 F‫א‬  E‫א‬FF  F
 F  F  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

-19-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
  ƒ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 6

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-20-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬

RL1
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
R PEN

RK
A
IM

v UF v UB

RB RU

 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 RL1 = 1 ΩL1‫א‬
 RPEN = 1 Ω‫א‬‫א‬
 RB = 2 Ω‫א‬
 RU = 500 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 RK = 0 Ω‫א‬

-21-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬UB‫א‬UF‫א‬–2
 KIM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 1K ΩRK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KIMUBUF–5
 
 W‫א‬
 RK = 0 Ω
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IM=
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UB=
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UF=
 ‫א‬‫א‬U=
 
 RK = 1K Ω
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IM=
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UB=
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UF=
 ‫א‬‫א‬U=
 
 
 
 
 
-22-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W ‫א‬
 RK = 0 Ω

IM =  U =
RL1 + RL + RK +RM + RU + RB

UB = IM r RM =

UF = IM r ( RM + RU )=
 
 RK = 1K Ω

IM =  U =
RL1 + RL + RK +RM + RU + RB

UB = IM r RM =

UF = IM r ( RM + RU )=
 
 
-23-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 RU / Ω  UF / V  UB / V IM / A
0
500
5 000
50 000

 
 W‫א‬
  RU = 0 Ω  IM UF UB
RU = 50 KΩ
 
 
 
 
 
-24-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 W
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   
   EF‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 F‫א‬  E‫א‬FF  F
 F  F  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 6

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬، ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
-27-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 

 
 
 
 
 

-28-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 RL1 = 1 ΩL1‫א‬
 RN = 1 Ω‫א‬
 RB = 2 Ω‫א‬
  RK = 0 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 RS = 1 Ω‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬IF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬UF‫א‬K–3
  tA‫א‬K–4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KUFIF–6
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IF=
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UF=
 ‫א‬tA=
 
 
 
 
-29-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 W ‫א‬
 
 U
IF = =
RL1 +RL+RK+RS+RB

  UF = IF r RS =
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 

-30-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬RS‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RS‫א‬F
 
 
 RS / Ω   IF / A  UF / V  tA / S
 160      
 15      
 5      
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W tA
 
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬UF IF
 
 
  RS = 160 Ω 1
 
  RS = 5 Ω 2
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 

-31-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 W
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   
   EF‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 F‫א‬  E‫א‬FF  F
 F  F  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  

-32-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 
-33-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،10 A‫א‬6 A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬P = U X I‫א‬ U = I X R
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬           ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E A‫א‬ I‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ P = I2 X R‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-34-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–1
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–2
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
-35-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–3
 F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 WE‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–4
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
-36-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 132 KV 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
 Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Y / ∆
 KUph‫א‬UL‫א‬‫א‬
 UL = √3 X UphW
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
-37-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RB‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PEN
 
 

R L1 L1

R L2 L2

R L3 L3

PEN

RB
 
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ( 127 V ) ( 220 V )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬ N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  220 V‫א‬380 V / 220 V ‫א‬)
 K( 127 V ‫א‬220 V / 127 V ‫א‬
 
 
-38-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
220 / 380 V 3 + PEN
L1

L2

L3

PEN

v v
20 W UF 220V 220 V

 

 W
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

-39-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 6

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ƒ
K ƒ

-40-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 

-41-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 

 
-42-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
  W
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬50 V  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬50 V‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 42 V24 V 12 VW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-43-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 
E‫א‬‫א‬F W‫א‬
 
RL1
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
R PEN

42V

220V

42 V

v UB

RB RU

 
 
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 
RL1 = 1 Ω  RPEN = 1 Ω
RU = 500 ΩRB = 2 Ω
 
 

-44-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬UF‫א‬K–2
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  – 3
 
 K‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬UV=
 ‫א‬UB=
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
-45-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

RL1 = 1 Ω  RPEN = 1 ΩRU = 500 Ω

 RB = 2 Ω RK = 0 Ω
 
-46-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬UV=
 ‫א‬UB=
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-47-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   
   EF‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 F‫א‬  E‫א‬FF  F
 F  F  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-48-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 4

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ƒ
K ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ƒ
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
-49-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 

 
-50-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬EKKF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬
 K?
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
-51-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 

 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 RL1 = 1 Ω RPEN = 1 ΩRU = 500 Ω
 RB = 2 ΩRK = 0 Ω
 
 

-52-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬UB‫א‬K–2
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 WL1‫א‬‫א‬
 UB= 
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬FW
‫א‬‫א‬ ( L1 N  N L1 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 UB=
 
 
-53-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 W
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   
   EF‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 F‫א‬  E‫א‬FF  F
 F  F  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

-54-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

10

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 4

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ƒ
K ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ƒ
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
-55-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 

  -56-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (‫א‬‫א‬)
 W(‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬)‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(L)‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(L )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 ‫א‬ )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K()‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 
 
-57-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
 
RL1
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
R PEN

220 V

220 V

RK

UF v

RB RE

 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 RL1 = 1 Ω RPEN = 1 ΩRB = 2 Ω
 RE = 5 ΩRK = 0 Ω
 
 
 

-58-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬UFUVK–2
 KUFUV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –3
 
 
 W‫א‬
 W UF ‫א‬ UV ‫א‬‫א‬
 
  UV =
  UF =
 
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬
 RE ‫א‬ N2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬
 K UF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
 UV =
  UF =
 
 W‫א‬
 
 

-59-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 W
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   
   EF‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 F‫א‬  E‫א‬FF  F
 F  F  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫ א‬  
 
‫א‬   
‫א‬

11

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K ƒ
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 30 mA‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.2 s‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (‫א‬ ) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ )‫א‬‫א‬
 K(‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(‫א‬)‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ (‫א‬ )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ (‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.2‫א‬،
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PE‫א‬()PE – N‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
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 
-65-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 

 
 

-66-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 

 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 RL1 = 1 Ω RN = 1 ΩRB = 2 Ω
 RE = 160 ΩRK = 1000 , 10 , 0 Ω
 
 
 
-67-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 UF‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
RK / Ω IF / A UF / V  FI‫א‬
 1000      □□
 10      □□
 0      □□

 
 
 RK = 10 ΩW ‫א‬


IF =  U =
RL1+RL +RK +RE +RB

 UF = IF r RE =
 
 
 
-68-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 RE = 2000 ΩRK = 1000 Ω
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 IF = 
  UF = 
 
 □    □  FI‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
-69-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 W
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   
   EF‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 F‫א‬  E‫א‬FF  F
 F  F  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

-70-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬

12

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 4

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
-71-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-72-
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ U
‫א‬ UB
‫א‬ UF
‫א‬ US
‫א‬ UV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IA
‫א‬ IF
‫א‬‫א‬ IN
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ I∆N
‫א‬ RB
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RE
‫א‬‫א‬ RH
‫א‬ RISO
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RK
‫א‬ RL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RM
‫א‬ RP
‫א‬ RS
‫א‬‫א‬ RSCh
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RU
‫א‬ Rv
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
45O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ PVC  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ mm2‫א‬
— 12 8 10 1
— 15 10 14 1.5
— 20 14 18 2.5
— 27 17 23 4
— 34 23 31 6
55 46 31 42 10
72 61 42 56 16
93 82 57 75 25
115 100 71 95 35
140 124 91 115 50
170 154 — 143 70
204 180 — 172 95
238 210 — 204 120
275 241 — 230 150
306 272 — 263 185
357 317 — 311 240
404 360 — 360 300
— — — — 400
— — — — 500
 45O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 11 KV‫א‬‫א‬420V250V ‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
1 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
8 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
14 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
21  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
27 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
35 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
42 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
50  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
56  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
62  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
72  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬