

‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥١
  
 
   ،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ 
 W،
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
 ?? ‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ? 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ٨  ‫א‬  K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ W   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE‫א‬  F ‫א‬  ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬   F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 
٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
Brake System Overview

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥٠{٠٠٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 :Kinetic Energy (KE)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

٢E‫א‬FC‫א‬Z‫א‬
 (KE= ½ m v2)٢½Z
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W
(KE)EF‫א‬Z
(m)EF‫א‬Z
(v)ELF‫א‬Z
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 

-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WFriction‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 TCSE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
ESP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 Regenerating brakes‫א‬‫א‬ -

-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FMechaniclbrakes‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KE٢F‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬F Hydraulic brakes ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KE٣F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FAir brakes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE٤F‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٥FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FElectric brakes‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F  
 

-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FServicebrakes ‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE
‫א‬FParking brakesE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FAuxiliarybrakes‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬Retarder

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KDrum brakesE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KDisk brakesE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 

-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F  
 
 WServic brakes‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Brake pedal ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ ‰

K‫א‬Booster‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬Mastercylinder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

K
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬Brake tubes & hoses‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Brake valves‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

K‫א‬‫א‬Wheel cylinders‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WParking brakesE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ‰

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،equalizer‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Service brakes ‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Parking brakes ‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 
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 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬supplementary brake system
K‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Auxiliary braking system‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
W Air Brake System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬L J٠{٧٠{٥F٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WRetardersE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W Hydraulic retarder ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WElectric retarder‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 
 W Engine brake ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WExhaust brake‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Air brakes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬0.6 g‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Parking brakes asscociated with the automatic transmission
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ﻻ‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Park (P)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
Kinetic energy ‫א‬ Friction ‫א‬
Disk brake ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Mechanical brakes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Drum brakes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Electric brakes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Booster  ‫א‬‫ א‬Hydraulic brakes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Master cylinder  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Service brakes  ‫א‬‫א‬
Valves   Parking brakes E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
Brake pedal  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Auxiliary brakes  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kinetic energy  ‫א‬ Brake lining / pads  ‫א‬
Brake fade  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ABS ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF   K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 
٣ ٢
٩  
٤ ١  
٥  
٥ ١٤
٨ ١٤  
 
 
٧  
٧ ٦٦
١٢  
١١ ١١
٩  
١٠  ١٣
 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ٨    ١
   ٩    ٢
  ١٠    ٣
  ١١    ٤
  ١٢    ٥
  ١٣    ٦
  ١٤    ٧

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 
 K٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Brake pedalE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،E‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬EF
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١F 
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ WE٢F   
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

 
Mechanical advantage (MA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٣W١F‫א‬‫א‬E٥W١F(Pedal ratio)‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
MA = r1 ÷ r2

 
 

Fr

Fp

‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤F‫א‬
 
Fr = Fp × MA  
:
‫א‬‫א‬ Fr
 ‫א‬ Fp
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MA
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Fp x Sp = Fr x Sr  
 
 

- ٢٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  :
‫א‬ Sp
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Sr

Sr

 
 
 
Sp  
 
‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Sr = Sp/ MA
 

- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٥F 

 

 EE٦FFE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧F
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٧F

‫א‬E٨FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬ WE٨F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
 Power-Assisted Brakes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
Power-assisted brakes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 E‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ J‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ J‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KE‫א‬ J‫א‬F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬  F‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

KE
K‫א‬E JF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J‫א‬F‫א‬ •

- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Vacuum Booster‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٢\١٣\١

 K ‫א‬‫א‬E ٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٠F ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J١٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩FK‫א‬E٢١ J٢٠F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬WE٩F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬
KE‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٠{٩–٠{٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KE J١٠F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J١٠F‫א‬‫א‬

‫ب‬ ‫أ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬EWE١٠F  

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬
E F‫א‬،‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F‫א‬
 
 

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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬ o

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬integral booster ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
KE١٢F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٢F 

A pressure multiplier or Hydrovac ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
KE١٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٤F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٥FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٥F   

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٨ J١٥F ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 WPower Chamber ‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬FW
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،E‫א‬F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٦F   
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Control Valve ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬E١FWE
 F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE١٧FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٧F   

 
diaphragm (power piston) return spring‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
 
Reaction device‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫ب‬
‫أ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ EK‫א‬ E‫א‬WE١٨F

 Check Valve‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩F
K‫א‬‫א‬ E K‫ א‬ E
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ pressure differential‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،vacuum suspended unit
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
dual-diaphragm or tandem-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠FKdiaphragm
 KE‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-١K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬-٣E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬KE JF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١F  

Applied position‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬E FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢FK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 

‫א‬ WE٢٣F ‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٢F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Holding Position‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٣FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Release Position‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤F‫א‬
 
 
 

E‫א‬F‫א‬WE٢٤F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬
Booster Force ‫א‬‫א‬
(Abs) ‫א‬‫א‬ (∆p) ‫א‬(Fbs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٥F‫א‬
Fbs = ∆p x Abs  
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢٥F  
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
∆p = p1 – p2
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬: p1
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: p2
 K‫א‬Dbs،[(π/4) (Dbs)2]‫א‬:Abs

Master Cylinder Force‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Fr)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Fmc)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (Fbs) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Fmc = Fr + Fbs
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Booster Characteristic ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(Bbs)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Fmc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFr
Bbs = Fmc / Fr
 
= (Fr + Fbs) / Fr
= 1 + (Fbs / Fr)
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Fbs )‫א‬‫א‬
Fbs = Fr × (Bbs - 1)

 :(Fmc)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Fmc = Fr × Bbs

KBrake-assist booster‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Saturation-Point‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KRun out‫א‬Knee point‫א‬End of Assistance‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦FK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٦F 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Hydraulic Booster‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٠٠٠٧٠٠٠F‫א‬
 KE٧٠ J٣٠ JF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K o
K o
K‫א‬ o
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬ o
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
.Hydraulic brake-booster‫א‬

‫א‬Powermaster
 ‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬FElectric motor‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE 
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Hydro-Boost Hydraulic Brake-Booster‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٧F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Accumulator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨FK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 

‫א‬WE٢٨F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ spool valve‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EEFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFKE٢٩FEFEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEEFF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

 

 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٩F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Applied position) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K(Holding position)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K(Release position)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،E٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫أ‬  
 
 
‫ب‬  
 
 
‫ﺟ‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬WE٣٠F
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،E٣٠F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٠F ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٣٠F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Powermaster‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣١F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣١F  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬، 
 KE٣٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE٢٧٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٢F  
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬
Tandem booster EF‫א‬ Brake pedal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Check valve‫א‬  Vacuum booster ‫א‬‫א‬
Diaphragm  Power booster‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hydraulic-booster ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Check valve‫א‬
Accumulator ‫א‬  Tandem booster EF‫א‬
Control valve ‫א‬  Vacuum 
 
 

 

 

 

- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 KEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKF
 ‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
 
 
 
  

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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
٨
١  
٢  
 
 
 
 
٣
 
٤
 
٧
 
٦ ٥  
 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

   ٦    ١
   ٧    ٢
   ٨    ٣
   ٩    ٤
       ٥
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 
 K٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٨W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Brake hydraulic system‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١F   
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KMaster cylinder ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 Brake lines, Brake pipes, Brake tubin ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KBrake hoses ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

KControl valves ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

KWheel cylinders ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K Brake fluid ‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
   K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
   K‫א‬ J٤

 

 Hydraulic principles‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WHydraulics
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
(A)‫א‬ L (F) ‫א‬‫ א‬Z (P) ‫א‬  
 
 
 W
N/mm2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P
N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F
mm2  ‫א‬ A

 (MPa)‫א‬(N/mm2) ٢\‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KE٤FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE٥FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KE٦F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬ J٢   ‫א‬‫ א‬J١ WE٣F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ : E٤F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٥F 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F
 

- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٧F 
 
 
WHydraulic advantage(HA) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
HA = Awc / Amc  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™
K
‫× א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

 Fwc = Fmc × HA  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ™

 ‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Swc = Smc / HA

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Master cylinder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٢
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬٢٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨F

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،Max.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Min.‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KE٩F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
E‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫ א‬ WE٩F 

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬KE١٠F
 KE١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠F  
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١F  
 
By-pass ports ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Compensating ports ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Outlet ports ‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٢F 
 
‫א‬EE١٣FF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
O-ringE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٣
 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cupEF‫א‬
Secondary‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Primary cup
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ cup
 K‫א‬
 
Primary cup ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 
 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 Secondary cup ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  E١٥FK ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WE١٥F   

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE١٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٦F   

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٧F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٧F   
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٨F 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Single master cylinder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
،E١٩FE ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩F  
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Dual (Tandem) master cylinder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠FK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠F

 Quick Tack-up master cylinder ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١F
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢F
 
 
 
 Step bore master cylinder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢٣F   
 
 Central-Valve master cylinder ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬KE٢٤F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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 
 
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 
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 ‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢٤F 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Dual or split line braking systems‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬E ‫א‬F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥F
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٥F 
 

- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬، J‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ٪٤٠٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٦KE‫א‬F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦F
 
??????‫א‬،????‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ o
K E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٧F

- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٧F  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٨FK‫א‬
 K
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٨F  
 
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬ •
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٩F،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٩F
 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Brake Fluids‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‰

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‰

KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‰

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬ ‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K Department of Transportation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DOT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
DOT 5 DOT 4 DOT 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
Silicone Polyglycol ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
٥٢٦٠ ٥٢٣٠ ٥٢٠٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
٥١٨٠ ٥١٥٥ ٥١٤٠  E٪٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
ABS

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Brake lines and Hoses‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٠F
E ٤{٦F١٦\٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣١FEF‫א‬
 KE٧{٩F١٦\٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٤F٤\١‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٠F

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣١F
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣٢F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KE٣٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬ WE٣٣F 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Wheel cylinders‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٣٤F 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 E
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E٣٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٣٥F 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٦F،‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KE٣٧F،‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KE٣٨F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 
 

- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٣٦F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٣٧F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٨F

- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Hydraulic Brake Valves‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬F‫؛‬‫א‬  J
E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KE٣٩F،E‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٩F
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F


- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 WE٤٠F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
metering valve‫א‬ ‰

proportioning valve ‫א‬ ‰

pressure differential valveEF‫א‬ ‰

combination valve‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

 residual pressure check valve‫א‬ ‰

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٠F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Metering valve‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤١F
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬ WE٤١F   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١{٠٠{٧‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Proportioning valve‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٠{٥٠٠{٢٥‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KEF J
EF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ،EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ WE٤٣F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬WE٤٤F
 
 ‫א‬ J
 KE٤٦F،E٤٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٥F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤٦F
 E‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٧FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬WE٤٧F
 
 Combination valve‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٤٨F، ‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٩F‫א‬
 

- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤٨F
 

 
‫א‬ ،‫ א‬‫ א‬WE٤٩F 

،‫ ﺻ ﻤﺎم اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ‬.‫ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻨﻘﺴ ﻢ إﻟ ﻰ ﺛﻼﺛ ﺔ أﺟ ﺰاء‬،‫( ﺗﺮآﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺼﻤﺎم اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬٥٠) ‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫ وﺻﻤﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮة‬،‫وﺻﻤﺎم ﻓﺮق اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﺼﻤﺎم اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎت داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬:(٥٠) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
Residual pressure check valve ‫א‬‫א‬
،E٥١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬ WE٥١F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K،،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬،
  ‫א‬E JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬
Pressure  Hydraulic system ‫א‬‫א‬
Primary cup ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Master cylinder ‫א‬
Secondary cup ‫א‬‫ א‬Brake tubes/ pipes ‫א‬
Outlet port ‫א‬ Brake hoses ‫א‬‫א‬
Primary piston ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Wheel cylinder ‫א‬‫א‬
Secondary piston ‫א‬‫ א‬By pass/ inlet port ‫א‬L
Reservoir  ‫א‬‫ א‬Brake fluid ‫א‬‫א‬
Return spring  Compensating port ‫א‬
Boot ‫א‬‫א‬ Dual hydraulic system ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Metering valve ‫א‬ Bleeder valve ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Combined valve ‫א‬‫ א‬Proportioning valve ‫א‬
Caliper ‫ א‬Fluid level ‫א‬
   
    
 

- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫؟‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J١١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٦
 .(DOT 5)(DOT 3)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(DOT 5)(DOT 4)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٧
 
 
 

B
A

- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Disk brakes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١F   

 
 
 
 

- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٧{٩ J٢٢{٩F١٩ J١١‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢F   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣F
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٣F 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤F

 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F  

 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE٥F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F •  K‫א‬ •
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •  K •

 
 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ WE٦F   
 
 ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K 
 
 
 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

، ‫א‬‫א‬KE٧F ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨FK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٨F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬KK
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬ WE٩F

 : ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٠F   
 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١F
KE١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ WE١١F 

- ١١٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٢F 

- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٣F 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F
 
 

- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (V)EF‫א‬K
KE١٥F‫א‬K‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٥F   
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KG ‫א‬‫א‬G
 KG ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬G  K
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬G ‫א‬G
،
،‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬
KE‫א‬

  ‫א‬G  K‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  K‫א‬G
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬G
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 


،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
Fixed disc  ‫א‬‫ א‬Disc (Disk)  ‫א‬
Floating disc  ‫א‬‫ א‬Disc brakes  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sliding disc  ‫א‬‫ א‬Caliper  ‫א‬
Boot  ‫א‬‫א‬ Pad  
Piston seal  ‫א‬ Inboard pad  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bleeder screw  ‫א‬‫א‬ Outboard pad  ‫א‬‫א‬
  Torque plate  ‫א‬
(support plate)
 

 

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 K J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF   K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١

 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 ٦  ١
 
 
 ٧  ٢
 
 
 ٨  ٣
 
 
 ٩  ٤
 
  
 ٥
‫א‬‫א‬  
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Drum Brakes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

K‫א‬ ‰

K‫א‬ ‰

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‰

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬WE١F 

‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤F،‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦F،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٦F 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٧F   

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬WE٨F  
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬ WE٩F   

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE١٠F
 
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠F  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 

 
‫א‬WE١١F  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٢F ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬WE١٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

 

‫א‬WE١٣F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E F 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤F،EF‫א‬
 

   K‫ƒ א‬ K‫ƒ א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

   K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ K‫א‬ ƒ  ‫א‬K ƒ
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٤F    
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥F
 
F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٦F

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦F
 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧F
 
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٨F، ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨F  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٩F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٩F 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٠F   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬FK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢١F ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٢F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٣F
 
 

 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 KE٢٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٤F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٥F‫א‬
KE‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٥F   

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٦F ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٦F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 


 
،
  ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E
 KE‫א‬
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

 ‫א‬
Strut‫א‬ DrumEF‫א‬
Self-adjuster‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Drum brakes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Leading shoe‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Hub
Primary shoe‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Brake shoe‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Trailing shoe ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Linings
Secondary shoe ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Backing plate‫א‬
Star wheel‫א‬‫א‬ Servo action ‫א‬‫א‬
Pawl Self energizing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Duo-servo brakes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Hold-down springs‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١

- ١٤٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
 
 
 

- ١٤٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
 
 
 
٥
 
 
 
٤
 
١  
 
٣  
٢
 
 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ١
   ٢
   ٣
   ٤
   ٥
 
 
 
 

- ١٤٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣
 
 
  J J J J J J J J J J
 
 
 
 
 
  J J J J J J J J J J
 
 
 
 
  J J J J J J J J J
 
 
 
 
 
  J J J J J J J J J
 
 
 
 
 
  J J J J J J J J

- ١٤٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤
 

 
  J J J J J J J  J
 
 
 
 
 
  J J J J J J J J  J

 
 
 
 
 
  J J J J J J J J
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٥١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
 
 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
Brake lining ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬

 WE‫א‬L‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EµF‫א‬
 ‫א‬F  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ff  W
µ=
Fn  
 
   ‫א‬µ
N  ‫א‬Ff
N  ‫א‬‫א‬Fn

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
٠,٤ ٠,٦  J
 
 ٠,٤  ٠,٥   J
 
 ٠,٣  ٠,٤   J

 ٠,٨  ٠,٩   J  
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Ff = µ × Fn

 W
 ‫א‬= Ff
 ‫א‬‫א‬= Fn
 ‫א‬= µ
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
١٣٠٩٠FEL١٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E ٥٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬G
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢F ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٠ ,٥ J٠{٣F‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
 ƒ
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢FK ، ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬G K‫א‬G ٪٢٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G  KG ،‫א‬،
 K‫א‬  KG ‫א‬
‫א‬G ‫א‬G K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬G G  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٪٥٠‫א‬
‫א‬G K‫א‬G K
K‫א‬‫א‬
KG  K‫א‬G  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G  K‫א‬G ‫א‬
K‫ א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬
K‫ א‬K

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F  
K‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣F‫א‬
 
 
 
 

‫א‬(NRSSFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F
(FFF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(12041F‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬WE٣F
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ٠,١٥ C  
 ٠,٢٥٠,١٥ D  
 ٠,٣٥٠,٢٥ E  
 ٠,٤٥٠,٣٥ F  
 ٠,٥٥٠,٤٥ G  
 ٠,٥٥ H  
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤F   

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
G G  ‫א‬
 K  K  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬G G F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬G K‫א‬
K‫א‬
G G  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
G G F
K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬
G ‫א‬G ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬  K‫א‬
F
KE‫א‬‫א‬
G G ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KG ‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ WE٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
‫א‬‫ א‬WE٦F 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٧F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٧F 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬EE٨FF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬WE٨F 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

- ١٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE ‫א‬F ‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Heat ‫א‬‫ א‬Friction ‫א‬
Brake fade ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Brake lining / pads ‫א‬
Wheel lock ‫א‬ Coefficient of friction ‫א‬
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٦٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬"GF"‫א‬ J٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF   K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E  F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EF
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
K٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 


 

 

- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Parking Brakes ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬WE١F   
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٪٣٠‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kemergency brakes‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،hand brakes
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ KE
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ o
K‫א‬G
KG
 K‫א‬G
W‫א‬ o
 KEFG
 KG
W‫א‬‫א‬ o
 W‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 W ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬G

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 KE٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢F 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬EFK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣F 

 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٤F

 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤F   
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(T)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٦F

- ١٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٦F 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E
 F
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ WE٧F 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K E٨F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٨F   

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ١٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩F
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١١F،
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬ J٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٢F  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣F،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٣F 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Cable
   Parking brakes
EF  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Brake linkage ‫א‬‫א‬ Lever ‫א‬
Pedal  ‫א‬ Warning light  
Cable adjuster 
Application  ‫א‬
  ‫ א‬cables
Equalizer  ‫א‬ Hand brake ‫א‬
 Foot operated ‫א‬
Control cable
‫ א‬parking brake 
‫א‬
Clamp   Vacuum release

    
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J٦
 K‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
 
 
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 ‫א‬

 
 
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٦  
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
 
 ٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 E‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
Wheel Bearings

،‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،sliding, plain, journal bearingE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،roller bearing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،radial‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kaxial load‫א‬
F‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،EFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F
 E‫א‬،EF،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬radial load‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢FKthrust load‫א‬
 

  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F

- ١٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 

- ١٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WEF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEFEFF‫א‬
 
 
- ١٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
E٤F‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥F‫א‬
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K،
‫א‬،(NLGI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W١
NLGI Number Relative  ‫א‬‫א‬
Consistency
000 Very fluid  ‫א‬
00 Fluid  
0 Semifluid  
1 Very soft  ‫א‬
2 Soft E‫א‬‫א‬F
3 Semi-firm  
4 Firm  
5 Very firm  ‫א‬
6 Hard  
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 Wseals‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K
KE‫א‬FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬KE٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
wheel bearings‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kaxle bearings‫א‬‫א‬
 

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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬KE٨F
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨F

- ١٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
semi-floating axle‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٩F
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 .Full-floating axle‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٩F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩F 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE١٠F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 



 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠F
 xzE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 xzE‫א‬F J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KE١١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 


 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١F
 xzE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 xzE‫א‬٢F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 

K‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ٢WE١٢F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬NLGIK‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
sealed   ball bearing EF
bearing
bearing  ‫א‬ roller bearing E‫א‬F
grease
seal   tapered roller ‫א‬F
bearing
 E
semi-floating   Full-floating  
axle axle
driven wheels   drive wheels  
thrust load   radial load  
axle bearings  ‫א‬ wheel  ‫א‬
bearings
hub  ‫ א‬steering 
knuckle
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬NLGI‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
  J
  J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 WNLGI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣
 #00 J
#0 J
  #1  J
 #2  J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 


 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Antilock Brake System- ABS)
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 
K٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Brake Performance ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬   F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٠{٧٥ ٠{٨ J٠{٩  Asphalt and concrete (dry) EF
٠{٤٥ J٠{٦ ٠{٥ J٠{٧   Asphalt (wet) EF
 ٠{٧  ٠{٨   Concrete (wet) EF
 ٠{٦٥  ٠{٦٨   Earth road (dry)EF‫א‬
٠{٥ J٠{٤  ٠{٥٥   Earth road (wet)EF‫א‬
 ٠{٥٥  ٠{٦  Gravel 
 ٠{٠٧ ٠{١ IceEF
 ٠{١٥  ٠{٢   Snow (hard packed)EF
EF‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

WDeceleration E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KL،٢L
‫א‬  ‫א‬    L ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬،g‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬KE٢L٩{٨١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬W١
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  g0-0.3
  g0.6-1.1
 E‫א‬‫א‬F g1.4- 2
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ g10 -30
 
WStoping time, Stoping distance‫א‬
،‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬١٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K٪٠{١‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ٠{٢ ٠{١‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

- ٢٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ L ٧٢       K‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٥‫א‬‫א‬E ٠{٧٥F‫א‬،L‫א‬ ٢٠
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ٥٠  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
     K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WBrake efficiency‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ١٠٠CE‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬
 
 

- ٢٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WBrake fade ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Wheel lock‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ABS ‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Transferred Weight ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 Antilock Brake System (ABS)

 
E‫א‬KKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬،

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫ א‬ ‫א‬ WE٢F 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 
 F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 KE٣F،‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬ WE٤F  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
W،W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ • K •
 K‫א‬ •
 

‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬ •
K •
 KEF •
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE  ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬F
 KE٧F،‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬WE٧F  

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٨F
 KE٩F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ J،‫א‬‫ א‬J K‫א‬‫א‬WE٨F

 
‫א‬‫א‬WE٩F  
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 KE١٠F
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٠F

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١F،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬، •
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  •
 K‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE‫א‬١٥٥F‫א‬
K،K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
،KW‫א‬
 K
 
 
 
 

- ٢١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢F
 

 
‫א‬WE١٣F ‫א‬WE١٢F
 

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣FK‫א‬
 

- ٢١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬ WE١٤F   

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F

 

- ٢٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ G
 K
‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬

Wheel-Speed  Anti Lock Brake

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sensor  ‫ א‬System(ABS).

Indicator Lights ABS Control Module ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Data Link
Connector ‫א‬ Hydraulic Control Unit ‫א‬‫א‬
(DLC)
Slip rate  ‫א‬ Solenoid Valves ‫א‬‫א‬
Vehicle Speed  ‫א‬ Electric motor and pump  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wheel Speed  ‫א‬ Brake Fluid Reservoir ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Coefficient of 
Brake Pedal Sensor  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Friction  ‫א‬
Wheel Sensor 
Relays  
Siginal  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 K J 
 K J 
 K J 
 K J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
 KEF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

 
 

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٢٣٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٢٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
 
 ٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
: Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬KE١FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢F
‫א‬KE٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K‫ א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬WE٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 WCornering Brake Control (CBC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:Emergency Brake Assist (EBA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ABS‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٢٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W Brake Assist (BA or BAS)‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٩٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤F،‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٨٨K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Esmart booster‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٢٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

: Brake Assist Plus (BAS Plus)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Distronic plus)
 K‫א‬

  Dynamic Brake Control (DSC)‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 L٦٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EL٥‫א‬FL٣‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
WElectric Parking Brake‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 : Brake by wire‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
‫א‬x-by-wire‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،electro-mechanical brakes (EMB) J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

: Inboard brake ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K unsprung weight ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،handlingE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،ride
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Traction control system (TCS) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Automatic slip ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Acceleration slip regulation (ASR)
 KE٥FKregulation (ASR)
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F
- ٢٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬EE‫א‬F‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EL‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
Electronic throttle control ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
(ETC)
‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KL٣٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،L٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Traction control in cornering‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KGEundersteerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  GGEoversteer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬GG
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

: Electronic Stability Control (ESC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vehicle ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
  .Stability Control (VSC)
‫א‬KTCS‫א‬‫א‬ABS‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬undrsteering or oversteering
 KE٨F،E٧F،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬Kyaw sensor‫א‬‫א‬ -
lateral-acceleration sensor
 

- ٢٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩F
 
: Regenerative brake‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٪٣٠K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Dynamic braking‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٢٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Absorptive Glass ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬Mat (AGM)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ cruise control‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ G
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 
 
 

- ٢٤٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬
 
-Traction  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air brakes
control system

-Acceleration ‫א‬ Electric ‫א‬‫א‬

slip regulation ‫א‬F‫א‬ Parking Brake  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬
-Automatic
slip regulation Retarders E‫א‬F‫א‬

-Electronic
Stability Engine brake  ‫א‬
Control
-Electronic ‫א‬h‫א‬
Stability Exhaust brake  ‫א‬
Program  ‫א‬
-Vehicle
Hydraulic ‫א‬‫א‬
Stability
retarder
Control

Regenerative ‫א‬‫א‬ Electric  ‫א‬‫א‬

brake  ‫ א‬retarder

Adaptive ‫א‬ Inboard ‫א‬‫א‬

Cruise Control  ‫א‬‫ א‬brake  ‫א‬‫א‬

Emergency ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Electronic ‫א‬‫א‬
Brake
 Brake force   
Distribution
Brake Assist  ‫א‬‫א‬

Brake by wire ‫ א‬Electro-  J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

mechanical
 ‫ א‬brakes  

- ٢٤٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKACC J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKASR J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEBA J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEBD J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK EMB J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ESC J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKESP J
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKTCS J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKVSC J
 
 
 
 

- ٢٤٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣

 
  ٣   ٢   ١
  ٦   ٥   ٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤

٣ ٢ ١
٦ ٥ ٤
٨ ٧

- ٢٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
1. Birch, Thomas W., “Automotive Braking Systems”, Harcourt Brace
College Publishers, 2nd Edition.
2. Birch, Thomas W., “Automotive Braking Systems”, Delmar
Publishers, 3rd Edition, 1990.
3. BOSCH, “Automotive Handbook”, Robert Bosch GmbH, 3rd edition,
1993.
4. BOSCH, “Brake Systems”, Technical Instruction, Robert Bosch
GmbH, 1995.
5. Chart, Check, “Automotive Brake Systems, Harper & Row, Publishers,
NY.
6. Duffy, James E., “Modern Automotive Technology”, The Goodheart-
Wilcox Company, Inc. , 2000.
7. Eichhorn, Lane- Owen, Clifton, “Automotive Brake Systems”, Today’s
Technician Series, Delmar, 2001.
8. Erjavec, Jack- Scharff, Robert, “Automotive Technology”, Delmar
Pub. 1996.
9. Halderman, James D., “Automobile Brake Systems”, Prentice Hall,
2000.
10. Heisler, Heinz, “Advanced Vehicle Technology”, Edward Arnold,
1989.
11. Hillier, V.A.W.,”Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology”, Stanley
Thornes (Publishers) Ltd., 4th edition, 1991.
12. Johanson, Chris- Stockel, Martin, “Auto Brakes Technology”, The
Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., 2000.
13. Lahue, Kalton C., “Automotive Brakes and Antilock Braking
Systems”, West Publishing Company, 1995.
14. Remling, John, “Brakes”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
15. Stockel, M. W.; Stockel, M.T.; and Johanson, C., “Auto Service and
Repair”, The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., 1991.
16. Tempest, Clifford M, “Automotive Service Technology”, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 3rd Edition.
17. Thiessen, Frank J., “Automotive Braking Systems”, A Reston Book.
18. Thiessen, Frank; Dales, Davies, “Automotive Steering, Suspension,
and Braking Systems”, Reston Publishing Company, Inc.
19. TOYOTA, “Brake System”, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1999.
20. TOYOTA, “PDS & Periodic Maintenance”, Toyota Motor
Corporation, 2000.
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

21. TOYOTA, “Fundamentals of Servicing”, Toyota Motor Corporation,

2000.
22. Bosch, “ESP Electronic Stability Program”, Robert Bosch GmbH, 1st
edition, 1999.
23. TOYOTA, “Brake System”, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1999.
24. TOYOTA, “PDS & Periodic Maintenance”, Toyota Motor Corporation,
2000.
25. TOYOTA, “Fundamentals of Servicing”, Toyota Motor Corporation, 2000.
26. en.wikipedia.org
27. www.thecartech.com
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
i  
ii  
iv  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
١    
٣  ‫א‬‫א‬  
٣  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٣  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬  
٦  ‫א‬‫א‬  
٨  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٩  ‫א‬‫א‬  
١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
١٧    
١٧  ‫א‬  
١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠    
 ٢١  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F J‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٢٧  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F J‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬ J١  
 ٤٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  
 ٤٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  
 ٥٠    
 ٥٠  ‫א‬  
 ٥١  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٤    
 ٥٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٥٧  ‫א‬  
 ٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٧٦  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٨٠  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٨٣  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٨٦  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٨٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٩١  ‫א‬  
 ٩٢  ‫א‬  
 ٩٥  ‫א‬  
 ٩٦  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٩٨  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٩٩    
 ١٠٠  ‫א‬  
 ١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٣  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٠٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٠٦  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٠٧  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١١١  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١١٧    
 ١١٧  ‫א‬  
 ١١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ١٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٣٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٣٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٤١    
 ١٤١  ‫א‬  
 ١٤٢  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ١٤٧  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٤٩  ‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٥٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٥٣  ‫א‬  
 ١٥٤  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٥٨  ‫א‬  
 ١٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٦٠  ‫א‬  
 ١٦٢  ‫א‬  
 ١٦٣    
 ١٦٣  ‫א‬  
 ١٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٥    
 ١٦٧  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٦٩  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬  
 ١٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬EF  
 ١٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٧٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٧٧    
 ١٧٨  ‫א‬  
 ١٧٩  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨١    
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ١٨٣  E‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  

 ١٨٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٨٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٨٨  ‫א‬  
 ١٨٩  ‫א‬  
 ١٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٩١  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٩٢  ‫א‬  
 ١٩٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٩٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ١٩٦    
 ١٩٦  ‫א‬  
 ١٩٧  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩٩    
 ٢٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٠٢  ‫א‬  
 ٢٠٤  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٠٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٠٥  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٠٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٠٦  ‫א‬  
 ٢٠٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٠٧  ‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٠٨  ‫א‬  
 ٢١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢١١  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٢١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢١٦  ‫א‬  
٢١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢١٩    
 ٢٢٠  ‫א‬  
 ٢٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢٣    
 ٢٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٢٨  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٣١  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٣٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٣٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٣٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٣٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٤٠    
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٢٤١  ‫א‬  
 ٢٤٢  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ٢٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   