Gold B2 Grammar extra file

GRAMMAR UNIT 2
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES
A. Match the adjectives to their definition/synonym.
hopeless negligent, not paying enough attention
careless receiving no love
comfortless unable to help oneself, weak
helpless insignificant
loveless of no use
meaningless unlikely that it will get better
useless gloomy, without anything to make a place comfortable

B. Make adjectives from the nouns in brackets (-able, -ous, -ic, -al, -ful adjectives)

1. I remembered how isolated these roads were, but I forgot how _______________ they were.
(danger)
2. _______________ exchanges are a way of building bridges between nations. (culture)
3. What’s the most _______________ way of heating this building ? (economy)
4. Romantic artists portrayed nature as wild and _______________. (power).
5. After receiving back his English final exam, Mark had a _______________ feeling about his
good grades in his courses. (peace)
6. Jemery White is a self-centred, _______________ and bigoted man. (ambition)
7. Publication of the report might be _______________ to the interests of the company. (harm)
8. A successful company must keep up with the pace of _______________ change. (technology)
9. That period in history is not noted for its _______________ tolerance. (religion)
10. In the spring we made excursions to _______________ places of interest. (variety).
11. Scholarships are given solely on the basis of _______________ need. (finance)
12. Merton was very _______________ to people who had less than he did. (generosity)
13. He asked people to tell him about a _______________ event or period in their lives.
(meaning)
14. Without the slightest doubt this is a _______________ exhibition. (remark)
15. There are various techniques for dealing with _______________ pollution. (industry)

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ADVERBS & ADJECTIVES & INTENSIFIERS
C. Choose the best option.

1. I wrong / wrongly believed that she loved me. 7. He works hard / hardly.
2. You guessed wrong / wrongly. 8. He followed the lecture closely / close.
3. My friends are mostly / most vegetarians. 9. He always comes late / lately.
4. This is the mostly / most unforgettable day of my 10. Pensioners can travel free / freely on local
life. buses.
5. I have hardly / hard any new clothes. 11. She’s high / highly thought of by her
6. I haven’t read anything interesting late / lately. colleagues.

D. Complete either with the adverb or the adjective.

seriously
1. The bus driver was _______________________ injured. (serious)
2. Kevin is _______________________ clever. (extreme)
extreme
awfuly
3. This hamburger tastes _______________________ . (awful)
4. Be _______________________
carefuly with this glass of milk. It's hot. (careful)
sad
5. Robin looks _______________________ . What's the matter with him? (sad)
terrible
6. Jack is _______________________ upset about losing his keys. (terrible)
7. This steak smells _______________________
well . (good) $
badly
8. Our basketball team played _______________________ last Friday. (bad)
fast
9. Don't speak so _______________________ . I can't understand you. (fast)
slowly
10. Maris _______________________ opened her present. (slow).

E. Choose the correct option.

1. I think teleportation is absolutely / very impossible.

2. The film I saw last night was rather / absolutely boring.
3. The story was really / absolutely / fairly amazing.
4. Climbing to the top of the mountain is completely / fairly impossible.
5. You are absolutely / rather right.
6. When she heard the news she felt really / completely upset.
7. The film was really / a bit fantastic.
8. The weather was absolutely / rather boiling.
9. This exercise is rather / absolutely easy.
10. The countryside was absolutely / fairly wonderful.
11. My cooking was rather / really disastrous.
12. His wife drives absolutely / very fast.

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Gold B2 Grammar extra file
VERB PATTERN: GERUND OR INFINITIVE?
1) CHOOSING BETWEEN GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

GERUND (VERB + -ING)

o We use the gerund :
o After prepositions and phrasal verbs
EX: I’m not very good at working in a team.
o As the subject of a sentence
EX: Shopping is my favourite thing to do.
o After some verbs:
Common verbs which take the gerund include: admit, appreciate, consider, delay,
deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, feel like, finish, give up, imagine, involve,
mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, recommend, resent, risk, suggest
o The negative gerund = not + verb + -ing
EX: I hate not being on time for meetings.

INFINITIVE WITH TO
o We use the to infinitive :
o After adjectives
EX: My flat is very easy to find.
o To express a reason or purpose
EX: Liam is saving money to buy a new car.
o After some verbs:
Common verbs which take the infinitive: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask,
attempt, begin, choose, consent, decide, expect, fail, happen, help, hesitate, hope,
intend, learn, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, swear, try,
want, wish, would like/love
o The negative infinitive = not to + verb
EX: Try not to make a noise.

GERUND & INFINITIVE WITH TO

o Verbs followed by both -ing or to infinitive with almost no difference in meaning:
o can’t bear, can’t stand, hate, like, love, prefer
o When these verbs are used with the infinitive, they tend to refer to more specific
situations
o When these verbs are used with -ing, they tend to refer to more general situations
o Verbs followed by both -ing or to infinitive with a difference in meaning:
o remember, forget, regret, stop, try
o The meaning of these verbs change according to whether they are followed by -ing
or the infinitive.
o When used with -ing the meaning tends to be related to something in the past
o CF GOLD BOOK page 143-144 for the difference in meaning AND YouTube video
on TEAMS
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Gold B2 Grammar extra file
2) CHOOSING BETWEEN TO INFINITIVE OR BARE INFINITIVE

VERB + BARE INFINITIVE

o After modal verbs, the “to” is omitted. Modal verbs: will, shall, would, could, can, may,
might, must, should)
EX: I might walk there if it doesn’t rain.

VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE

o Some verbs ask an object + to infinitive.

EX: I want you to do this right now.
o Common verbs : advise, allow, ask, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, help,
instruct, intend, invite, leave, like mean, need, order, persuade, prefer, remind, request,
teach, tell, tempt want, warn

VERB + OBJECT + BARE INFINITIVE

o Some verbs ask an object + bare infinitive.

EX: She always makes me laugh.
o Common verbs: let, make, hear, help, see, have
⚠ Help can be used with or without to. No difference in meaning.

3) VERBS FOLLOWED BY BOTH -ING OR INFINITIVE WITH A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING

REMEMBER

o remember + infinitive = remember something that needs to be done

EX: Remember to take a jacket. I remembered to take the cake.
Meaning: Don’t forget you need to take a jacket. / I didn’t forget to bring the cake (which
needed to be done)

o remember + gerund = remember something that happened in the past (like a memory)
EX: She remembers taking her jacket.
Meaning: She has a memory of taking her jacket (i.e. she remembers the action of picking
it up and putting it on).

FORGET

o forget + infinitive = forget something that needs to be done

EX: He forgot to do his homework.
Meaning: He didn’t do his homework. He forgot it was necessary.

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Gold B2 Grammar extra file
o forget + gerund = forget something that happened in the past
EX: He forgot going to Spain.
Meaning: He has no memory of going to Spain. He was too young at the time.

STOP

o stop + infinitive = stop something in order to do another action (=arrêter pour faire qqch)
In these sentences, we usually do not say the action that we stopped because it’s obvious
to the listener.
EX: He stopped to talk to me. (He stopped walking in order to talk to me).
EX: She stopped to eat. (She stopped driving in order to eat.)

o stop + gerund = stop a continuous action or habit (=arrêter de faire qqch)

EX: He stopped talking to me. / She stopped smoking.
Meaning: He doesn’t talk to me anymore. / She doesn’t smoke anymore.

TRY

o try + infinitive = make an effort to do something. It may be sth very difficult or even
impossible
EX: The surgeon tried to save his life but he died on the operating table.

o try + gerund = to experiment with an action that might be a solution to your problem, that
might be useful
EX: If you have problems sleeping, you could try doing some yoga before you go to bed.

REGRET

o regret + infinitive = feel sorry to have to tell somebody about something

EX: We regret to inform you that you are fired.

o regret + gerund = regret a past action

EX: I regret eating too much last night.

Video: How to use gerunds and infinitives :

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Gold B2 Grammar extra file

VERB PATTERN PRACTICE

F. Are the following sentences correct or wrong? Correct the mistakes. Some sentences
are correct and don’t need to be changed.
to go

1. Jim can’t afford going to the cinema twice a week.

2. David wishes leaving the room.

3. Are you waiting to use

to
the phone?

4. I’d really like going swimming on Saturday.

5. Emma pretended leaving, but waited outside.

6. James agreed to meet me at the beach.

7. My bike seems having something wrong with it.

8. The director refused answering Helen’s phone call.

G. Choose the correct option in italics.

1. Do you think that the government might call / to call a general election soon?
2. Leila would love to learn / learning to play the saxophone.
3. The builders expect having / to have finished the roof by the end of next week.
4. If we wanted selling / to sell our house right now, we would have / to have to lower the
price.
5. My Canadian friend has offered to help to teach / teaching our children English.
6. We’d prefer to spend / spending our holiday somewhere quiet and peaceful.
7. The writers threatened not to / to not complete the script for the next episode of the
drama.
8. I don’t mind being / to be the centre of attention.
9. People tell me / to me that I’m perfect.
10. I want having / to have a pierced nose.
11. I can’t stand reading / to read fashion magazines.
12. I enjoy spending / to spend money.
13. I need getting / to get a new camera.
14. I never ask people helping / to help me.

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H. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. She delayed _____________________ (get) out of bed.

2. He demanded _____________________ (speak) to the manager.

3. I offered _____________________ (help).

4. I miss _____________________ (go) to the beach.

5. I’d hate _____________________ (arrive) too late.

6. She admitted _____________________ (steal) the money.

7. I chose _____________________ (work) here.

8. It seems _____________________ (be) raining.

9. I considered _____________________ (move) to Spain.

10. They practiced _____________________ (speak).

11. Finally I managed _____________________ (finish) the work.

12. I really can’t stand _____________________ (wait) for the bus.

13. Unfortunately, we can’t afford _____________________ (to buy) a new car this year.

14. I’d love _____________________ (come) with you.

15. I prepared _____________________ (go) on holiday.