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QAM Modulation

The document presents an assignment on QAM modulation by Palanikumar S, detailing the implementation of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in MATLAB. It includes code for generating a random binary bit stream, modulating it, adding noise, demodulating the received signal, and calculating the Bit Error Rate (BER). Additionally, it explores the effects of different signal constellation sizes (mlevel) on BER and noise immunity.

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21 views13 pages

QAM Modulation

The document presents an assignment on QAM modulation by Palanikumar S, detailing the implementation of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in MATLAB. It includes code for generating a random binary bit stream, modulating it, adding noise, demodulating the received signal, and calculating the Bit Error Rate (BER). Additionally, it explores the effects of different signal constellation sizes (mlevel) on BER and noise immunity.

Uploaded by

VISHNU'S TECH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NAAN MUDHALVAN

ASSIGNMENT-1

BY,

PALANIKUMAR S

B.E.ECE(YEAR 3)

THANGAVELU ENGINEERING COLLEGE


QAM MODULATION
QAM Modulation;
% Clear the command window and any variables in the workspace

clear

clc

% Define the number of data points

N = 1000; % number of data

% Define the size of the signal constellation

mlevel = 4; % size of signal constellation

% Calculate the number of bits per symbol

k = log2(mlevel); % number of bits per symbol

% Generate random binary bit stream of length N

x = randi([0 1], N, 1); % signal generation in bit stream

% Convert the bit stream into symbols using binary to decimal conversion

% Reshape the binary stream into a matrix with each column representing a symbol

% and each row representing a set of bits for each symbol

% 'left-msb' indicates that the most significant bit (MSB) is on the left side

xsym = bi2de(reshape(x, k, length(x)/k).', 'left-msb'); % convert the bit stream into symbol stream

% Modulate the symbols using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

xmod = qammod(xsym, mlevel); % modulation


% Store the modulated symbols in a variable for transmission

Tx_x = xmod;

% Define the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in decibels

SNR = 5;

% Add Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) to the transmitted signal

Tx_awgn = awgn(Tx_x, SNR, 'measured'); % adding AWGN

% Store the received signal after noise addition

Rx_x = Tx_awgn; % Received signal

% Demodulate the received signal to recover the symbols

Rx_x_demod = qamdemod(Rx_x, mlevel); % demodulation

% Convert the demodulated symbols back to binary bits

z = de2bi(Rx_x_demod, 'left-msb'); % Convert integers to bits.

% Convert the matrix of bits back to a vector

Rx_x_BitStream = reshape(z.', prod(size(z)), 1); % Convert z from a matrix to a vector.

% Calculate the Bit Error Rate (BER) by comparing the transmitted and received bits

[number_of_errors, bit_error_rate] = biterr(x, Rx_x_BitStream); % Calculate BER

% Plot each step of the process

subplot(5,2,[1 2]); stem(x(1:200),'filled'); title('Transmitted Bit Stream');


subplot(5,2,[3 4]); stem(xsym(1:50),'filled'); title('Transmitted Symbol');

subplot(5,2,5); plot(real(Tx_x), imag(Tx_x), 'go', 'MarkerFaceColor', [0, 1, 0]);

axis([-mlevel/2 mlevel/2 -mlevel/2 mlevel/2]);

subplot(5,2,6); plot(real(Rx_x), imag(Rx_x), 'go', 'MarkerFaceColor', [0, 1, 0]);

axis([-mlevel/2 mlevel/2 -mlevel/2 mlevel/2]);

subplot(5,2,[7 8]); stem(Rx_x_demod(1:50),'filled'); title('Received Symbol');

subplot(5,2,[9 10]); stem(Rx_x_BitStream(1:200),'filled'); title('Received BitStream');

OUTPUT;
1.Explore the multiple in QAM.

Program;

% Clear the command window and any variables in the workspace

clear

clc

% Define the number of data points

N = 1000; % number of data

% Define the size of the signal constellation

mlevel = 8; % size of signal constellation

% Calculate the number of bits per symbol

k = log2(mlevel); % number of bits per symbol

% Generate random binary bit stream of length N

x = randi([0 1], N, 1); % signal generation in bit stream

% Convert the bit stream into symbols using binary to decimal conversion

% Reshape the binary stream into a matrix with each column representing a symbol

% and each row representing a set of bits for each symbol

% 'left-msb' indicates that the most significant bit (MSB) is on the left side

xsym = bi2de(reshape(x, k, length(x)/k).', 'left-msb'); % convert the bit stream into symbol stream

% Modulate the symbols using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

xmod = qammod(xsym, mlevel); % modulation


% Store the modulated symbols in a variable for transmission

Tx_x = xmod;

% Define the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in decibels

SNR = 5;

% Add Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) to the transmitted signal

Tx_awgn = awgn(Tx_x, SNR, 'measured'); % adding AWGN

% Store the received signal after noise addition

Rx_x = Tx_awgn; % Received signal

% Demodulate the received signal to recover the symbols

Rx_x_demod = qamdemod(Rx_x, mlevel); % demodulation

% Convert the demodulated symbols back to binary bits

z = de2bi(Rx_x_demod, 'left-msb'); % Convert integers to bits.

% Convert the matrix of bits back to a vector

Rx_x_BitStream = reshape(z.', prod(size(z)), 1); % Convert z from a matrix to a vector.

% Calculate the Bit Error Rate (BER) by comparing the transmitted and received bits

[number_of_errors, bit_error_rate] = biterr(x, Rx_x_BitStream); % Calculate BER

% Plot each step of the process

subplot(5,2,[1 2]); stem(x(1:200),'filled'); title('Transmitted Bit Stream');

subplot(5,2,[3 4]); stem(xsym(1:50),'filled'); title('Transmitted Symbol');


subplot(5,2,5); plot(real(Tx_x), imag(Tx_x), 'go', 'MarkerFaceColor', [0, 1, 0]);

axis([-mlevel/2 mlevel/2 -mlevel/2 mlevel/2]);

subplot(5,2,6); plot(real(Rx_x), imag(Rx_x), 'go', 'MarkerFaceColor', [0, 1, 0]);

axis([-mlevel/2 mlevel/2 -mlevel/2 mlevel/2]);

subplot(5,2,[7 8]); stem(Rx_x_demod(1:50),'filled'); title('Received Symbol');

subplot(5,2,[9 10]); stem(Rx_x_BitStream(1:200),'filled'); title('Received BitStream');

OUTPUT;
2.Explore the impact of mlevel on BER.

Program;

% Clear the command window and any variables in the workspace

clear

clc

% Define the number of data points

N = 1000; % number of data

% Define the size of the signal constellation

mlevel = 4; % size of signal constellation

% Calculate the number of bits per symbol

k = log2(mlevel); % number of bits per symbol

% Generate random binary bit stream of length N

x = randi([0 1], N, 1); % signal generation in bit stream

% Convert the bit stream into symbols using binary to decimal conversion

% Reshape the binary stream into a matrix with each column representing a symbol

% and each row representing a set of bits for each symbol

% 'left-msb' indicates that the most significant bit (MSB) is on the left side

xsym = bi2de(reshape(x, k, length(x)/k).', 'left-msb'); % convert the bit stream into symbol stream

% Modulate the symbols using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

xmod = qammod(xsym, mlevel); % modulation


% Store the modulated symbols in a variable for transmission

Tx_x = xmod;

% Define the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in decibels

SNR = 5;

% Add Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) to the transmitted signal

Tx_awgn = awgn(Tx_x, SNR, 'measured'); % adding AWGN

% Store the received signal after noise addition

Rx_x = Tx_awgn; % Received signal

% Demodulate the received signal to recover the symbols

Rx_x_demod = qamdemod(Rx_x, mlevel); % demodulation

% Convert the demodulated symbols back to binary bits

z = de2bi(Rx_x_demod, 'left-msb'); % Convert integers to bits.

% Convert the matrix of bits back to a vector

Rx_x_BitStream = reshape(z.', prod(size(z)), 1); % Convert z from a matrix to a vector.

% Plot each step of the process

subplot(5,2,[1 2]); stem(x(1:200),'filled'); title('Transmitted Bit Stream');

subplot(5,2,[3 4]); stem(xsym(1:50),'filled'); title('Transmitted Symbol');

subplot(5,2,5); plot(real(Tx_x), imag(Tx_x), 'go', 'MarkerFaceColor', [0, 1, 0]);

axis([-mlevel/2 mlevel/2 -mlevel/2 mlevel/2]);

subplot(5,2,6); plot(real(Rx_x), imag(Rx_x), 'go', 'MarkerFaceColor', [0, 1, 0]);


axis([-mlevel/2 mlevel/2 -mlevel/2 mlevel/2]);

subplot(5,2,[7 8]); stem(Rx_x_demod(1:50),'filled'); title('Received Symbol');

subplot(5,2,[9 10]); stem(Rx_x_BitStream(1:200),'filled'); title('Received BitStream');

OUTPUT;
3. Explore how Noise immunity differs with different mlevel values

Program;

% Clear the command window and any variables in the workspace

clear

clc

% Define the number of data points

N = 1000; % number of data

% Define the size of the signal constellation

mlevel = 4; % size of signal constellation

% Calculate the number of bits per symbol

k = log2(mlevel); % number of bits per symbol

% Generate random binary bit stream of length N

x = randi([0 1], N, 1); % signal generation in bit stream

% Convert the bit stream into symbols using binary to decimal conversion

% Reshape the binary stream into a matrix with each column representing a symbol

% and each row representing a set of bits for each symbol

% 'left-msb' indicates that the most significant bit (MSB) is on the left side

xsym = bi2de(reshape(x, k, length(x)/k).', 'left-msb'); % convert the bit stream into symbol stream

% Modulate the symbols using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

xmod = qammod(xsym, mlevel); % modulation


% Store the modulated symbols in a variable for transmission

Tx_x = xmod;

% Define the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in decibels

SNR = 3;

% Add Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) to the transmitted signal

Tx_awgn = awgn(Tx_x, SNR, 'measured'); % adding AWGN

% Store the received signal after noise addition

Rx_x = Tx_awgn; % Received signal

% Demodulate the received signal to recover the symbols

Rx_x_demod = qamdemod(Rx_x, mlevel); % demodulation

% Convert the demodulated symbols back to binary bits

z = de2bi(Rx_x_demod, 'left-msb'); % Convert integers to bits.

% Convert the matrix of bits back to a vector

Rx_x_BitStream = reshape(z.', prod(size(z)), 1); % Convert z from a matrix to a vector.

% Calculate the Bit Error Rate (BER) by comparing the transmitted and received bits

[number_of_errors, bit_error_rate] = biterr(x, Rx_x_BitStream); % Calculate BER

% Plot each step of the process

subplot(5,2,[1 2]); stem(x(1:200),'filled'); title('Transmitted Bit Stream');

subplot(5,2,[3 4]); stem(xsym(1:50),'filled'); title('Transmitted Symbol');


subplot(5,2,5); plot(real(Tx_x), imag(Tx_x), 'go', 'MarkerFaceColor', [0, 1, 0]);

axis([-mlevel/2 mlevel/2 -mlevel/2 mlevel/2]);

subplot(5,2,6); plot(real(Rx_x), imag(Rx_x), 'go', 'MarkerFaceColor', [0, 1, 0]);

axis([-mlevel/2 mlevel/2 -mlevel/2 mlevel/2]);

subplot(5,2,[7 8]); stem(Rx_x_demod(1:50),'filled'); title('Received Symbol');

subplot(5,2,[9 10]); stem(Rx_x_BitStream(1:200),'filled'); title('Received BitStream');

OUTPUT;

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