1.

Define the term "Engineering"

Engineering is the art and science of utilizing the natural resources for the benefit of human being
in the must sustainable way.
2. Define Dry bulb temperature, Wet bulb temperature, Wet bulb depression, dew point temperature,
Dew point depression, relative humidity and effective temperature.
Dry bulb temperature: It is the temperature of air recorded by thermometer, when it is not affected by
the moisture present in the air.
Wet bulb temperature: It is the temperature of air recorded by thermometer, when its bulb is surrounded
by wet cloth exposed to the air. Such a thermometer is called wet bulb thermometer.
Wet bulb depression: It is the difference between the dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature at
any point.
Dew point temperature: It is the temperature of air recorded by thermometer, when the moisture (water
vapor) present in it begins to condense. In other words, the dew point temperature is the saturation
temperature corresponding to the partial pressure of water vapor.
Dew point depression: It is the difference between the dry bulb temperature and dew point temperature
of air.
Relative Humidity (RH) is the percentage measure of how much water vapor is present in the air
compared to the maximum amount the air can hold at a given temperature.
Effective Temperature: (ET) is defined as that temperature of saturated air at which the subject would
experience the same feeling of comfort as experienced in the actual unsaturated environment.
3. State the First Law and the Second Law, Third law and Third law of Thermodynamics.
First Law:
✓ The energy can neither be created nor destroyed through it can be transformed from
one to another from.
✓ “The heat & mechanical work are mutually converted”. dQ=dW
Second Law:
✓ It is impossible to construct an engine working in a cyclic process whose sole purpose is to convert
heat energy into an equivalent amount of work.
✓ It is impossible for self-acting machine working in a cyclic process to transfer heat from a body at
a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the aid of an external agency.
Third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero.
Zeroth law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium
with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.
4. Draw the PV and TS diagram with the name of the processes of Rankine and Brayton cycle.

• The procedure 1-2 is isentropic expansion in the turbine,

• 2-3 is isobaric reversible heat refusal in the condenser,
• 3-4 is a reversible adiabatic compression takes place in pump, and
• 4-1 is an isobaric heat addition procedure in the boiler.

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5. Define the term Entropy and Enthalpy.
Entropy: Entropy means transformation. It is the important thermodynamics property of a
working substance which increase with the addition of heat and decrease with removal of it. dQ=Tds.
Enthalpy: In thermodynamics process, it is the sum of the internal energy and product of pressure and
volume. H= U+pv (H=enthalpy, u=internal energy, p= pressure, v= volume).
6. Draw the schematic diagram of a vapor compression and vapor absorption cycle.

7. Write down the general equation for convection heat transfer.

The general equation for convection heat transfer is expressed using Newton's Law of Cooling:

8. Define fin. Explain the usage of fins in thermal system.

A fin is an extended surface attached to a body or system to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing
the surface area available for heat exchange between the body and its surroundings.
Where Are Fins Used?
• Heat sinks in computers and electronics (like CPUs and GPUs).
• Radiators in cars and bikes to cool engines.
• Air conditioners and refrigerators for heat removal.
• Solar panels to remove heat and improve performance.
• Industrial equipment like boilers and furnaces.
9. Explain parallel (Concurrent) and counter flow heat exchanger with temperature profile

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10. Define Ton of Refrigeration. Explain the coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigeration system.
Tonne of Refrigeration (TR): The tonne of refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect
produce by the uniform melting of one tonne (1000 kg) of ice from and at 0˚C in 24 hours.
In actual practice, one tonne of refrigeration is taken as equivalent to 210 kJ/min or 3.5 kW.
C.O.P.: The Coefficient of Performance is the ratio of heat extract in the Refrigerator to the work done on
the refrigerant. It is also known as the theoretical Coefficient of Performance.
(C.O.P.)R= T1/ (T2-T1) { T2>T1} Or
C.O.P. = Refrigerant effect / Compressor work. Relative C.O.P. = Actual C.O.P./Theoretical C.O.P.
11. Explain the uses of hydrogen in Electrolux refrigeration system.
Hydrogen is used in an Electrolux refrigerator to increase the evaporation rate of ammonia, which is the
refrigerant. Hydrogen is also used to maintain a uniform pressure throughout the system.
12. Define Summer and winter air conditioning.
Summer air conditioning is a system that cools and dehumidifies the air in a space to make it more
comfortable in hot weather.
Winter air conditioning system consists of a heating system, humidity control system and a steam trap
system
13. Define the following terms. (a) Coplanar forces (b)
Concurrent forces.
a. Coplanar forces are forces that lie in the same plane.
b. Concurrent forces are forces whose lines of action
meet or intersect at a single point.

14. What is the acceleration produced by a force of 120 N in a mass of 35 kg?

Given, F=125 N, m=25kg,
We Know that, F=ma, a=F/m=125/25, =5 ms-2
15. Define Instantaneous center of velocity.
The instantaneous velocity center of a body undergoing planar movement is a point that has zero velocity
at a particular instant of time.
16. Find the equation for expressing vector. Explain your answer.
(a) 6x + 4y + 5z = 0 (b) 2xi + 4yj + 7zk = 0
17. A motorbike is turning at a road of 6m radius with a velocity of 12 m/s. Find the normal acceleration.
𝑣2 122
Given, V= 12 𝑚𝑠 −1, r = 6 m, ∴𝑎= = = 24𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑟 6
18. Explain the momentum conservation. Write an equation of such case of conservation.
The principle of momentum conservation states that the total momentum of a system of particles remains
constant if no external forces act on the system. The formula for the Law of Conservation of Momentum
is 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚`1 𝑣`1 + 𝑚`2 𝑣`2 . m=Mass of the system (kg), v=Velocity of the system (m/s)
19. Write down the difference between Engine and Machine.
The engine is a prime mover that converts fuel energy into unable mechanical energy. On the other hand,
a machine is a device that is driven by an engine or some other source of power to perform work.
20. Explain the process for checking the presence of a crank in the arrangement if four-bar (s,p,q,l)
planar mechanism has lengths of 12, 31, 38, 50 cm respectively.
Given Data, S=12 cm, l=50 cm, p=31 cm, q=38 cm
From Grashof’s law, 𝑠 + 𝑙 ≤ 𝑝 + 𝑤
𝑜𝑟 12 + 50 ≤ 31 + 38
or 62 < 69 • the mechanism satisfies Grashof's Criterion, meaning a crank is present.

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21. Define kinematic inversion. Explain the usage of it for a mechanism.
Kinematic inversion is a method used in mechanisms to get different types of motion by fixing (holding
stationary) different links of the same mechanism, one at a time. By fixing different links:
• Fixing the shortest link results in a double-crank mechanism, useful for continuous rotation.
• Fixing the longest link produces a double-rocker mechanism, used for oscillatory motion.
• Fixing an intermediate link gives a crank-rocker mechanism,
22. Define the degree of freedom of a joint in link mechanism.
The degree of freedom (DOF) of a joint in a link mechanism refers to the number of independent relative
motions or parameters that can occur between the two connected links. It defines the extent to which one
link can move relative to the other.
23. Write down the Newton's law of viscosity.
This law states that the shear stress on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
strain. Mathematically, 𝜏 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑦 here, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝜇 = 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝜏 = shear stress
24. State the Bernoulli’s equation and mention its applications.
The Bernoulli’s Equation states that ‘For a perfect incompressible liquid, flowing in a continuous stream,
the total energy of a particle remains the same, while the particle moves from one point to another.
𝑉1 2 𝑃1 𝑉2 2 𝑃2
Mathematically, 𝑍1 + + = 𝑍2 + +
2𝑔 𝜔 2𝑔 𝜔
Applications: Venturi meter, Nozzle meter, Orifice meter, Pitot tube etc
25. Mention the major loss during fluid flow through the pipe and write the formula to determine this
loss.
The major loss during fluid flow through a pipe is due to friction between the fluid and the inner surface
of the pipe.
𝑓𝐿𝑣 2
Darcy equation, ℎ𝑓 = here, L=Length, v=Velocity, g=Acceleration, d=Diameter, f=Darcy friction
2𝑔𝐷
factor.
26. Show the propagation of wave in a compressible flow with subsonic, sonic and supersonic velocity
by diagram only.

27. Explain Weber's number, Reynold's number and Euler's number.

Reynold’s number: The ratio of inertial force and viscous force is called Reynolds number. It is a
dimensionless number. It determines the type of fluid flow.
Froude’s number: The ratio of the inertia force to the gravity force is called Froude’s number.
Weber’s number: The ratio of the inertia force to the surface tension force is called Weber’s number.
Euler’s number: The ratio of the inertia force to the pressure force is called Euler’s number.
Mach’s number: The ratio of actual velocity (v) of fluid to the velocity of sound wave or sonic velocity
(c), is known as Mach number.

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28. Compare a Pelton wheel with an impulse turbine. Classify the type of head of such turbine.
The impulse turbine run by the impulse of water which goes through the nozzle. The Pelton wheel
is also the impulse turbine. It’s used to high head of water. the type of head of such turbine:
-low head, 2-15m. Kaplan turbine, medium,16-70 m, Fancis turbine, high,71-500 m, Pelton wheel turbine
29. Explain the necessity of priming for Centrifugal pump.
Priming is the process of removing air from the pump and filling it with liquid before starting because:
✓ Centrifugal Pumps Cannot Suck Air
✓ Avoid Dry Running
✓ Prevent Air Blockage
30. Write down the difference between positive displacement pump and negative displacement pump.

Aspect Positive Displacement Pump Negative Displacement Pump

Pumps a fixed amount of fluid with each stroke or Pumps variable amounts of fluid based on
Operation
revolution. pressure and resistance.
Flow rate changes with system
Flow Rate Constant flow rate, regardless of system pressure.
pressure.
Pressure Can handle high pressures without changing flow
Flow decreases with increasing pressure.
Handling rate.
More efficient in delivering a consistent flow at Less efficient under varying pressure
Efficiency
higher pressures. conditions.
Examples Gear pumps, diaphragm pumps, piston pumps. Centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps.

31. Define ductile material, Elasticity, Plasticity, Brittleness, Malleability, Toughness.

Ductile: A ductile material is one that can be drawn into wire when subjected to a tensile force without
breaking.
Elasticity: It is the property of a material to regain its shape after deformation when the external forces are
removed.
Plasticity: It is the property of a material which retains the deformation produced under the load
permanently.
Brittleness: It is the property of breaking of a material with little permanent distortion
Malleability: It is a special case of ductility which permits material to be rolled or hammered into thin
sheets.
Toughness: It is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high impact loads like hammer blows.
32. Write the difference between sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis of a project.
Sensitivity Analysis: A technique used to determine how changes in one variable affect the outcome of a
project or financial model.
Scenario Analysis: A technique used to evaluate how different sets of assumptions or conditions (multiple
variables) impact the possible outcomes of a project or financial model.
33. The investment cost of a project is BDT 11,000. If the profit earned per year is BDT 2100, calculate
the payback period of the project?
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 11,000
𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 = = = 5.24 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 2,100

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34. Differentiate the Lathe machine from the milling machine in terms of tool operation.
Lathe machine: A machine that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to performance various
operations such as plain turning, step turning, taper turning, grooving, threading, knurling, drilling, boring,
and facing with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object. Example: live centre lathe, dead
centre lathe etc.
Milling machine: A Machine tool in which a horizontal arbor or vertical spindle rotates a cutting tool
above a horizontal table, in which is used to perform different types operations of work piece such as
plain/slab milling, bevel milling, side milling, end milling, form milling, helical/spiral milling, angular
milling etc.
35. Write the differences between die casting and investment casting.
36. Mention the similarities between die casting and injection molding.
Die casting is a manufacturing process used to create metal parts by injecting molten metal into a mold
cavity (called a die) under high pressure. Once the metal solidifies, the mold is opened, and the final part
is removed.
Injection molding is a manufacturing process used to produce parts by injecting molten plastic or other
materials into a mold. The material solidifies in the mold, creating a finished part with the desired shape
and features.
37. Mention the importance of a Riser/Reserve in a pattern.
A riser (also called a feeder) is an extra reservoir of molten metal in a casting mold that supplies additional
material as the casting solidifies. It helps prevent defects and ensures a high-quality casting.
38. Write the differences between the drawing and extrusion in metal forming process.
39. Explain the reason of a core to be placed in a pattern.
A core is placed in a pattern to create hollow sections or complex internal cavities in a casting that cannot
be formed using only the mold.
40. Explain Hooke’s Law.
Hooke's law to say that the strain (deformation) of an elastic object or material is proportional to the stress
applied to it. Mathematically: 𝐹 ∝ 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑘 = 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙,
𝑥 = 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
41. Describe stress-strain diagram for ductile material.

42. Define Poisson’s ratio. Explain the reason of its negativity.

Poisson’s ratio is the ratio of lateral strain (sideways deformation) to longitudinal strain (lengthwise
deformation) when a material is stretched or compressed.
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝜗=−
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
Poisson’s ratio has a negative sign because, typically, when a material is stretched (under tension) in one
direction, it will contract (in compression) in the perpendicular direction.

6
43. Explain Fourier’s law of heat conduction.
Fourier’s Law of heat conduction: The rate of flow of heat through a simple homogeneous solid
is directly proportional to the area of the section at right angles to the direction of heat flow and to
change of temperature with respect to the length of the path of the heat flow.
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
∴𝑸∝𝑨 , 𝑸 = −𝑲𝑨 (K= Thermal conduction), = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
44. Explain the term ‘Probability’.
The ratio of the number of favorable outcomes and the total number of possible outcomes. Probability
ranges from 0 to 1.
45. Define Property, Process and Cycle.
Property: A property is a characteristic or attribute of a system that can be measured or quantified. Such
as Pressure, Volume, Temperature, Density, Internal Energy. Enthalpy etc.
Process: A process is the change or transformation a system undergoes when it moves from one state to
another.
Cycle: A series of processes that bring the system back to its original state.
46. Analyze the following member, Explain your answer.
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒) = = ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴 𝑏×ℎ
𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑦
𝜎(𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) = =
𝐼 𝑏ℎ3
12
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑦 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

47. What are the difference between stress and pressure?

The difference between stress and pressure: Pressure is a force, and stress is the result of that force being
applied to a system. If pressure is applied to a metal, the metal is stressed.
48. What is calibration?
Calibration is the process of comparing a measuring instrument or device against a known standard to
ensure its accuracy. It involves adjusting the instrument if necessary to minimize errors and improve
measurement reliability.
49. Define the term Calorific value.
Calorific value is the amount of energy a fuel releases when it's burned. It's measured in units like joules
or calories. A higher calorific value means the fuel gives more energy.
50. Explain the term Thermal Conductivity.
Thermal Conductivity is the property of a material that determines how easily heat can pass through it. It
measures the rate at which heat flows through a material due to a temperature difference. It is usually
represented by the symbol k and is expressed in (W/m·°C).

51. Explain isothermal and adiabatic processes.

Isothermal Process: A thermodynamic process in which the temperature of a system remains constant
while pressure and volume change. Heat is exchanged with the surroundings to maintain the temperature.
Adiabatic Process: A thermodynamic process in which no heat is exchanged with the surroundings,
causing the system's temperature to change as pressure and volume change.

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52. Define pure substance.
A pure substance is a substance that is made of only one type of atom or molecule. Pure substances have a
fixed composition and structure, and they have distinct melting and boiling points.
53. Draw the schematic diagram of an Otto and Diesel cycle.

54. Explain the significance of the following statements. DoF > 0, DoF = 0, DoF < 0.
If DoF > 0, it’s a mechanism, If DoF = 0, it’s a structure, If DoF < 0. it’s a preloaded structure.
55. Explain the equation of state.
The equation of state (EoS) is a thermodynamic equation that relates the pressure, volume, and temperature
of a substance. The most commonly used equation of state for ideal gases is the Ideal Gas Law, which is
given by: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑅 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
56. Write some names of boiler mountings.
Pressure Gauge, Water Level Indicator, Safety Valve, Blow-off Valve, Steam Stop Valve, Feed Check
Valve, Surge Tank, Manhole, Fusible Plug.
57. What is stain gauge load cell?
A strain gauge load cell is a type of force sensor that uses the strain gauge principle to measure the force
or load applied to it. Strain gauge load cells are commonly used in various applications, such as weighing
scales, industrial machinery, and material testing.
58. Write the expression of kinetic energy of rotation of rigid body.
𝐼𝜔2
∴ 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜔 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
2
59. Define Heat and temperature.
Heat is a measure of transferred energy from one body to another because of temperature different. (J)
Temperature is a position of any matter that indicates the hotness or coolness of this matter.
60. Define composite and polymer materials.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more different materials to create something stronger
or more useful than the individual materials alone. For example, in fiberglass, glass fibers are combined
with resin to make a strong material used in boats and car bodies.
Polymer materials are made from long chains of molecules. These molecules are built from smaller units
called monomers. Polymers can be flexible or strong and are used in everyday items like plastic bottles,
rubber tires, and clothing.
61. What is pattern? What is the different between pattern and mold.
A pattern is a replica or model of the object to be cast, made from a material like wood, metal, or plastic.
Pattern is the model of the object, while mold is the hollow cavity created from the pattern.

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62. Explain factor of safety in designing machine elements for brittle and ductile materials.
Factor of Safety (FoS) is a design concept used to ensure that machine elements do not fail under expected
loads or stresses. The formula is: FoS= Strength of Material / Allowable Stress.
Brittle materials: Higher FoS (typically 5 to 10) because of sudden, catastrophic failure. Examples: Glass,
Cast Iron, Ceramics, Concrete
Ductile materials: Lower FoS (typically 1.5 to 3) because they provide warning signs of failure through
plastic deformation. Examples: Steel, Aluminum, Copper, Gold.
63. How to identify the sheet and metal by the thickness?
• Thin Sheets: 0.1 mm to 3 mm • Medium Sheets: 3 mm to 6 mm • Thick Sheets: 6 mm to 10 mm
64. Define the relation between shear stress and torque.
𝑇𝑐
∴𝜏= 𝐽
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜏 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝐽 = 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎,
𝑐 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟

65. Explain the difference between beam and column with suitable figures & explain the Mohr’s Circle.
A beam is a horizontal or sloped structural element designed to support transverse loads (i.e., loads acting
perpendicular to its length). It primarily resists bending and shear forces.
A column is a vertical structural member that supports axial compressive loads. It is primarily designed to
carry compressive forces.
Mohr’s Circle is a graphical method used to represent the state of stress at a point in a material, which is
subjected to normal and shear stresses.