Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Introduction -
The word “planning”
It involves the process of thinking, formulation of a scheme
or programme and implementation of a set of actions to
achieve some goal.
Theme Planning with reference to the process of economic development.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Introduction -
How the planning is done?
● It is different from the traditional hit-and-miss methods by which reforms and reconstruction are
often undertaken.
● Generally, there are two approaches to planning, i.e., sectoral planning and regional planning.
Sectoral Planning Regional Planning
Sectoral planning means formulation and implementation of Regional planning means formulation
the sets of schemes or programmes aimed at development of and implementation of schemes or
various sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, irrigation, programmes for the development of
manufacturing, power, construction, transport, backward region to reduce regional
communication, social infrastructure and services. imbalance in the development.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Introduction -
What we are going to study in this chapter?
❖ Target Area Planning
❖ Hill Area Development Programme
❖ Drought Prone Area Programme
❖ Case Study - Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmour* Region
❖ Sustainable Development
❖ Case Study - Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area
❖ Measures for Promotion of Sustainable Development
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Target Area Planning -
➔ The planning process has to take special care of those Target Area Planning
areas which have remained economically backward.
The economic development of a region depends upon its resource base. But sometimes
resource-rich region also remain backward. Why?
Economic development requires technology, as well as, investment besides resources.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Target Area Planning -
Evolution of Target Area Planning
● With the planning experience of about one-and-a-half decades, it was realised that regional
imbalances in economic development were getting accentuated.
● In order to arrest the accentuation of regional and social disparities, the Planning Commission
introduced the ‘target area’ and target group approaches to planning.
● Some of the examples of programmes directed towards the development of target areas are -
➔ Command Area Development Programme
➔ Drought Prone Area Development Programme
➔ Desert Development Programme
➔ Hill Area Development Programme
➔ The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA)
➔ Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA)
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Target Area Planning -
In the 8th Five Year Plan special area programmes were designed to develop infrastructure in
hill areas, north-eastern states, tribal areas and backward areas.
Hill Area Development Programme
Drought Prone Area Programme
Case Study - Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmour* Region
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Hill Area Development Programme -
Understand the heading
● Hill Area Development Programmes were initiated during the Fifth Five Year Plan covering 15
districts comprising all the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh (present Uttarakhand), Mikir Hill and
North Cachar hills of Assam, Darjeeling district of West Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu.
● The National Committee on the Development of Backward Area in 1981 recommended that all
the hill areas in the country having height above 600 m and not covered under tribal sub-plan be
treated as backward hill areas.
What steps were taken under this?
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Hill Area Development Programme -
Steps taken under Hill Area Development Programme
● The detailed plans for the development of hill areas
were drawn keeping in view their topographical,
ecological, social and economic conditions.
● These programmes aimed at harnessing the indigenous
resources of the hill areas through development of
horticulture, plantation, agriculture, animal husbandry,
poultry, forestry and small-scale and village industry.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Drought Prone Area Programme -
This programme was initiated during the Fourth Five Year Plan with the objectives of providing
employment to the people in drought-prone areas and creating productive assets.
Work Done?
● Initially, this programme laid emphasis on the
construction of labour-intensive civil works.
● But later on, it emphasised on irrigation projects, land
development programmes, afforestation, grassland
development and creation of basic rural infrastructure,
such as electricity, roads, market, credit and services.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Drought Prone Area Programme -
The National Committee on Development of Backward Areas
reviewed the performance of this programme.
● It has been observed that this programme is largely confined to the development of agriculture
and allied sectors with major focus on restoration of ecological balance.
● Since growing population pressure is forcing the society to utilise the marginal lands for
agriculture, and, thereby causing ecological degradation, there is a need to create alternative
employment opportunities in the drought prone areas.
● The restoration of ecological balance between water, soil, plants, and human and animal
population should be a basic consideration in the strategy of development of drought-prone areas.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Drought Prone Area Programme -
Drought Prone Area in Country
● The Planning Commission of India (1967) identified 67 districts (entire or partly) of the
country prone to drought.
● The Irrigation Commission (1972) introduced the criterion of 30 per cent irrigated area and
demarcated the drought-prone areas.
● Broadly, the drought prone area in India spread over semi-arid and arid tract of Rajasthan,
Gujarat, Western Madhya Pradesh, Marathwada region of Maharashtra, Rayalaseema and
Telangana plateaus of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka plateau and highlands and interior parts
of Tamil Nadu.
● The drought-prone areas of Punjab, Haryana and north-Rajasthan are largely protected due
to spread of irrigation in these regions.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmour Region -
Situations in the region
● Bharmour tribal area comprises Bharmour and Holi tehsils of
Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh.
● It is a notified tribal area since 21 November 1975.
● Bharmour is inhabited by ‘Gaddi’, a tribal community who
have maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan region as
they practised transhumance and conversed through Ghadiali
dialect.
● Bharmour tribal region has harsh climate conditions, low
resource base and fragile environment.
● These factors have influenced the society and Economy of the
region.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmour Region -
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmour Region -
● According to the 2011 census, the total population of
Bharmour subdivision was 39,113 i.e., 21 persons per sq km.
● It is one of the most (economically and socially) backward
areas of Himachal Pradesh.
● Historically, the Gaddis have experienced geographical and
political isolation and socio-economic deprivation.
● The economy is largely based on agriculture and allied
activities such as sheep and goat rearing.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmour Region -
The development programme
● The process of development of tribal area of Bharmour started in 1970s when Gaddis were
included among ‘scheduled tribes’.
● Under the Fifth Five Year Plan, the tribal sub-plan was introduced in 1974 and Bharmour
was designated as one of the five Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP) in
Himachal Pradesh.
● This area development plan was aimed at improving the quality of life of the Gaddis and
narrowing the gap in the level of development between Bharmour and other areas of
Himachal Pradesh.
● This plan laid the highest priority on development of transport and communications,
agriculture and allied activities, and social and community services.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmour Region -
Impact of Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmour
● The most significant contribution of tribal sub-plan in Bharmour region
is the development of infrastructure in terms of schools, healthcare
facilities, potable water, roads, communications and electricity.
● But the villages located along the river Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are
the main beneficiaries of infrastructural development.
● The remote villages in Tundah and Kugti areas still do not have
sufficient infrastructure.
● The social benefits derived from ITDP include tremendous increase in
literacy rate, improvement in sex ratio and decline in child marriage.
● The difference between males and females in literacy level i.e. gender
inequality, has also declined.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmour Region -
Situation at present
● Traditionally, the Gaddis had subsistence agricultural-cum-pastoral economy having emphasis on
food grains and livestock production.
● But during the last three decades of twentieth century, the cultivation of pulses and other cash
crops has increased in Bharmour region.
● The declining importance of pastoralism in the economy of the region can be gauged from the fact
that at present only about one-tenth of the total households practise transhumance.
● But the Gaddis are still very mobile as a sizeable section of them migrate to Kangra and
surrounding areas during winter to earn their livings from wage labour.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Sustainable Development -
Sustainable + Development
➔ What is development?
● The term development is generally used to describe the state of particular
societies and the process of changes experienced by them.
➔ What is sustainable?
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Sustainable Development -
the state of the societies has largely The processes of human environment
been determined by the interaction interaction depend upon the level of
processes between human societies technology and institutions nurtured
and their biophysical environment. by a society.
Impact
While the technology and institutions have helped in increasing the pace of human environment
interaction, the momentum thus, generated in return has accelerated technological progress and
transformation and creation of institutions.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Sustainable Development -
Development is a multi-dimensional concept and signifies the positive, irreversible
transformation of the economy, society and environment.
Development
● In the post World War II era, the concept of development was synonymous to economic growth
which is measured in terms of temporal increase in gross national product (GNP) and per capita
income/per capita consumption.
● But, even the countries having high economic growth, experienced speedy rise in poverty because
of its unequal distribution.
Impact
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Sustainable Development -
Evolution of the concept of border development
● In 1970s, the phrases such as redistribution with growth and growth and equity were incorporated
in the definition of development.
● While dealing with the questions related to redistribution and equity, it was realised that the
concept of development cannot be restricted to the economic sphere alone.
● It also includes the issues such as improving the well-being and living standard of people, availing
of the health, education and equality of opportunity and ensuring political and civil rights.
● By 1980s, development emerged as a concept encapsulating widespread improvement in social as
well as material well being of all in a society.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Sustainable Development -
Evolution of the concept of sustainable development
The notion of sustainable development
It reflected the concern of people
emerged in the wake of general rise in the
about undesirable effects of industrial
awareness of environmental issues in the
development on the environment.
late 1960s in Western World.
● The publication of ‘The Population Bomb’ by Ehrlich in 1968.
● ‘The Limits to Growth’ by Meadow.
Raised the level of fear among environmentalists in particular and people in general.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Sustainable Development -
Brundtland Report
● Concerned with the growing opinion of world community on the
environmental issues, the United Nations established a World
Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) headed
by the Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland.
● The Commission gave its report (also known as Brundtland
Report) entitled ‘Our Common Future’ in 1987.
● The report defines sustainable development as a “development
that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Sustainable Development -
Sustainable Development
● Sustainable development takes care of ecological, social and
economic aspects of development during the present times
and pleads for conservation of resources to enable the future
generations to use these resources.
● It takes into account the development of whole human kind
which have common future.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
● Indira Gandhi Canal, previously known as the Rajasthan
Canal, is one of the largest canal systems in India.
● Conceived by Kanwar Sain in 1948, the canal project was
launched on 31 March, 1958.
● The canal originates at Harike barrage in Punjab and runs
parallel to Pakistan border at an average distance of 40 km
in Thar Desert (Marusthali) of Rajasthan.
● The total planned length of the system is 9,060 km catering
to the irrigation needs of a total culturable command area
of 19.63 lakh hectares.
● Out of the total command area, about 70 per cent was
envisaged to be irrigated by flow system and the rest by lift
system.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
Concept of Indira Gandhi Canal
➔ The construction work of the canal system has been carried out through two stages.
The command area of stage - I The command area of stage - II
● Lies in Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and ● Spread over Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer,
northern part of Bikaner districts. Jodhpur, Nagaur and Churu districts covering
● It has a gently undulating topography and culturable command area of 14.10 lakh ha.
its culturable command area is 5.53 lakh ● It comprises desert land dotted with shifting
hectares. sand dunes and temperature soaring to 50ºC in
● Irrigation in Stage-I command area of the summers.
canal was introduced in early 1960s. ● The command area of Stage-II began receiving
irrigation in mid-1980s.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
Lift Canal v/s Flow Channels
Lift Canal Flow Channels
● The water is lifted up to make it to flow ● Flow Channel is an water flow system in
against the slope of the land. which the water flows in confining
● All the lift canals of Indira Gandhi Canal walls, at the channel inlet to a certain
system originate at the left bank of state at the outlet.
main canal. ● All the canals on the right bank of main
canal are flow channels.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
Impact of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area
● The introduction of canal irrigation in this dry land has transformed its ecology,
economy and society.
● It has influenced the environmental conditions of the region both positively as
well as negatively.
● The availability of soil moisture for a longer period of time and various
afforestation and pasture development programmes under CAD have resulted
in greening the land.
● This has also helped in reducing wind erosion and siltation of canal systems.
Negative
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
Negative impact of Indira Gandhi Canal
The intensive irrigation and excessive use of water has
led to the emergence of twin environmental problems
of waterlogging and soil salinity.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
● Introduction of canal irrigation has brought about a perceptible transformation in the
agricultural economy of the region.
● Soil moisture has been a limiting factor in successful growing of crops in this area.
● Spread of canal irrigation has led to increase in cultivated area and intensity of cropping.
● The traditional crops sown in the area, gram, bajra and jowar have been replaced by wheat,
cotton, groundnut and rice.
This intensive irrigation, no doubt, initially has led to tremendous increase in agricultural and
livestock productivity. This has also caused waterlogging and soil salinity, and thus, in the long
run, it hampers the sustainability of agriculture.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
Measures for Promotion of Sustainable Development
● The ecological sustainability of Indira Gandhi Canal Project has been questioned by various
scholars.
● Their point of view has also largely been validated by the course of development this region has
taken during the last four decades, which has resulted in degradation of physical environment.
● It is a hard fact that attaining sustainable development in the command area requires major thrust
upon the measures to achieve ecological sustainability.
∴ Five of the seven measures proposed to promote sustainable
development in the command area are meant to restore ecological balance.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
I. The first requirement is strict implementation of water
management policy.
● The canal project envisages protective irrigation in
Stage-I and extensive irrigation of crops and pasture
development in Stage-II.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
II. In general, the cropping pattern shall not include water
intensive crops.
● It shall be adhered to and people shall be encouraged to
grow plantation crops such as citrus fruits.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
III. The CAD programmes such as lining of water courses, land development and levelling and
warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water in the command area of outlet) shall be
effectively implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of water.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
IV. The areas affected by water logging and soil salinity shall be reclaimed.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
V. The eco-development through afforestation, shelterbelt plantation and pasture
development is necessary particularly in the fragile environment of Stage-II.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
VI. The social sustainability in the region can be achieved only if the land allottees having poor
economic background are provided adequate financial and institutional support for
cultivation of land.
Class 12th - Geography - Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area -
VII. The economic sustainability in the region cannot be attained only through development of
agriculture and animal husbandry.
● The agricultural and allied activities have to develop along with other sectors of economy.
● This shall lead to diversification of economic base and establishment of functional linkages
between basic villages, agro-service centres and market centres.
