Interview questions & Answers

Saikrishna Nangunuri | SDE2 @HCCI |

https://www.linkedin.com/in/saikrishnanangunuri/

1. What is the difference between 'Pass by Value'

and 'Pass by Reference'?
In JavaScript, whenever a function is called, the arguments can be passed in
two ways, either pass by value or pass by reference.

Primitive datatypes such as string, number,boolean,null and undefined are

passed by value.

Non -primitive datatypes such as object,arrays or functions are passed by

reference.

In Pass by value, parameters passed as an arguments creates their own copy.

So any changes made inside the function are made to the copied value so it will
not affect the original value.

In Pass by reference, parameters passed as an arguments does not creates

their own copy. so any changes made inside the function will affect the original
value.

2. What is the difference between map and filter ?

Both map and filter are useful in JavaScript when working with an arrays.

map transforms each element of an array and creates a new array which
contains the transformed elements. whereas filter will creates a new array
with only those elements which satisfies the specified condition.

3. What is the difference between map() and

forEach()

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 map method is used to transform the elements of an array. Whereas
forEach method is used to loop through the elements of an array.

map method will return a new array with the transformed values. forEach
method does not return a new array.

map method can be used with other array methods like filter method.
whereas forEach method cannot be used with other array methods as it
does not return any array.

4. What is the difference between Pure and Impure

functions?
Pure Functions:

Pure functions are the functions which will return same output for same
arguments passed to the function.

This will not have any side effects.

It does not modify any non local state.

function greeting(name) {
return `Hello ${name}`;
}
console.log(greeting("Saikrishna Nangunuri"));

Impure Functions:

Impure functions are the functions which will return inconsistent output for
same arguments passed to the function.

This will have side effects.

This will modify non local state.

let message = "good morning";

function greeting1(name) {
return `Hello ${name} , ${message}`;
}
console.log(greeting1("Saikrishna Nangunuri"));

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 Ref: https://www.scaler.com/topics/pure-function-in-javascript/

5. What is the difference between for-in and for-of ?

Both for-in and for-of are used to iterate over the datastructure.

for-in:

for-in iterates over the enumerable property keys of an object.

for-of:

for-of is used to iterate over the values of an iterable object.

Examples of iterable objects are array,string,nodelists etc. (for of on object

returns error)

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29285897/difference-between-for-in-
and-for-of-statements?answertab=scoredesc#tab-top

6. What are the differences between call(), apply()

and bind() ?
Call method will invokes the function immediately with the given this value
and allow us to pass the arguments one by one with comma separator.

Apply method will invokes the function immediately with given this value
and allow us to pass the arguments as an array.

Bind method will return a new function with the given this value and
arguments which can be invoked later.

7. List out some key features of ES6 ?

1. Let and Const declarations.

2. Arrow functions

3. Template literals

4. Destructuring assignment

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 5. Spread and Rest operators

6. Default parameters

7. Promises

8. Modules

9. Map, Set, Weakmap, Weakset

10. Classes

8. What’s the spread operator in javascript ?

Spread operator is used to spread or expand the elements of an iterable like
array or string into individual elements.
Uses:

1. Concatenating arrays.

let x = [1,2];
let y = [3,4];

let z = […x,…y] ⇒⇒ 1,2,3,4

2. Copying arrays or objects.

let a = […x] // 1,2

3. Passing array of values as individual arguments to a function.

function createExample(arg1,arg2){
console.log(arg1,arg2);
}

createExample(…a)

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 9. What is rest operator in javascript ?
Rest operator is used to condense multiple elements into single array or object.

This is useful when we dont know how many parameters a function may
receive and you want to capture all of them as an array.

function Example(...args){
console.log(args)
}

Example(1,2,3,4);

10. What are DRY, KISS, YAGNI, SOLID Principles ?

DRY: Do not repeat yourself.

Avoid duplicates. This make software more maintainable and less error-
prone.

KISS: Keep it simple stupid.

Keep the software design and implementation as simple as possible.

This make software more testable, understandable and maintainable.

YAGNI: You are not going to need it.

Avoid adding unnecessary features/functionalities to the software. This

makes software focussed on essential requirements and makes it more
maintainable.

SOLID:

O - Open/Closed principle: Classes must be open for extension and

closed to modification. This way we can stop ourselves from modifying
the existing code and causing potential bugs.

S - Single responsibility: means each class should have one job or

responsibility.

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 L - Liskov Substitution: If class A is subtype of class B then classB
should be able to replace classA with out disrupting the behaviour of
our program.

I - Interface segregation: Larger interfaces must be split into smaller

ones.

D - Dependency inversion: High level modules should not depend on

low level modules. Both should depend on abstraction.

11. What is temporal dead zone ?

It is a specific time period in the execution of javascript code where the
variables declared with let and const exists but cannot be accessed until
the value is assigned.

Any attempt to access them result in reference errors.

12. Different ways to create object in javascript ?

https://www.scaler.com/topics/objects-in-javascript/

Object literal :

let userDetails = {
name: "Saikrishna",
city: "Hyderabad"
}

Object constructor :

let userDetails = new Object();

userDetails.name = "Saikrishna";
userDetails.city = "Hyderabad";

Object.Create() :

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 This is used when we want to inherit properties from an existing object
while creating a new object.

let animal = {
name: "Animal name"
}

let cat = Object.create(animal);

Object.assign() :

This is used when we want to include properties from multiple other objects
into new object we are creating.

let lesson = {
lessonName: "Data structures"
};

let teacher= {
teacher: "Saikrishna"
};

let course = Object.assign({},lesson,teacher);

13. Whats the difference between Object.keys,values and

entries
Object.keys(): This will return the array of keys

Object.values(): This will return the array of values

Object.entries(): This will return array of [key,value] pairs.

let data = {
name: "Sai",
lang: "English"
};

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 Object.keys(data) // ["name","lang"]
Object.values(data) // ["Sai","english"]
Object.entries(data) // [["name","Sai"],["lang","English"]]

14. Whats the difference between Object.freeze() vs

Object.seal()
Object.freeze:

Will make the object immutable ( prevents the addition of new propeties
and prevents modification of existing properties)

let data = {
a : 10
};

Object.freeze(data);
data.a= 20;
data.c = 30;

console.log(data)

output: {
a: 10
}

Object.Seal():

Will prevent the addition of new properties but we can modify existing
properties.

let data = {
a : 10
};

Object.seal(data);

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 data.a = 20;
data.c = 30;

console.log(data)

Output:
data: {
a: 20
}

15. What is a polyfill in javascript ?

A polyfill is a piece of code which provides the modern functionality to the
older browsers that does not natively support it.

Polyfill for foreach:

Array.prototype.forEach = function(callback) {
for (var i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
if (i in array) {
callback.call(array[i], i, array);
}
}
};

let array = [1,2,3,4,5];

array.forEach((element,id,arrd)=>{
console.log(`${element},${id}`,arrd)
})

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 16. What is generator function in javascript ?
A generator function is a function which can be paused and resumed at any
point during execution.

They are defined by using function* and it contains one or more yield
expressions.

The main method of generator is next(). when called, it runs the execution
until the nearest yield.

It returns an object which contains 2 properties. i.e., done and value.

done: the yielded value

value: true if function code has finished. else false.

https://javascript.info/generators

function* generatorFunction() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
return 4
}

const generator = generatorFunction();

console.log(generator.next()); // Output: { value: 1, done: fa
console.log(generator.next()); // Output: { value: 2, done: fa
console.log(generator.next()); // Output: { value: 3, done: fa
console.log(generator.next()); // Output: { value: 4, done: t

17. What is prototype in javascript ?

If we want to add properties at later stage to a function which can be
accessible across all the instances. Then we will be using prototype.

https://www.tutorialsteacher.com/javascript/prototype-in-javascript

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 function Student(){
this.name = "Saikrishna",
this.exp= "8"
}

Student.prototype.company = "Hexagon"

let std1 = new Student();

std1.exp = "9"

let std2 = new Student();

std2.exp = "10"

console.log(std1);
console.log(std2)

18. What is IIFE ?

IIFE means immediately invoked function expression.

functions which are executed immediately once they are mounted to the
stack is called iife.

They does not require any explicit call to invoke the function.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/immediately-invoked-function-
expressions-iife-in-javascript/

https://www.tutorialsteacher.com/javascript/immediately-invoked-function-
expression-iife

(function(){
console.log("2222")
})()

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 Arrow functions: https://www.codingninjas.com/studio/library/difference-
between-arrow-function-and-normal-function

19. What is CORS ?

CORS means cross origin resource sharing.

It is a security feature that allows the webapplications from one domain to

request the resources like Api’s/scripts from another domain.

cors works by adding specific http headers to control which origins have
access to the resources and under what conditions.

20. What are the different datatypes in javascript ?

Primitive datatypes:

String

number

boolean

bull

undefined

Bigint

symbol

Non-Primitive datatypes:

Object

Array

Date

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 21. What are the difference between typescript and javascript ?
Typescript is the superset of javascript and has all the object oriented
features.

Typescript points out the compilation errors at the time of development.

Because of this, getting runtime errors is less likely.

Typescript supports interfaces whereas javascript does not.

Typescript is better suited for large scale applications where as javascript is

suited for small scale applications.

Functions have optional parameters in typescript whereas in javascript

does not have it.

Typescript takes longer time to compile code.

22. What is authentication vs authorization ?

Authentication:

Its the process of verifying who the user is.

Authorization:

Its the process of verifying what they have access to. What files and
data user has access to.

23. Difference between null and undefined ?

Null:

If we assign null to a variable, it means it will not have any value

Undefined:

means the variable has been declared but not assigned any value yet.

Interview questions & Answers 13

 24. What is the output of 3+2+”7” ?
57

25. Slice vs Splice in javascript ?

Slice:

If we want to create an array that is subset of existing array with out

changing the original array, then we will use slice.

let arr = [1,2,3,4];

let newArr = arr.slice(1,3);

console.log(newArr) // [2,3]

Splice:

If we want to add/delete/replace the existing elements in the array, then

we will use splice.

let arr = [1,2,3,4,5,0,10];

let newArr = arr.splice(2,4,8,9,6);
// splice(startIndex,numberOfItemsToRemove,replaceElements

console.log(arr); // [1,28,9,6,10]
console.log(newArr); // [3,4,5,0]

26. What is destructuring ?

It is introduced in Es6.

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 It allows us to assign the object properties and array values to distinct
variables.

const user = {
"age": 10,
"name": "Saikrishna"
}

const {age,name} = user;

console.log(age,name) // 10,"Saikrishna"

const [a,b] = [1,2];

console.log(a,b) // 1,2

27. What is setTimeOut in javascript ?

setTimeOut is used to call a function or evaluate an expression after a
specific number of milliseconds.

setTimeOut(function(){
console.log("Prints Hello after 2 seconds")
},2000);

// Logs message after 2 seconds

28. What is setInterval in javascript ?

setInterval method is used to call a function or evaluate an expression at
specific intervals.

Interview questions & Answers 15

 setInterval(function(){
console.log("Prints Hello after every 2 seconds");
},2000);

29. What are Promises in javascript ?

Promise is an object which represents the eventual completion or failure of
an asynchronous operation in javascript.

At any point of time, promise will be in any of these below states.,

Fulfilled: Action related to promise is succeded.

Rejected: Action related to the promise is failed.

Pending: Promise is neither fulfilled nor rejected

Settled: Promise has been fulfilled or rejected.

Promise can be consumed by registering the functions using .then() and

.catch() methods.

Promise constructor: will take one argument which is a callback function.

This callback function takes 2 arguments resolve and reject.

If performed operations inside callback function wents well then we will call
resolve() and if does not go well then we will call reject()

let promise = new Promise(function(resolve,reject){

const x = "Saikrishna";
const y = "Saikrishna";

if(x === y){

resolve("Valid")
} else{
let err = new Error("Invalid")
reject(err)
}
})

Interview questions & Answers 16

 promise.then((response)=>{
console.log("success",response)
}).catch((err)=>{
console.log("failed",err)
})

30. What is a callstack in javascript ?

Callstack will maintain the order of execution of execution contexts.

31. What is a closure ?

Defination: A function along with its outer environment together forms a
closure (or) Closure is a combination of a function along with its lexical
scope bundled together.

Each and every function in javascript has access to its outer lexical
environment means access to the variables and functions present in the
environments of its parents

Even when this function is executed in some outer scope(not in original

scope) it still remembers the outer lexical environment where it was
originally present in the code.

function Outer(){
var a = 10;
function Inner(){
console.log(a);
}
return Inner;
}

Interview questions & Answers 17

 var Close = Outer();
Close();

32. What are callbacks in javascript ?

A callback is a function which is passed as an argument to another function
which can be executed later in the code.

Usecases:

setTimeOut

Higher order functions ( Like map,filter,forEach ).

Handling events ( Like click/key press events ).

Handling asynchronous operations ( Like reading files, making Http

requests ).

function Print(){
console.log("Print method");
}

function Hello(Print){
console.log("Hello method");
Print();
}

Hello(Print);

Output:
Hello method
Print method

Interview questions & Answers 18

 33. What are Higher Order Functions in javascript ?
A function which takes another function as an argument or returns a
function as an output.

Advantages:

callback functions

Asynchronous programming ( functions like setTimeOut,setInterval

often involves HOF. they allow to work with asynchronous code more
effectively. )

Abstraction

Code reusability

Encapsulation

Concise and readable code

34. What is the difference between == and === in javascript ?

== will check for equality of values where as === willl check for equality as
well as datatypes.

35. Is javascript a dynamically typed language or a statically

typed language ?
Javascript is a dynamically typed language.

It means all type checks are done at run time ( When program is executing
).

So, we can just assign anything to the variable and it works fine.

let a;
a = 0;
console.log(a) // 0

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 a = "Hello"
console.log(a) // "Hello"

Typescript is a statically typed language. All checks are performed at

compile time.

36. What is the difference between Indexeddb and

sessionstorage ?
IndexedDb:

It is used for storing large amount of structured data.

It uses object oriented storage model.

Persist data beyond the duration of page session.

SessionStorage:

Limited storage, around 5mb of data.

Simple key-value storage.

Available only for the duration of page session.

37. What are Interceptors ?

Interceptors allows us to modify the request or response before its sent to
the server or received from the server.

axios.interceptors.request.use((config)=>{
if(longUrls.include(url)){
config.timeout = 1000;
}
return config;
}

Interview questions & Answers 20

 axios.interceptors.response.use((response)=>{
return response;
})

38. What is Hoisting in javascript ?

In other scripting/server side languages, variables or functions must be
declared before using it.

In javascript, variables and functions can be used before declaring it. The
javascript compiler moves all the declarations of variables and functions on
top. so there will not be any error. This is called hoisting.

39. What are the differences let, var and const ?

Scope:

Variables declared with var are function scoped.( available through out
the function where its declared ) or global scoped( if defined outside
the function ).

Variables declared with let and const are block scoped.

Reassignment:

var and let can be reassigned.

const cannot be reassigned.

Hoisting:

var gets hoisted and initialized with undefined.

let and const - gets hoisted to the top of the scope but does not get
assigned any value.(temporary dead zone)

Interview questions & Answers 21

 40. What is the output of below logic ?

const a = 1<2<3;
const b = 1>2>3;

console.log(a,b) //true,false

41. Differences between Promise.all, allSettled, any, race ?

Promise.all:

Will wait for all of the promises to resolve or any one of the promise
reject.

Promise.allSettled:

Will wait for all the promises to settle (either fulfilled or rejected).

Promise.any:

Will return if any one of the promise fulfills or rejects when all the
promises are rejected.

Promise.race:

Will return as soon as when any one of the promise is settled.

https://medium.com/@log2jeet24/javascript-different-types-of-promise-
object-methods-to-handle-the-asynchronous-call-fc93d1506574

42. What are limitations of arrow functions in javascript ?

Arrow functions are introduced in ES6. They are simple and shorter way to
write functions in javascript.

1. Arrow functions cannot be accessed before initialization

2. Arrow function does not have access to arguments object

Interview questions & Answers 22

 3. Arrow function does not have their own this. Instead, they inherit this from
the surrounding code at the time the function is defined.

4. Arrow functions cannot be used as constructors. Using them with the 𝙣𝙚𝙬
keyword to create instances throws a TypeError.

5. Arrow functions cannot be used as generator functions.

43. What is difference between find vs findIndex ?

find:

It will return the first element of array that passes specified condition.

function findMethod(){
let arr = [{id:1,name:"sai"},{id:2,name:"krishna"}];
let data = arr.find(x=> x.id==2)
console.log(data)
}

findMethod()

Output:
{id:2,name:"krishna"}

findIndex:

It will return the index of first element of an array that passes the
specified condition.

function findMethod(){
let arr = [{id:1,name:"sai"},{id:2,name:"krishna"}];
let data = arr.findIndex(x=> x.id==2)
console.log(data)
}

findMethod()

Interview questions & Answers 23

 Output:
2

44. What is tree shaking in javascript ?

It is one of the optimization technique in javascript which removes the
unused code from the bundle during the build process.

It is commonly used in bundling tools like Webpack and Rollup.

Advantages:

It reduces the bundle size by eleminating unused modules and

functions.

Faster load time.

Performance will be improved.

Cleaner and maintainable codebases.

Interview questions & Answers 24

 45. Guess the output ?

Interview questions & Answers 25

 console.log("Start");
setTimeout(() => {
console.log("Timeout");
});
Promise.resolve().then(() => console.log("Promise"));
console.log("End");

Output:

Start, End,Promise,Timeout.

"Start" is logged first because it's a synchronous operation.

Then, "End" is logged because it's another synchronous operation.

"Promise" is logged because Promise.resolve().then() is a microtask

and will be executed before the next tick of the event loop.

Finally, "Timeout" is logged. Even though it's a setTimeout with a

delay of 0 milliseconds, it's still a macrotask and will be executed in
the next tick of the event loop after all microtasks have been
executed.

46. What is the output of 3+2+”7” ?

57

47. What is the output of below logic ?

const a = 1<2<3;
const b = 1>2>3;

console.log(a,b) //true,false

Interview questions & Answers 26

 Output:

true, false

In JavaScript, the comparison operators < and > have left-to-right

associativity. So, 1 < 2 < 3 is evaluated as (1 < 2) < 3 , which becomes
true < 3 . When comparing a boolean value ( true ) with a number ( 3 ),
JavaScript coerces the boolean to a number, which is 1 . So, true < 3

evaluates to 1 < 3 , which is true .

Similarly, 1 > 2 > 3 is evaluated as (1 > 2) > 3 , which becomes false >

3 . When comparing a boolean value ( false ) with a number ( 3 ),

JavaScript coerces the boolean to a number, which is 0 . So, false > 3

evaluates to 0 > 3 , which is false .

That's why console.log(a, b) prints true false .

48. Guess the ouput ?

const p = { k: 1, l: 2 };
const q = { k: 1, l: 2 };
let isEqual = p==q;
let isStartEqual = p=== q;

console.log(isEqual, isStartEqual)

OutPut:

False,False

In JavaScript, when you compare objects using == or === , you're

comparing their references in memory, not their actual contents. Even if two
objects have the same properties and values, they are considered unequal
unless they reference the exact same object in memory.

In your code:

will be false because p and q are two different objects in

isEqual

memory, even though they have the same properties and values.

Interview questions & Answers 27

 isStartEqual will also be false for the same reason. The === operator
checks for strict equality, meaning it not only compares values but also
ensures that the objects being compared reference the exact same
memory location.

So, console.log(isEqual, isStartEqual) will output false false .

49. Guess the output ?

a) 2+2 = ?
b) "2"+"2" = ?
c) 2+2-2 = ?
d) "2"+"2"-"2" = ?

Output:

// a) 2+2 = ?
console.log(2 + 2); // Output: 4

// b) "2"+"2" = ?
console.log("2" + "2"); // Output: "22" (string concatenation

// c) 2+2-2 = ?
console.log(2 + 2 - 2); // Output: 2

// d) "2"+"2"-"2" = ?
console.log("2" + "2" - "2"); // Output: 20 (string "22" is co

50. What is the output of below logic ?

let a = 'jscafe'
a[0] = 'c'

Interview questions & Answers 28

 console.log(a)

Output:

“jscafe”

Strings are immutable in javascript so we cannot change individual

characters by index where as we can create a new string with desired
modification as below.

a = “cscafe” // outputs “cscafe”

51. Output of below logic ?

var x=10;
function foo(){
var x = 5;
console.log(x)
}

foo();
console.log(x)

Output: 5 and 10
In JavaScript, this code demonstrates variable scoping. When you declare a
variable inside a function using the var keyword, it creates a new variable
scoped to that function, which may shadow a variable with the same name in
an outer scope. Here's what happens step by step:

1. var x = 10; : Declares a global variable x and initializes it with the value 10 .

2. function foo() { ... } : Defines a function named foo .

3. var x = 5; : Inside the function foo , declares a local variable x and

initializes it with the value 5 . This x is scoped to the function foo and is
different from the global x .

Interview questions & Answers 29

 4. console.log(x); : Logs the value of the local variable x (which is 5 ) to the
console from within the foo function.

5. foo(); : Calls the foo function.

6. console.log(x); : Logs the value of the global variable x (which is still 10 ) to

the console outside the foo function.

52. This code prints 6 everytime. How to print 1,2,3,4,5,6 ?

function x(){

for(var i=1;i<=5;i++){
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log(i)
},i*1000)
}

x();

Solution: Either use let or closure

function x(){
function closur(x){
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log(x)
},x*1000)
};
for(var i=1;i<=5;i++){
closur(i)
}

Interview questions & Answers 30

 }

x();

53. What will be the output or below code ?

function x(){
let a = 10;
function d(){
console.log(a);
}
a = 500;
return d;
}

var z = x();
z();

Solution: 500 - Closures concept

In JavaScript, this code demonstrates lexical scoping and closure. Let's break it
down:

1. function x() { ... } : Defines a function named x .

2. let a = 10;: Declares a variable a inside the function x and initializes it

with the value 10 .

3. function d() { ... } : Defines a nested function named d inside the function
x .

4. console.log(a); : Logs the value of the variable a to the console. Since d is

defined within the scope of x , it has access to the variable a defined in x .

5. a = 500; : Changes the value of the variable a to 500 .

6. return d; : Returns the function d from the function x .

Interview questions & Answers 31

 7. var z = x(); : Calls the function x and assigns the returned function d to
the variable z .

8. z(); : Calls the function d through the variable z .

When you run this code, it will log the value of a at the time of executing d ,
which is 500 , because d retains access to the variable a even after x has
finished executing. This behavior is possible due to closure, which allows inner
functions to access variables from their outer scope even after the outer
function has completed execution.

54. What’s the output of below logic ?

getData1()
getData();

function getData1(){
console.log("getData11")
}

var getData = () => {

console.log("Hello")
}

Output:

Explanation:
In JavaScript, function declarations are hoisted to the top of their scope, while
variable declarations using var are also hoisted but initialized with undefined .
Here's what happens in your code:

1. getData1() is a function declaration and getData() is a variable declaration

with an arrow function expression assigned to it.

Interview questions & Answers 32

 2. When the code runs:

is a function declaration, so it's hoisted to the top and can be

getData1()

called anywhere in the code. However, it's not called immediately.

getData is declared using var , so it's also hoisted to the top but
initialized with undefined .

The arrow function assigned to getData is not hoisted because it's

assigned to a variable.

3. When getData() is invoked:

It will throw an error because getData is undefined , and you cannot call
undefined as a function.

Therefore, if you try to run the code as is, you'll encounter an error when
attempting to call getData() .
If you want to avoid this error, you should either define getData before calling it
or use a function declaration instead of a variable declaration for getData .
Here's how you can do it:
Modification needed for code:

var getData = () => {

console.log("Hello")
}

getData1(); // This will log "getData11"

getData(); // This will log "Hello"

55. Whats the output of below code ?

function func() {
try {
console.log(1)
return
} catch (e) {
console.log(2)

Interview questions & Answers 33

 } finally {
console.log(3)
}
console.log(4)
}

func()

Output: 1 & 3

1. The function func() is defined.

2. Inside the try block:

console.log(1) is executed, printing 1 to the console.

return is encountered, which immediately exits the function.

3. The finally block is executed:

console.log(3) is executed, printing 3 to the console.

Since return is encountered within the try block, the control exits the function
immediately after console.log(1) . The catch block is skipped because there are
no errors, and the code in the finally block is executed regardless of whether
an error occurred or not.
So, when you run this code, it will only print 1 and 3 to the console.

56. What’s the output of below code ?

const nums = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7];

nums.forEach((n) => {
if(n%2 === 0) {
break;
}
console.log(n);
});

Explanation:

Interview questions & Answers 34

 Many of you might have thought the output to be 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. But “break”
statement works only loops like for, while, do…while and not for map(),
forEach(). They are essentially functions by nature which takes a callback and
not loops.

57. Whats the output of below code ?

let a = true;
setTimeout(() => {
a = false;
}, 2000)

while(a) {
console.log(' -- inside whilee -- ');
}

Solution: https://medium.com/@iamyashkhandelwal/5-output-based-
interview-questions-in-javascript-b64a707f34d2
This code snippet creates an infinite loop. Let's break it down:

1. let a = true; : This declares a variable a and initializes it to true .

2. setTimeout(() => { a = false; }, 2000) : This sets up a timer to execute a

function after 2000 milliseconds (2 seconds). The function assigned to
setTimeout will set the value of a to false after the timeout.

3. : This is a while loop that

while(a) { console.log(' -- inside whilee -- '); }

continues to execute as long as the condition a is true . Inside the loop, it

prints ' -- inside whilee -- ' .

The issue here is that the while loop runs indefinitely because there's no
opportunity for the JavaScript event loop to process the setTimeout callback
and update the value of a . So, even though a will eventually become false

Interview questions & Answers 35

 after 2 seconds, the while loop will not terminate because it doesn't yield
control to allow other tasks, like the callback, to execute.
To fix this, you might consider using asynchronous programming techniques
like Promises, async/await, or handling the setTimeout callback differently.

58. Whats the output of below code ?

setTimeout(() => console.log(1), 0);

console.log(2);

new Promise(res => {

console.log(3)
res();
}).then(() => console.log(4));

console.log(5);

This code demonstrates the event loop in JavaScript. Here's the breakdown of
what happens:

1. : This schedules a callback function to be

setTimeout(() => console.log(1), 0);

executed after 0 milliseconds. However, due to JavaScript's asynchronous

nature, it doesn't guarantee that it will execute immediately after the current
synchronous code block.

2. console.log(2); : This immediately logs 2 to the console.

3. : This
new Promise(res => { console.log(3); res(); }).then(() => console.log(4));

creates a new Promise. The executor function inside the Promise logs 3 to
the console and then resolves the Promise immediately with res() . The
then() method is chained to the Promise, so once it's resolved, it logs 4 to

the console.

4. console.log(5); : This logs 5 to the console.

When you run this code, the order of the output might seem a bit
counterintuitive:

Interview questions & Answers 36

 2
3
5
4
1

Here's why:

console.log(2); is executed first because it's synchronous code.

Then, the Promise executor is executed synchronously, so console.log(3); is

logged.

After that, console.log(5); is executed.

Once the current synchronous execution is done, the event loop picks up
the resolved Promise and executes its then() callback, logging 4 .

Finally, the callback passed to setTimeout is executed, logging 1 . Although it

was scheduled to run immediately with a delay of 0 milliseconds, it's still
processed asynchronously and placed in the event queue, after the
synchronous code has finished executing.

https://medium.com/@iamyashkhandelwal/5-output-based-interview-
questions-in-javascript-b64a707f34d2

59. Output of below logic ?

async function foo() {

console.log("A");
await Promise.resolve();
console.log("B");
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
console.log("C");
}

console.log("D");

Interview questions & Answers 37

 foo();
console.log("E")

Output:
D, A, E, B, C
Explanation:

The main context logs “D” because it is synchronous and executed

immediately.
The foo() function logs "A" to the console since it's synchronous and executed
immediately. await Promise.resolve();
: This line awaits the resolution of a Promise. The Promise.resolve() function
returns a resolved Promise immediately. The control is temporarily returned to
the caller function ( foo() ), allowing other synchronous operations to execute.
Back to the main context: console.log("E");
: This line logs "E" to the console since it's a synchronous operation. The foo()
function is still not fully executed, and it's waiting for the resolution of the
Promise inside it. Inside foo()
(resumed execution): console.log("B");
: This line logs "B" to the console since it's a synchronous operation.
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
This line awaits the resolution of a Promise returned by the setTimeout
function. Although the delay is set to 0 milliseconds, the setTimeout
callback is pushed into the callback queue, allowing the synchronous code to
continue.
Back to the main context:
The control is still waiting for the foo() function to complete.
Inside foo() (resumed execution):
The callback from the setTimeout
is picked up from the callback queue, and the promise is resolved. This allows
the execution of the next await . console.log("C");
: This line logs "C" to the console since it's a synchronous operation. foo()
function completes.

Interview questions & Answers 38

 60. Write a program to remove duplicates from an
array ?
const removeDuplicates = (array) => {
let uniqueArr = [];

for (let i = 0; i <= array.length - 1; i++) {

if (uniqueArr.indexOf(array[i]) == -1) {
uniqueArr.push(array[i]);
}
}

return uniqueArr;
};

function removeDuplicates(arr) {
// Use the Set object to remove duplicates. This works beca
return Array.from(new Set(arr));
}

removeDuplicates([1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2, 2, 1, 5, 6]);

61. How to check whether a string is palindrome or not ?

const checkPallindrome = (str) => {

const len = str.length;

for (let i = 0; i < len/2; i++) {

if (str[i] !== str[len - i - 1]) {
return "Not pallindrome";
}

Interview questions & Answers 39

 }
return "pallindrome";
};

console.log(checkPallindrome("madam"));

62. Program to find longest word in a given sentence

?
const findLongestWord = (sentence) => {
let wordsArray = sentence.split(" ");
let longestWord = "";

for (let i = 0; i < wordsArray.length; i++) {

if (wordsArray[i].length > longestWord.length) {
longestWord = wordsArray[i];
}
}

console.log(longestWord);
};

findLongestWord("Hi Iam Saikrishna Iam a UI Developer");

63. Program to find Reverse of a string without using

built-in method ?
const findReverse = (sampleString) => {
let reverse = "";

Interview questions & Answers 40

 for (let i = sampleString.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
reverse += sampleString[i];
}
console.log(reverse);
};

findReverse("Hello Iam Saikrishna Ui Developer");

64. Find the max count of consecutive 1’s in an array

?
const findConsecutive = (array) => {
let maxCount = 0;
let currentConsCount = 0;

for (let i = 0; i <= array.length - 1; i++) {

if (array[i] === 1) {
currentConsCount += 1;
maxCount = Math.max(currentConsCount, maxCount);
} else {
currentConsCount = 0;
}
}

console.log(maxCount);
};

findConsecutive([1, 1, 9, 1, 9, 9, 19, 7, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 5, 1
// output: 3

Interview questions & Answers 41

 65. Find the factorial of given number ?
const findFactorial = (num) => {
if (num == 0 || num == 1) {
return 1;
} else {
return num * findFactorial(num - 1);
}
};

console.log(findFactorial(4));

66. Given 2 arrays that are sorted [0,3,4,31] and [4,6,30]. Merge
them and sort [0,3,4,4,6,30,31] ?

const sortedData = (arr1,arr2) => {

let i = 1;
let j=1;
let array1 = arr1[0];
let array2 = arr2[0];

let mergedArray = [];

while(array1 || array2){

if(array2 === undefined || array1 < array2){

mergedArray.push(array1);
array1 = arr1[i];
i++
}else{
mergedArray.push(array2);
array2 = arr2[j];

Interview questions & Answers 42

 j++
}

}
console.log(mergedArray)

sortedData([1,3,4,5],[2,6,8,9])

67. Create a function which will accepts two arrays arr1 and
arr2. The function should return true if every value in arr1 has
its corresponding value squared in array2. The frequency of
values must be same. (Effecient)

Inputs and outputs:

=============
[1,2,3],[4,1,9] ==> true

[1,2,3],[1,9] ====> false

[1,2,1],[4,4,1] ===> false (must be same frequency)

function isSameFrequency(arr1,arr2){

if(arr1.length !== arr2.length){

return false;
}

let arrFreq1={};
let arrFreq2={};

for(let val of arr1){

Interview questions & Answers 43

 arrFreq1[val] = (arrFreq1[val] || 0) + 1;
}

for(let val of arr2){

arrFreq2[val] = (arrFreq2[val] || 0) + 1;
}

for(let key in arrFreq1){

if(!key*key in arrFreq2) return false;
if(arrFreq1[key] !== arrFreq2[key*key]) return false
}
return true;

console.log(isSameFrequency([1,2,5],[25,4,1]))

68. Given two strings. Find if one string can be formed by

rearranging the letters of other string. (Effecient)
Inputs and outputs:

"aaz","zza" ==> false

"qwerty","qeywrt" ==> true

function isStringCreated(str1,str2){
if(str1.length !== str2.length) return false
let freq = {};

for(let val of str1){

freq[val] = (freq[val] || 0) + 1;
}

for(let val of str2){

if(freq[val]){

Interview questions & Answers 44

 freq[val] -= 1;
} else{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}

console.log(isStringCreated('anagram','nagaram'))

69. Write logic to get unique objects from below array ?

I/P: [{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"},{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"},{name:
"111111"}];
O/P: [{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"}{name: "111111"}

function getUniqueArr(array){
const uniqueArr = [];
const seen = {};
for(let i=0; i<=array.length-1;i++){
const currentItem = array[i].name;
if(!seen[currentItem]){
uniqueArr.push(array[i]);
seen[currentItem] = true;
}
}
return uniqueArr;
}

let arr = [{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"},{name: "sai"},{name:"Na

console.log(getUniqueArr(arr))

Interview questions & Answers 45

 70. Write a JavaScript program to find the maximum number in
an array.

function findMax(arr) {
if (arr.length === 0) {
return undefined; // Handle empty array case
}

let max = arr[0]; // Initialize max with the first elemen

for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] > max) {
max = arr[i]; // Update max if current element is
}
}

return max;
}

// Example usage:
const numbers = [1, 6, -33, 9, 4, 8, 2];
console.log("Maximum number is:", findMax(numbers));

Time complexity: O(N)

71. Write a JavaScript function that takes an array of numbers

and returns a new array with only the even numbers.

function findEvenNumbers(arr) {
const result = [];

for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] % 2 === 0) {
result.push(arr[i]); // Add even numbers to the re
}
}

return result;

Interview questions & Answers 46

 }

// Example usage:
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,-8,19, 9, 10];
console.log("Even numbers:", findEvenNumbers(numbers));

Time complexity: O(N)

72. Write a JavaScript function to check if a given number is

prime.

function isPrime(number) {
if (number <= 1) {
return false; // 1 and numbers less than 1 are not pri
}

// Loop up to the square root of the number

for (let i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(number); i++) {
if (number % i === 0) {
return false; // If divisible by any number, not
}
}

return true; // If not divisible by any number, it's prime

}

// Example usage:
console.log(isPrime(17)); // true
console.log(isPrime(19)); // false

Time complexity: O(N)

73. Write a JavaScript program to find the largest element in a

nested array.

Interview questions & Answers 47

 function findLargestElement(arr) {
let max = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY; // Initialize max to

// Helper function to traverse nested arrays

function traverse(arr) {
for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (Array.isArray(arr[i])) {
// If element is an array, recursively call t
traverse(arr[i]);
} else {
// If element is not an array, update max if
if (arr[i] > max) {
max = arr[i];
}
}
}
}

// Start traversing the input array

traverse(arr);

return max;
}

// Example usage:
const nestedArray = [[3, 4, 58], [709, 8, 9, [10, 11]], [111,
console.log("Largest element:", findLargestElement(nestedArray

Time complexity: O(N)

74. Write a JavaScript function that returns the Fibonacci

sequence up to a given number of terms.

function fibonacciSequence(numTerms) {
if (numTerms <= 0) {
return [];

Interview questions & Answers 48

 } else if (numTerms === 1) {
return [0];
}

const sequence = [0, 1];

for (let i = 2; i < numTerms; i++) {

const nextFibonacci = sequence[i - 1] + sequence[i - 2
sequence.push(nextFibonacci);
}

return sequence;
}

// Example usage:
const numTerms = 10;
const fibonacciSeries = fibonacciSequence(numTerms);
console.log(fibonacciSeries); // Output: [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8

Time complexity: O(N)

75. Given a string, write a javascript function to count the

occurrences of each character in the string.

function countCharacters(str) {
const charCount = {}; // Object to store character counts
const len = str.length;

// Loop through the string and count occurrences of each c

for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
const char = str[i];
// Increment count for each character
charCount[char] = (charCount[char] || 0) + 1;
}

return charCount;
}

Interview questions & Answers 49

 // Example usage:
const result = countCharacters("helaalo");
console.log(result); // Output: { h: 1, e: 1, l: 2, o: 1 }

Time complexity: O(N)

76. Write a javascript function that sorts an array of numbers in

ascending order.

function quickSort(arr) {
// Check if the array is empty or has only one element
if (arr.length <= 1) {
return arr;
}

// Select a pivot element

const pivot = arr[0];

// Divide the array into two partitions

const left = [];
const right = [];

for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] < pivot) {
left.push(arr[i]);
} else {
right.push(arr[i]);
}
}

// Recursively sort the partitions

const sortedLeft = quickSort(left);
const sortedRight = quickSort(right);

// Concatenate the sorted partitions with the pivot and re

return sortedLeft.concat(pivot, sortedRight);

Interview questions & Answers 50

 }

// Example usage:
const unsortedArray = [5, 2, 9, 1, 3, 6];
const sortedArray = quickSort(unsortedArray);
console.log(sortedArray); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9]

Time complexity: O(n log n)

77. Write a javascript function that sorts an array of numbers in

descending order.

function quickSort(arr) {
if (arr.length <= 1) {
return arr;
}

const pivot = arr[0];

const left = [];
const right = [];

for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] >= pivot) {
left.push(arr[i]);
} else {
right.push(arr[i]);
}
}

return [...quickSort(left), pivot, ...quickSort(right)];

}

const arr = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5];

const sortedArr = quickSort(arr);
console.log(sortedArr); // Output: [9, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1

Time complexity: O(n log n)

Interview questions & Answers 51

 78. Write a javascript function that reverses the order of words
in a sentence without using the built-in reverse() method.

const reverseWords = (sampleString) => {

let reversedSentence = "";
let word = "";

// Iterate over each character in the sampleString

for (let i = 0; i < sampleString.length; i++) {
// If the character is not a space, append it to the curre
if (sampleString[i] !== ' ') {
word += sampleString[i];
} else {
// If it's a space, prepend the current word to the reve
//reset the word
reversedSentence = word + ' ' + reversedSentence;
word = "";
}
}

// Append the last word to the reversed sentence

reversedSentence = word + ' ' + reversedSentence;

// Trim any leading or trailing spaces and log the result

console.log(reversedSentence.trim());
};

// Example usage
reverseWords("ChatGPT is awesome"); //"awesome is ChatGPT"

function reverseWords(sentence) {
// Split the sentence into words
let words = [];
let wordStart = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < sentence.length; i++) {

Interview questions & Answers 52

 if (sentence[i] === ' ') {
words.unshift(sentence.substring(wordStart, i));
wordStart = i + 1;
} else if (i === sentence.length - 1) {
words.unshift(sentence.substring(wordStart, i + 1
}
}

// Join the words to form the reversed sentence

return words.join(' ');
}

// Example usage
const sentence = "ChatGPT is awesome";
console.log(reverseWords(sentence)); // Output: "awesome is C

Time complexity: O(N)

79. Implement a javascript function that flattens a nested array

into a single-dimensional array.

function flattenArray(arr) {
const stack = [...arr];
const result = [];

while (stack.length) {
const next = stack.pop();
if (Array.isArray(next)) {
stack.push(...next);
} else {
result.push(next);
}
}

return result.reverse(); // Reverse the result to maintai

}

Interview questions & Answers 53

 // Example usage:
const nestedArray = [1, [2, [3, 4], [7,5]], 6];
const flattenedArray = flattenArray(nestedArray);
console.log(flattenedArray); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

80. Write a function which converts string input into an object

// stringToObject("a.b.c", "someValue");
// output -> {a: {b: {c: "someValue"}}}

function stringToObject(str, finalValue) {

const keys = str.split('.');
let result = {};
let current = result;

for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {

const key = keys[i];
current[key] = (i === keys.length - 1) ? finalValue : {};
current = current[key];
}

return result;
}

// Test the function

const output = stringToObject("a.b.c", "someValue");
console.log(output); // Output: {a: {b: {c: "someValue"}}}

81. Given an array, return an array where the each value is the
product of the next two items: E.g. [3, 4, 5] -> [20, 15, 12]

Interview questions & Answers 54

 function productOfNextTwo(arr) {
const result = [];
for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (i < arr.length - 1) {
result.push(arr[i + 1] * arr[i + 2]);
} else {
result.push(arr[0] * arr[1]);
}
}
return result;
}

// Example usage:
const inputArray = [3, 4, 5];
const outputArray = productOfNextTwo(inputArray);
console.log(outputArray); // Output: [20, 15, 12]

82. Guess the output ?

let output = (function(x){

delete x;
return x;
})(3);
console.log(output);

Output: 3
Let me break it down for you:

1. The code defines an immediately invoked function expression (IIFE) that

takes a parameter x .

2. Inside the function, delete x; is called. However, delete operator is used to

delete properties from objects, not variables. When you try to delete a
variable, it doesn't actually delete the variable itself, but it's syntactically

Interview questions & Answers 55

 incorrect and may not have any effect depending on the context (in strict
mode, it throws an error). So, delete x; doesn't do anything in this case.

3. Finally, the function returns x . Since x was passed as 3 when calling the
function (function(x){ ... })(3) , it returns 3 .

4. The returned value is assigned to the variable output .

5. console.log(output); then logs the value of output , which is 3 .

83. Guess the output of below code ?

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

setTimeout(function () {
console.log(i);
}, 1000 + i);
}

Output: 3 3 3
This might seem counterintuitive at first glance, but it's due to how JavaScript
handles closures and asynchronous execution.
Here's why:

1. The for loop initializes a variable i to 0 .

2. It sets up a timeout for i milliseconds plus the current value of i , which

means the timeouts will be 1000 , 1001 , and 1002 milliseconds.

3. After setting up the timeouts, the loop increments i .

4. The loop checks if i is still less than 3 . Since it's now 3 , the loop exits.

When the timeouts execute after their respective intervals, they access the
variable i from the outer scope. At the time of execution, i is 3 because the
loop has already finished and incremented i to 3 . So, all three timeouts log 3 .

84. Guess the output ?

Interview questions & Answers 56

 let output = (function(x){
delete x;
return x;
})(3);
console.log(output);

Output: 3
Let me break it down for you:

1. The code defines an immediately invoked function expression (IIFE) that

takes a parameter x .

2. Inside the function, delete x; is called. However, delete operator is used to

delete properties from objects, not variables. When you try to delete a
variable, it doesn't actually delete the variable itself, but it's syntactically
incorrect and may not have any effect depending on the context (in strict
mode, it throws an error). So, delete x; doesn't do anything in this case.

3. Finally, the function returns x . Since x was passed as 3 when calling the
function (function(x){ ... })(3) , it returns 3 .

4. The returned value is assigned to the variable output .

5. console.log(output); then logs the value of output , which is 3 .

85. Guess the output ?

let c=0;

let id = setInterval(() => {

console.log(c++)
},10)

setTimeout(() => {
clearInterval(id)
},2000)

Interview questions & Answers 57

 This JavaScript code sets up an interval that increments the value of c every
200 milliseconds and logs its value to the console. After 2 seconds (2000
milliseconds), it clears the interval.
Here's what each part does:

let c = 0; : Initializes a variable c and sets its initial value to 0.

let id = setInterval(() => { console.log(c++) }, 200) : Sets up an interval that

executes a function every 200 milliseconds. The function logs the current
value of c to the console and then increments c .

setTimeout(() => { clearInterval(id) }, 2000) : Sets a timeout function that

executes after 2000 milliseconds (2 seconds). This function clears the
interval identified by id , effectively stopping the logging of c .

This code essentially logs the values of c at 200 milliseconds intervals until 2
seconds have passed, at which point it stops logging.

86. What would be the output of following code ?

function getName1(){
console.log(this.name);
}

Object.prototype.getName2 = () =>{
console.log(this.name)
}

let personObj = {
name:"Tony",
print:getName1
}

personObj.print();
personObj.getName2();

Output: Tony undefined

Interview questions & Answers 58

 Explaination: getName1() function works fine because it's being called
from personObj, so it has access to this.name property. But when while
calling getnName2 which is defined under Object.prototype doesn't have any
proprty named this.name. There should be name property under prototype.
Following is the code:

function getName1(){
console.log(this.name);
}

Object.prototype.getName2 = () =>{
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(this).name);
}

let personObj = {
name:"Tony",
print:getName1
}

personObj.print();
Object.prototype.name="Steve";
personObj.getName2();

87. What is the main difference between Local Storage and

Session storage ?
Local storage and session storage are two ways of storing data using key
value pairs in web browsers.

LocalStorage is the same as SessionStorage but it persists the data even

when the browser is closed and reopened and on reload(i.e it has no
expiration time) whereas in sessionStorage data gets cleared when the
page session ends.

Both provides same methods,

setItem(key, value) – store key/value pair.

Interview questions & Answers 59

 getItem(key) – get the value by key.

removeItem(key) – remove the key with its value.

clear() – delete everything.

key(index) – get the key on a given position.

length – the number of stored items.

Ref: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Web/API/Web_Storage_API#concepts_and_usage

88. Can you find is there any security issue in the javascript
code?

const data = await fetch("api");

const div = document.getElementById("todo")
div.innerHTML = data;

The provided JavaScript code seems straightforward, but there's a potential

security issue related to how it handles data from the API response.

1. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS):

The code directly assigns the fetched data (
data ) to the innerHTML property of the div element. If the data fetched from

the API contains untrusted or user-controlled content (such as user-

generated content or content from a third-party API), it could potentially
contain malicious scripts. Assigning such data directly to innerHTML can lead
to XSS vulnerabilities, as it allows execution of arbitrary scripts in the
context of the page.

To mitigate this security risk, you should properly sanitize or escape the data
before assigning it to innerHTML , or consider using safer alternatives like
textContent or creating DOM elements programmatically.
Here's an example of how you could sanitize the data using a library like
DOMPurify:

Interview questions & Answers 60

 javascriptCopy code
const data = await fetch("api");
const div = document.getElementById("todo");
data.text().then(text => {
div.innerHTML = DOMPurify.sanitize(text);
});

By using DOMPurify.sanitize() , you can ensure that any potentially harmful

content is removed or escaped, reducing the risk of XSS attacks. Make sure to
include the DOMPurify library in your project if you choose to use it.
Always remember to validate and sanitize any data that originates from external
sources before inserting it into your DOM.

89. What is eval() ?

eval function evaluates javascript code represented as a string. The string
can be javascript expression, variable, statement or a sequence of
statements.

console.log(eval("1 + 2")); // 3

90. What is the difference between Shallow copy and deep

copy ?
Shallow copy:

A shallow copy creates a new object or array and copies the

references of the original elements

let originalArray = [1, 2, [3, 4]];

let shallowCopy = [...originalArray];

Interview questions & Answers 61

 shallowCopy[2][0] = 100;
console.log(originalArray); // Output: [1, 2, [100, 4]]

Deep copy:

A deep copy creates a new object or array that has its own copies of
the properties of the original object.

let originalArray = [1, 2, [3, 4]];

let deepCopy = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(originalArray));
deepCopy[2][0] = 100;
console.log(originalArray); // Output: [1, 2, [3, 4]]

91. What would be the output of following code ?

function test() {
console.log(a);
console.log(foo());
var a = 1;
function foo() {
return 2;
}
}

test();

Output: undefined and 2

In JavaScript, this code will result in undefined being logged for
console.log(a) and 2 being logged for console.log(foo()) . This is due to
variable hoisting and function declaration hoisting.
Here's what's happening step by step:

1. The test function is called.

2. Inside test :

Interview questions & Answers 62

 console.log(a) is executed. Since a is declared later in the function,
it's hoisted to the top of the function scope, but not initialized yet.
So, a is undefined at this point.

is executed. The foo function is declared and

console.log(foo())

assigned before it's called, so it returns 2 .

var a = 1; declares and initializes a with the value 1 .

Therefore, when console.log(a) is executed, a is undefined due to hoisting,

and when console.log(foo()) is executed, it logs 2 , the return value of the
foo function.

92. What are the difference between undeclared and

undefined variables ?
undeclared:

These variables does not exist in the program and they are not
declared.

If we try to read the value of undeclared variable then we will get a

runtime error.

undefined:

These variables are declared in the program but are not assigned
any value.

If we try to access the value of undefined variables, It will return

undefined.

93. What is event bubbling

Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event first
triggers on the innermost target element, and then successively triggers
on the ancestors (parents) of the target element in the same nesting
hierarchy till it reaches the outermost DOM element.

Interview questions & Answers 63

 94. What is event capturing ?
Event capturing is a type of event propagation where the event is first
captured by the outermost element, and then successively triggers on the
descendants (children) of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy
till it reaches the innermost DOM element.

95. What is the output of below logic ?

function job(){
return new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{
reject()
})
}

let promise = job();

promise.then(()=>{
console.log("1111111111")
}).then(()=>{
console.log("22222222222")
}).catch(()=>{
console.log("3333333333")
}).then(()=>{
console.log("4444444444")
})

In this code, a Promise is created with the job function. Inside the job

function, a Promise is constructed with the executor function that

immediately rejects the Promise.
Then, the job function is called and assigned to the variable promise .
After that, a series of then and catch methods are chained to the promise :

Interview questions & Answers 64

 1. The first then method is chained to the promise , but it is not executed
because the Promise is rejected, so the execution jumps to the catch

method.

2. The catch method catches the rejection of the Promise and executes its
callback, logging "3333333333".

3. Another then method is chained after the catch method. Despite the
previous rejection, this then method will still be executed because it's
part of the Promise chain, regardless of previous rejections or
resolutions. It logs "4444444444".

So, when you run this code, you'll see the following output:

3333333333
4444444444

96. Guess the output ?

var a = 1;

function data() {
if(!a) {
var a = 10;
}
console.log(a);
}

data();
console.log(a);

Explanation:

var a = 1;

function toTheMoon() {
var a; // var has function scope, hence it's declaration

Interview questions & Answers 65

 if(!a) {
a = 10;
}
console.log(a); // 10 precendence will be given to local
}

toTheMoon();
console.log(a); // 1 refers to the `a` defined at the top

97. Tests your array basics

function guessArray() {
let a = [1, 2];
let b = [1, 2];

console.log(a == b);
console.log(a === b);
}

guessArray();

In JavaScript, when you compare two arrays using the == or === operators,
you're comparing their references, not their contents. So, even if two arrays
have the same elements, they will not be considered equal unless they refer
to the exact same object in memory.
In your guessArray function, a and b are two separate arrays with the same
elements, but they are distinct objects in memory. Therefore, a == b and a
=== b will both return false , indicating that a and b are not the same
object.
If you want to compare the contents of the arrays, you'll need to compare
each element individually.

Interview questions & Answers 66

 98. Test your basics on comparision ?

let a = 3;
let b = new Number(3);
let c = 3;

console.log(a == b);
console.log(a === b);
console.log(b === c);

new Number() is a built-in function constructor. Although it looks like a

number, it's not really a number: it has a bunch of extra features and is an
object.
When we use the == operator (Equality operator), it only checks whether it
has the same value. They both have the value of 3 , so it returns true .
However, when we use the === operator (Strict equality operator), both
value and type should be the same. It's not: new Number() is not a number,
it's an object. Both return false.

99. What are cookies ?

Cookies are used to store information about the user in the webpages.

Cookies are stored as key value pairs and hold 4kb of data.

When user logins to the application, server uses the set-cookie http
header in the response to set a cookie with a unique session identifier.
Next time when user makes the api requests, cookie will be sent in the
http header by using which server will identify who the user is.

Eg:
document.cookie = "username=John Doe; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2013
12:00:00 UTC; path=/";

Interview questions & Answers 67

 Ref: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_cookies.asp

100. Guess the output ?

var x = 23;
(function(){
var x = 43;

(function random(){
x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;
})();
})();

Solution:
The provided code snippet demonstrates the behavior of variable hoisting
and function scope in JavaScript. Let's analyze the code step-by-step to
understand the output:

var x = 23;
(function(){
var x = 43;

(function random(){
x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;
})();

})();

Breakdown
1. Global Scope:

Interview questions & Answers 68

 var x = 23;

A global variable x is declared and initialized with the value 23 .

2. First IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression):

(function(){
var x = 43;
// ...
})();

A new function scope is created. Inside this function, a local

variable x is declared and initialized with the value 43 . This x

shadows the global x .

3. Second IIFE (Nested function, named random ):

(function random(){
x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;
})();

Another function scope is created inside the first IIFE. The function
random is invoked immediately.

4. Inside the random function:

x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;

Here, variable hoisting comes into play. The declaration var x = 21;

is hoisted to the top of the function random , but not its initialization.
Thus, the code is interpreted as:

var x; // x is hoisted, but not initialized

x++;

Interview questions & Answers 69

 console.log(x);
x = 21;

Initially, x is undefined because the hoisted declaration of x does

not include its initialization.

x++ attempts to increment x when it is still undefined . In JavaScript,

undefined++ results in NaN (Not a Number).

Therefore, console.log(x); outputs NaN .

After the console.log statement, x is assigned the value 21 , but this

assignment happens after the console.log and thus does not affect
the output.

Summary
When random function is executed, the following sequence occurs:

1. var x; (hoisting, x is undefined at this point)

2. x++; ( undefined++ results in NaN )

3. console.log(x); outputs NaN

4. x = 21; (assigns 21 to x , but this is after the console.log )

Output
Thus, the output of the code is:

NaN

101. Answer below queries on typeOf operator in javascript ?

typeof [1,2,3,4] // Returns object

typeof null // Returns object
typeof undefined // Returns undefined
typeof NaN // Returns number

Interview questions & Answers 70

 typeof "John" // Returns string
typeof 3.14 // Returns number
typeof 33 // Returns number
typeof true // Returns boolean
typeof 1234n // Returns bigint
typeof Symbol() // Returns symbol

102. Interview questions on this keyword.

𝟏. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐣𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐭 ?
this refers to the object that is currently executing the code.
𝟐. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐠𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 ?
Its a global object. its value can be global or window. It depends on
where you are running javascript code.(like browser or node
environment etc)
𝟑.𝐈 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞. 𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐟 𝐢 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 ?
Its a global object.
In non strict mode, when ever this keyword value is null or undefined,
javascript will replace it’s value with global object.(Due to this
substitution)
𝟒. 𝐈𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞, 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ?

𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐱(){
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬)
}

In strict mode, the value of this will be undefined.

𝟓.𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐈𝐧 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞, 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰.𝐱() 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 ?

Interview questions & Answers 71

 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐱(){
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬)
}
𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰.𝐱()

It will log window object.

𝟔.𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰 ?

𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐛𝐣 = {
𝐱:”𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐨”,
𝐲: 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(){
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬.𝐱)
}
}

𝐨𝐛𝐣.𝐲()

It will print Hello. Because, When ever we are inside the method, the
value of this keyword is the object where this method is present.
𝟕. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐢𝐟 𝐢𝐭'𝐬 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐰 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ?

𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐛𝐣 = {
𝐱:”𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐨”,
𝐲: ()=>{
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬)
}
}

𝐨𝐛𝐣.𝐲()

It will print window object.Because, Arrow function does not have their
own this binding. they take the this value of their lexical environment
where they are enclosed.
𝟖.𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐢𝐟 𝐢 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

<𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤="𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭(𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬)">𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤</𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧>

Interview questions & Answers 72

 It will display [object HTMLElement]

103. Possible followup questions on local storage :

𝟏. 𝐈 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐭. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥
𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
Yes local storage data persists even when i close and reopen the browser
𝟐. 𝐈 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐚𝐛 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞
?

Yes we can access local storage data in another tab as well.

𝟑. 𝐈 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
Yes local storage data persists on page reload.
𝟒. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬 ?
I can access localstorage data in multiple tabs if its same url
𝟓. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬
I can access local storage data even for different windows with same url.
𝟔. 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 ?
It stays indefnitely until its deleted manually by the user.
𝟕. 𝐈𝐬 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 ?
Localstorage is synchronous. If i perform operations on local storage, It
blocks the execution of other javascript code until the current operation is
completed.
𝟖. 𝐈 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮
𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐮𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐬𝐭 ?
I can go with Indexeddb where asynchronous operations are supported and
we can work with large data sets.
𝟗. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 ?
We can store max of 5mb.

Interview questions & Answers 73

 𝟏𝟎. 𝐈 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝐦𝐛 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬 ?
It will throw QuotaExceededException if it exceeds the limit.
𝟏𝟏. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐈𝐟 𝐈 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐦𝐲 𝐥𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫, 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
Yes localstorage data still persists even if i shutdown my laptop and reopen
the browser

104. Possible followup questions on session storage :

𝟏. 𝐈 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝐭𝐚𝐛. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
No session storage data does not persists on browser close & reopen.
𝟏. 𝐈 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝐭𝐚𝐛. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
No session storage data does not persists on browser close & reopen.
𝟐. 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐢 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐚𝐛 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 ?
No we cannot access session storage data of one tab in another tab.
𝟑. 𝐈 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
Yes session storage data persists on page reload.
𝟒. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬 ?
We cannot access session storage data in multiple tabs even if its same url

𝟓. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬 ?
We cannot access session storage data in multiple windows even if its
same url
𝟔. 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 ?
once tab closes or session ends session storage data will be removed.
𝟕. 𝐈𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 ?
Session storage is synchronous. If i perform operations on session storage,
It blocks the execution of other javascript code until the current operation is
completed.

Interview questions & Answers 74

 𝟖. 𝐈 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮
𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐮𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐬𝐭 ?
I can go with Indexeddb where asynchronous operations are supported and
we can work with large data sets.
𝟗. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 ?
We can store max of 5mb.
𝟏𝟎. 𝐈 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝐦𝐛 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬 ?
It will throw QuotaExceededException if it exceeds the limit.

105. Find the 2nd largest element from a given array ?

[100,20,112,22]

function findSecondLargest(arr) {
if (arr.length < 2) {
throw new Error("Array must contain at least two el
}

let largest = -Infinity;

let secondLargest = -Infinity;

for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] > largest) {
secondLargest = largest;
largest = arr[i];
} else if (arr[i] > secondLargest && arr[i] < large
secondLargest = arr[i];
}
}

if (secondLargest === -Infinity) {

throw new Error("There is no second largest elemen
}

return secondLargest;

Interview questions & Answers 75

 }

// Example usage:
const array = [10, 5, 20, 8, 12];
console.log(findSecondLargest(array)); // Output: 12

Reactjs Interview questions & Answers

106. What is React?

React is an opensource component based JavaScript library which is
used to develop interactive user interfaces.

107. What is useMemo ?

useMemo is useful for performance optimization in react.

It is used to cache the result of a function between re-renders.

Example :

In our application we have a data vizualization component where we

need to display charts based on performing complex calculations
on some large data sets. By using useMemo we can cache the
computed result, which ensures that the component does not
recalculate on every re-renders.

This saves computational resources and provides smoother user

experience.

import React, { useMemo } from 'react';

const DataVisualization = ({ data }) => {

const processedData = useMemo(() => {
// Perform expensive computations on data

Interview questions & Answers 76

 // ...
return processedData;
}, [data]);

// Render the visualization using the processed data

// ...

return <div>{/* Visualization component */}</div>;

};

In this example, the processedData is memoized using useMemo to avoid

recomputing it on every render. The expensive computations are performed
only when the data prop changes.

108. What are the features of React ?

Jsx

Virtual dom

one way data binding

Uses reusable components to develop the views

Supports server side rendering

109. What is JSX ?

JSX means javascript xml. It allows the user to write the code similar to
html in their javascript files.

This jsx will be transpiled into javascript that interacts with the browser
when the application is built.

Interview questions & Answers 77

 110. What is DOM ?
DOM means document object model. It is like a tree like structure that
represents the elements of a webpage.

111. What is state in Reactjs?

State is an object which holds the data related to a component that may
change over the lifetime of a component.

When the state changes, the component re-renders.

Eg: for functional component and class component

import React, { useState } from "react";

function User() {
const [message, setMessage] = useState("Welcome to React

return (
<div>
<h1>{message}</h1>
</div>
);
}

import React from 'react';

class User extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);

this.state = {
message: "Welcome to React world",
};
}

render() {

Interview questions & Answers 78

 return (
<div>
<h1>{this.state.message}</h1>
</div>
);
}
}

112. What are props ?

Props are inputs to the component.

They are used to send data from parent component to child component.

Props are immutable, so they cannot be modified directly within the

child component.

Example:

// ParentComponent.js
import React from 'react';
import ChildComponent from './ChildComponent';

function ParentComponent() {
const name = "John";

return (
<div>
<h1>Parent Component</h1>
<ChildComponent name={name} />
</div>
);
}

export default ParentComponent;

Interview questions & Answers 79

 // ChildComponent.js
import React from 'react';

function ChildComponent(props) {
return (
<div>
<h2>Child Component</h2>
<p>Hello, {props.name}!</p>
</div>
);
}

export default ChildComponent;

113. What are the differences between State and Props in

react ?
Both props and state are used to manage the data of a component.

State is used to hold the data of a component whereas props are used
to send data from one component to another component.

State is mutable but props are immutable.

Any change in state causes rerender of component and its children.

114. What is props drilling ?

Props drilling is the process of sending the data from one component to
the component thats needs the data from several interconnected
components

Interview questions & Answers 80

 115. What are the disadvantages of props drilling and How
we can avoid props drilling ?
Code complexity:
Prop drilling can make code difficult to read and maintain, especially in
large applications with many components. This is because props need
to be passed down through multiple levels of components, and it can be
difficult to keep track of which components are using which props.

Reduced maintainability:
Prop drilling can also make code less maintainable. This is because if a
prop needs to be changed, the change needs to be propagated through
all of the components that use it. This can be a time-consuming and
error-prone process.

Increased risk of errors:

Prop drilling can also increase the risk of errors. This is because it can
be difficult to keep track of which components are using which props,
and it can be easy to forget to pass a prop down to a component that
needs it. This can lead to errors in the application.

Performance overhead:
Prop drilling can also have a performance overhead. This is because
every time a prop is passed down to a component, the component
needs to re-render. This can be a significant performance overhead in
large applications with many components.

Makes application slower.

We can avoid props drilling using context api or Redux or by using any state
management libraries.

116. What are Pure components in React ?

A component which renders the same output for the same props and
state is called as pure component.

Interview questions & Answers 81

 It internally implements shouldComponentUpdate lifecycle method and
performs a shallow comparision on the props and state of the
component. If there is no difference, the component is not re-rendered.

Advantage:

It optimizes the performance by reducing unnecessary re-renders.

Example for class component:

import React, { PureComponent } from 'react';

class MyPureComponent extends PureComponent {

render() {
return (
<div>
<h1>Pure Component Example</h1>
<p>Props: {this.props.text}</p>
</div>
);
}
}

export default MyPureComponent;

Reference: https://react.dev/reference/react/PureComponent

import { PureComponent, useState } from 'react';

class Greeting extends PureComponent {

render() {
console.log("Greeting was rendered at", new Date().toLo
return <h3>Hello{this.props.name && ', '}{this.props.na
}
}

export default function MyApp() {

const [name, setName] = useState('');
const [address, setAddress] = useState('');
return (

Interview questions & Answers 82

 <>
<label>
Name{': '}
<input value={name} onChange={e => setName(e.targe
</label>
<label>
Address{': '}
<input value={address} onChange={e => setAddress(e
</label>
<Greeting name={name} />
</>
);
}

117. Whatare Ref’s in React?

ref’s are the way to access the dom elements created in the render
method.

they are helpful when we want to update the component whith out
using state and props and prevents triggering rerender.

Common useCases:

Managing input focus and text selection

Media control/Playback

Communicating between react components that are not directly related

through the component tree.

Examples:
1. Managing input focus

function App() {
const inputRef = useRef();

const focusOnInput = () => {

inputRef.current.focus();

Interview questions & Answers 83

 };

return (
<div>
<input type='text' ref={inputRef} />
<button onClick={focusOnInput}>Click Me</button>
</div>
);
}

2.Managing Audio playback:

function App() {
const audioRef = useRef();

const playAudio = () => {

audioRef.current.play();
};

const pauseAudio = () => {

audioRef.current.pause();
};

return (
<div>
<audio
ref={audioRef}
type='audio/mp3'
src='https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/s.cdpn.io/1
></audio>
<button onClick={playAudio}>Play Audio</button>
<button onClick={pauseAudio}>Pause Audio</button>
</div>
);
}

Reference: https://www.memberstack.com/blog/react-refs

Interview questions & Answers 84

 118. What is meant by forward ref ?
In React, forwardref is a technique which is used to send the ref from
parent component to one of its children. This is helpful when we want to
access the child component dom node from the parent component.

Example:

1. Creating the Forward Ref Component: Define a component that

forwards the ref to a child component.

import React, { forwardRef } from 'react';

const ChildComponent = forwardRef((props, ref) => {

return <input ref={ref} />;
});

export default ChildComponent;

2. Using the Forward Ref Component: Use this component and pass a ref
to it.

import React, { useRef } from 'react';

import ChildComponent from './ChildComponent';

function ParentComponent() {
const inputRef = useRef(null);

return (
<div>
<ChildComponent ref={inputRef} />
<button onClick={() => inputRef.current.focus()}>Foc
</div>
);
}

export default ParentComponent;

Interview questions & Answers 85

 In this example, ChildComponent is a functional component that forwards the
ref it receives to the input element it renders. Then, in the ParentComponent ,a
ref is created using useRef , passed to ChildComponent , and used to focus the
input when a button is clicked.
Reference: https://codedamn.com/news/reactjs/what-are-forward-refs-in-
react-js

119. What are Error boundaries ?

Error boundaries are one of the feature in react which allows the
developers to catch the errors during the rendering of component tree,
log those erros and handle those errors without crashing the entire
application by displaying a fallback ui.

class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { hasError: false };
}

static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// Update state so the next render will show the fallba
return { hasError: true };
}

componentDidCatch(error, info) {
// Example "componentStack":
// in ComponentThatThrows (created by App)
// in ErrorBoundary (created by App)
// in div (created by App)
// in App
logErrorToMyService(error, info.componentStack);
}

render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {

Interview questions & Answers 86

 // You can render any custom fallback UI
return this.props.fallback;
}

return this.props.children;
}
}
Then you can wrap a part of your component tree with it:

<ErrorBoundary fallback={<p>Something went wrong</p>}>

<Profile />
</ErrorBoundary>

120. What are Higher order components in react ?

Higher order component is a function which takes the component as an
argument and returns a new component that wraps the original
component.

For example if we wanted to add a some style to multiple components in

our application, Instead of creating a style object locally each time, we can
create a HOC that adds the style objects to the component that we pass to
it.

function withStyles(Component) {
return props => {
const style = { padding: '0.2rem', margin: '1rem' }
return <Component style={style} {...props} />
}
}

const Button = () = <button>Click me!</button>

const Text = () => <p>Hello World!</p>

Interview questions & Answers 87

 const StyledButton = withStyles(Button)
const StyledText = withStyles(Text)

121. What are the differences between controlled and

uncontrolled components ?
Controlled components:

In controlled components, the form data is handled by the react

component

We use event handlers to update the state.

React state is the source of truth.

Uncontrolled components:

In uncontrolled components, the form data is handled by the dom.

We use Ref’s to update the state.

Dom is the source of truth.

Ref: https://goshacmd.com/controlled-vs-uncontrolled-inputs-react/

Interview questions & Answers 88

 122. What is useCallback ?
useCallback caches the function defination between the re-renders

It takes two arguments: the callback function and an array of

dependencies. The callback function is only recreated if one of the
dependencies has changed.

Good Ref: https://deadsimplechat.com/blog/usecallback-guide-use-cases-

and-examples/#the-difference-between-usecallback-and-declaring-a-
function-directly

123. What are the differences between useMemo and

useCallback ?

Both useMemo and useCallback are useful for performance

optimization.

useMemo will cache the result of the function between re-renders

whereas useCallback will cache the function itself between re-renders.

124. What are keys in React ?

Keys are used to uniquely identify the elements in the list.

react will use this to indentify, which elements in the list have been
added, removed or updated.

function MyComponent() {
const items = [
{ id: 1, name: "apple" },
{ id: 2, name: "banana" },
{ id: 3, name: "orange" }

Interview questions & Answers 89

 ];

return (
<ul>
{items.map((item) => (
<li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}

125. What is Lazy loading in React ?

It is a technique used to improve the performance of a webapplication
by splitting the code into smaller chunks and loading them only when its
required intead of loading on initial load.

import React, { lazy, Suspense } from 'react';

const LazyComponent = lazy(() => import('./LazyComponent')

function App() {
return (
<div>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<LazyComponent />
</Suspense>
</div>
);
}

export default App;

Interview questions & Answers 90

 126. What is suspense in React ?
The lazy loaded components are wrapped by Suspense.The Suspense
component receives a fallback prop which is displayed until the lazy loaded
component in rendered.

import React, { lazy, Suspense } from 'react';

const LazyComponent = lazy(() => import('./LazyComponent')

function App() {
return (
<div>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<LazyComponent />
</Suspense>
</div>
);
}

export default App;

127. What are custom hooks ?

Custom hooks helps us to extract and reuse the stateful logic between
components.

Eg:

Fetch data

To find user is in online or offline.

https://react.dev/learn/reusing-logic-with-custom-hooks

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 import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

// Custom hook to fetch data from an API

function useFetch(url) {
const [data, setData] = useState(null);
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
const [error, setError] = useState(null);

useEffect(() => {
const fetchData = async () => {
try {
const response = await fetch(url);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error('Network response was not ok');
}
const result = await response.json();
setData(result);
} catch (error) {
setError(error);
} finally {
setLoading(false);
}
};

fetchData();

// Cleanup function
return () => {
// Cleanup logic if needed
};
}, [url]); // Dependency array to watch for changes in t

return { data, loading, error };

}

// Example usage of the custom hook

function MyComponent() {
const { data, loading, error } = useFetch('https://api.ex

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 if (loading) {
return <div>Loading...</div>;
}

if (error) {
return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>;
}

return (
<div>
{data && (
<ul>
{data.map(item => (
<li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
)}
</div>
);
}

export default MyComponent;

128. What is useReducer hook ?

It is an alternative to useState hook which is used when state of the
component is complex and requires more than one state variable.

129. Practical question: Create a increment decrement

counter using useReducer hook in react ?

Interview questions & Answers 93

 import React, { useReducer } from 'react';

// Initial state
const initialState = {
count: 0
};

// Reducer function
const reducer = (state, action) => {
switch (action.type) {
case 'increment':
return { count: state.count + 1 };
case 'decrement':
return { count: state.count - 1 };
default:
return state;
}
};

// Component
const Counter = () => {
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initialSta

return (
<div>
<p>Count: {state.count}</p>
<button onClick={() => dispatch({ type: 'increment'
<button onClick={() => dispatch({ type: 'decrement'
</div>
);
};

export default Counter;

Interview questions & Answers 94

 130. What is context in react ?
It is a way of managing state globally in react.

By using context we can share data between nested components

globally with out having to manually pass data as props down at every
level of component tree.

It solves the problem of props drilling in react.

131. Give an example of context api usage ?

import React, { createContext, useState, useContext } from

// Create a context
const UserContext = createContext();

// Create a provider component

const UserProvider = ({ children }) => {
const [user, setUser] = useState(null);

const login = (username, password) => {

// Simulate login logic, for example purposes
setUser({ username });
};

const logout = () => {

setUser(null);
};

return (
<UserContext.Provider value={{ user, login, logout }}>
{children}
</UserContext.Provider>
);
};

Interview questions & Answers 95

 // Create a consumer hook
const useUser = () => useContext(UserContext);

// Example usage
const App = () => {
return (
<UserProvider>
<Content />
</UserProvider>
);
};

const Content = () => {

const { user, login, logout } = useUser();

const handleLogin = () => {

login('exampleUser', 'password');
};

const handleLogout = () => {

logout();
};

return (
<div>
{user ? (
<div>
<p>Welcome, {user.username}!</p>
<button onClick={handleLogout}>Logout</button>
</div>
) : (
<div>
<p>Please login</p>
<button onClick={handleLogin}>Login</button>
</div>
)}
</div>
);

Interview questions & Answers 96

 };

export default App;

In this example, the UserProvider wraps the Content component, providing it

access to the user state, login , and logout functions via the useUser hook.
This allows any component within the Content component to access and
manipulate user information without having to pass props down manually
through the component tree.

132. What is the purpose of callback function as an

argument of setState() ?
If we want to execute some logic once state is updated and component
is rerendered then we can add it in callback function.

133. Practical question: create a custom hook for

increment/decrement counter ?

Interview questions & Answers 97

 134. Which lifecycle hooks in class component are replaced
with useEffect in functional components ?

1. componentDidMount(): equivalent to useEffect with empty array.

useEffect(()=>{
console.log("Called on initial mount only once")
},[])

2. componentDidUpdate(): equivalent to useEffect with array of

dependencies

useEffect(()=>{
console.log("Called on every dependency update")
},[props.isFeature,props.content])

This will be called whenever dependency value changes (here Eg: isFeature
or content).

3. componentDidUnmount(): equivalent to useEffect with return

statement.

useEffect(()=>{
return ()=>{
console.log("Any cleanup activities/unsubscribing e
}
})

135. What is Strict mode in react ?

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 It identifies the commonly occured bugs in the development time itself.

Checks if there are any depricated apis usage.

Checks for deprecated lifecycle methods.

Checks if Duplicate keys in list.

Warns about Possible memory leaks. etc.

===========================================================
// Enabling strict mode for entire App.
===========================================================

import { StrictMode } from 'react';

import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client';

const root = createRoot(document.getElementById('root'));

root.render(
<StrictMode>
<App />
</StrictMode>
);

===========================================================
// Any part of your app
===========================================================

import { StrictMode } from 'react';

function App() {
return (
<>
<Header />
<StrictMode>
<main>
<Sidebar />
<Content />
</main>
</StrictMode>
<Footer />

Interview questions & Answers 99

 </>
);
}

Good Ref: https://dev.to/codeofrelevancy/what-is-strict-mode-in-react-

3p5b

136. What are the different ways to pass data from child
component to parent component in react ?
There are 4 common ways to send data from child component to parent
component. They are.,

1. Callback Functions

2. Context API

3. React Hooks (useRef)

4. Redux

137. Practical question: How to send data from child to

parent using callback functions ?
Define a function in the parent component that takes data as an
argument.

Pass this function as a prop to the child component.

When an event occurs in the child component (like a button click), call
this function with the data to be passed to the parent.

Parent Component:

import React, { useState } from 'react';

import ChildComponent from './ChildComponent';

function ParentComponent() {

Interview questions & Answers 100

 const [dataFromChild, setDataFromChild] = useState('');

const handleDataFromChild = (data) => {

setDataFromChild(data);
};

return (
<div>
<ChildComponent onData={handleDataFromChild} />
<p>Data from child: {dataFromChild}</p>
</div>
);
}

export default ParentComponent;

Child Component:

import React from 'react';

function ChildComponent({ onData }) {

const sendDataToParent = () => {
const data = 'Hello from child';
onData(data);
};

return (
<button onClick={sendDataToParent}>Send Data to Parent<
);
}

export default ChildComponent;

138. Practical question: How to send the data from child

component to parent using useRef ?

Interview questions & Answers 101

 It is used to store the data without re-rendering the components.

It will not trigger any event by itself whenever the data is updated.

Parent component:

import React from "react";

import TextEditor from "./TextEditor";

export default function Parent() {

const valueRef = React.useRef("");

return (
<>
<TextEditor valueRef={valueRef} />
<button onClick={() => console.log(valueRef.current)
</>
);
}

Child component:

export default function TextEditor({ valueRef }) {

return <textarea onChange={(e) => (valueRef.current = e.
}

139. How do you optimize your react application ?

Code Splitting: Break down large bundles into smaller chunks to reduce
initial load times

Lazy Loading: Load non-essential components\asynchronously to

prioritize critical content.

Caching and Memoization: Cache data locally or use memoization

libraries to avoid redundant API calls and computations.

Interview questions & Answers 102

 Memoization: Memoize expensive computations and avoid
unnecessary re-renders using tools like React.memo and useMemo.

Optimized Rendering: Use shouldComponentUpdate, PureComponent,

or React.memo to prevent unnecessary re-renders of components.

Virtualization: Implement virtual lists and grids to render only the

visible elements, improving rendering performance for large datasets.

Server-Side Rendering (SSR): Pre-render content on the server to

improve initial page load times and enhance SEO.

Bundle Analysis: Identify and remove unused dependencies, optimize

images, and minify code to reduce bundle size.

Performance Monitoring: Continuously monitor app performance using

tools like Lighthouse, Web Vitals, and browser DevTools.

Optimize rendering with keys: Ensure each list item in a mapped array
has a unique and stable key prop to optimize rendering performance.
Keys help React identify which items have changed, been added, or
removed, minimizing unnecessary DOM updates.

CDN Integration: Serve static assets and resources from Content

Delivery Networks (CDNs) to reduce latency and improve reliability.

140. What are Portals in react ?

Portals are the way to render the child components outside of the
parent’s dom hierarchy.

We mainly need portals when a React parent component has a hidden

value of overflow property(overflow: hidden) or z-index style, and we
need a child component to openly come out of the current tree
hierarchy.

It is commonly used in Modals, tooltips, loaders, notifications toasters.

This helps in improving the performance of application.

import React from 'react';

import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';

Interview questions & Answers 103

 class MyPortal extends React.Component {
render() {
return ReactDOM.createPortal(
this.props.children,
document.getElementById('portal-root')
);
}
}

class App extends React.Component {

render() {
return (
<div>
<h1>My App</h1>
<MyPortal>
<p>This is rendered in a different part of the DO
</MyPortal>
</div>
);
}
}

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

141. Write a function sumOfThirds(arr), which takes an

array arr as an argument. This function should return a sum
of every third number in the array, starting from the first one.
𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬:

If the input array is empty or contains less than 3 numbers then return 0.
The input array will contain only numbers.

Interview questions & Answers 104

 export const sumOfThirds = (arr) => {
let sum = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i += 3) {
sum += arr[i];
}
return sum;
};

142. Machine coding question: Dynamic checkbox counter

Display 4 checkboxes with different names and a button named selectall

User can select each checkbox

Select all button click will check all checkboxes

Button should be disabled once all checkboxes are selected.

Display selected checkboxes count and names in ui.

import React, { useState } from 'react';

import { render } from 'react-dom';

const Checkbox = ({ label, checked, onChange }) => {

return (
<div>
<label>
<input type="checkbox" checked={checked} onChange=
{label}
</label>
</div>
);
};
const App = () => {
const [checkboxes, setCheckboxes] = useState([
{ id: 1, label: 'Checkbox 1', checked: false },

Interview questions & Answers 105

 { id: 2, label: 'Checkbox 2', checked: false },
{ id: 3, label: 'Checkbox 3', checked: false },
{ id: 4, label: 'Checkbox 4', checked: false },
]);

const [selectAllDisabled, setSelectAllDisabled] = useSta

const handleCheckboxChange = (id) => {

const updatedCheckboxes = checkboxes.map((checkbox) =>
checkbox.id === id
? { ...checkbox, checked: !checkbox.checked }
: checkbox
);
setCheckboxes(updatedCheckboxes);
const allChecked = updatedCheckboxes.every((checkbox) =
setSelectAllDisabled(allChecked);
};

const handleSelectAll = () => {

const updatedCheckboxes = checkboxes.map((checkbox) =>
...checkbox,
checked: !selectAllDisabled,
}));
setCheckboxes(updatedCheckboxes);
setSelectAllDisabled(!selectAllDisabled);
};

const selectedCheckboxes = checkboxes.filter((checkbox) =

const selectedCount = selectedCheckboxes.length;

return (
<div>
{checkboxes.map((checkbox) => (
<Checkbox
key={checkbox.id}
label={checkbox.label}
checked={checkbox.checked}
onChange={() => handleCheckboxChange(checkbox.id

Interview questions & Answers 106

 />
))}
<button onClick={handleSelectAll} disabled={selectAll
{selectAllDisabled ? 'Deselect All' : 'Select All'
</button>
<p>Selected: {selectedCount}</p>
<ul>
{selectedCheckboxes.map((checkbox) => (
<li key={checkbox.id}>{checkbox.label}</li>
))}
</ul>
</div>
);
};

render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

143. What is Virtual Dom ?

When ever any underlying data changes or whenever user enters
something in textbox then entire UI is rerendered in a virtual dom
representation.

Now this virtual dom is compared with the original dom and creates a
changeset which will be applied on the real dom.

So instead of updating the entire realdom, it will be updated with only

the things that have actually been changed.

144. What is component life cycle of React class component

?
React life cycle consists of 3 phases.

mounting

Interview questions & Answers 107

 updating

unmounting

Mounting:

In this phase the component is generally mounted into the dom.

It is an initialization phase where we can do some operations like

getting data from api, subscribing to events etc.

1. Constructor:

It is a place to set the initial state and other initial values.

2. getDerivedStateFromProps:

This is called right before rendering the elements into the dom.

Its a natural place to set the state object based on the initial
props.

It takes state as an argument and returns an object with

changes to the state.

getDerivedStateFromProps(props,state){
return { favColor: props.favColor }
}

3. render():

It contains all the html elements and is method that actually

outputs the html to the dom.

4. ComponentDidMount():

This is called once component is mounted into the dom.

Eg: fetch api calls, subscribing to events etc.

Updating phase:

This is when the component is updated. The component will be

updated when ever there is change in state or props.

1. getDerivedStateFromProps: same as above

2. ShouldComponentUpdate:

Interview questions & Answers 108

 This will return boolean value that specifies whether react
should continue with the rendering or not. default is true.

shouldComponentUpdate(){
return true/false
}

3. Render: same as above

4. getSnapshotBeforeUpdate:

It will have access to the props and state before update. means
that even after the update you can check what are the values
were before update.

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps,prevState){
console.log(prevProps,prevState)
}

5. ComponentDidUpdate:

Called after the component is updated in the dom.

Unmounting phase:

In this phase the component will be removed from the dom. here we
can do unsubscribe to some events or destroying the existing
dialogs etc.

1. ComponentWillUnmount:

This is called when component is about to be removed from the

dom.

145. What are fragments in react ?

React fragments allows us to wrap or group multiple elements without
adding extra nodes to the dom.

Interview questions & Answers 109

 146. What are props in react ?
Props are input to a component.

They are used to send data from parent component to child component.

147. What are synthetic events in react ?

Synthetic events are the wrapper around native browser events.

By using this react will abstract browser inconsistencies and provides a

unified api interface for event handling

They optimise the performance by event pooling and reusing event

objects.

148. What are the difference between Package.json and

Package.lock.json

𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞.𝐣𝐬𝐨𝐧: is a metadata file that contains information about your

project, such as the name, version, description, author, and most
importantly, the list of dependencies required for your project to run.
This file is used by npm (Node Package Manager) to install, manage,
and update dependencies for your project.

𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤.𝐣𝐬𝐨𝐧: is a file that npm generates after installing packages

for your project. This file contains a detailed description of the
dependencies installed in your project, including their versions and the
dependencies of their dependencies. This file is used by npm to ensure
that the same version of each package is installed every time,
regardless of the platform, environment, or the order of installation.

Interview questions & Answers 110

 Package.json is used to define the list of required dependencies for
your project, while package-lock.json is used to ensure that the exact
same versions of those dependencies are installed every time,
preventing version conflicts and guaranteeing a consistent environment
for your project.

149. What are the differences between client side and server
side rendering ?
Rendering location: In csr, rendering occurs on the client side after
receiving raw data from the server where as in ssr, rendering occurs on
server side side and server returns the fully rendered html page to the
browser.

Initial Load time: csr has slow initial load time as browser needs to
interpret the data and render the page. where as ssr has faster initial
load times as server send pre-rendered html page to the browser.

Subsequent interactions: subsequent interactions in csr involves

dynamic updates with out requiring full page reload whereas, ssr
requires full page reload as server generates new html for every
interactions.

Seo: Ssr is seo friendly when compared to csr as fully rendered html
content is provided to the search engine crawlers whereas csr needs to
parse javascript heavy content.

Interview questions & Answers 111