ECEN 314: Signals and Systems - Homework 2 Solutions

• Date Assigned: Monday June 4, 2018

• Date Due: Wednesday, June 13, 2018

I Reading Exercise
Chapter 1 - sections 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3

II Problems
1. (1.3) Determine the value of P∞ and E∞ for each of the following signals

(a) x(t) = e−2t u(t)

π
(b) x(t) = ej(2t+ 4 )
n
(d) x[n] = ( 12 ) u[n]
(f) x[n] = cos π4 n

Solution :

a)
Z ∞  ∞
−4t 1 1
E∞ = e dt = − e−4t =
0 4 0 4
P∞ = 0

b)
Z ∞ Z ∞
E∞ = |x2 (t)|2 dt = dt = [t]∞
−∞ = ∞
−∞ −∞
Z T
1 2T
P∞ = lim dt = lim =1
T →∞ 2T −T T →∞ 2T

d)
∞ ∞  n ∞
X
2
X 1 1 − 14 4
E∞ = |x2 [n]| = = 1 = 3
n=−∞
4 1− 4
n=0

P∞ = 0

1
 f)
∞
X π 
E∞ = cos2 n =∞
n=−∞
4

Period = 8
7
1X π 1 1
P∞ = P8 = cos2 ( n) = 4 =
8 4 8 2
0

2. (1.4) Let x[n] be a signal with x[n] = 0 for n < −2 and n > 4. For each signal given below,
determine the values of n for which it is guaranteed to be zero

(c) x[−n]
(e) x[−n − 2]

Solution :

The signal x[n] is flipped. The flipped signal will be zero for n < −4 and n > 2

The signal x[n] is flipped and the flipped signal is shifted by 2 to the left. This new signal
will be zero for n < −6 and n > 0

3. (1.5) Let x(t) be a signal with x(t) = 0 for t < 3. For each signal given below, determine the
values of t for which it is guaranteed to be zero.

(b) x(1 − t) + x(2 − t)

(c) x(1 − t)x(2 − t)

Solution :

From (a), we know that x(1 − t) is zero for t > −2. Similarly, x(2 − t) is zero for t > −1.
Therefore, x(1 − t) + x(2 − t) will be zero for t > −1

2
 c

x(1 − t) is zero for 1 − t < 3 =⇒ t > −2.Similarly, x(2 − t) is zero for t > −1. Hence
x(1 − t)x(2 − t) is 0 for t > −2

4. (1.10) Determine the fundamental period of the signal x(t) = 2cos(10t + 1) − sin(4t − 1)

Solution :

Period of first term in RHS = 2π π

10 = 5
Period of the second term in RHS = π2
Therefore, the overall signal is periodic with a period which is the least common multiple of
the periodic of the first and second terms. This is equal to π

5. (1.11) Determine the fundamental period of the signal x[n] = 1 + ej4πn/7 − ej2πn/5

Solution :

Period of the first term in the RHS = 1  

2π
Period of the second term in the RHS = m 4π/7 = 7(when m = 2)
 
2π
Period of the third term in the RHS = m 2π/5 = 5 (when m = 1)
Therefore, the overall signal x[n] is periodic with a period which is the least common multiple
of the periods of the three terms in x[n]. This is equal to 35.

6. (1.25) Determine whether or not each of the following continuous-time signals is periodic.If
the signal is periodic, determine its fundamental period

(b) exp j(πt − 1)

(c) (cos (2t − π/3))2
(d) Ev{cos(4πt)u(t)}
(e) Ev{sin(4πt)u(t)}

Solution :

Periodic, period = 2

Periodic, period = π/2

3
 d

Periodic, period = 1/2

Not periodic

7. (1.26) Determine whether or not each of the following discrete-time signals is periodic. If the
signal is periodic, determine its fundamental period.

(b) cos(n/8 − π)
(c) cos( π8 n2 )

Solution :

Not periodic

Periodic, period = 8

8. (1.34) In this problem, we explore several of the properties of even and odd signals.

(a) Show that if x[n] is an odd signal, then

∞
X
x[n] = 0
n=−∞

(b) Show that if x1 [n] is an odd signal and x2 [n] is an even signal, then x1 [n]x2 [n] is an odd
signal.
(c) Let x[n] be an arbitrary signal with even and odd parts denoted by

xe [n] = Ev{x[n]}

xo [n] = Od{x[n]}
Show that
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
2
x [n] = x2e [n] + x2o [n]
n=−∞ n=−∞ n=−∞

4
(d) Although parts (a)-(c) have been stated in terms of discrete-time signals, the analogous
properties are also valid in continuous time. To demonstrate this, show that
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
2
x (t) dt = x2e (t) dt + x2o (t) dt
n=−∞ n=−∞ n=−∞

where xe (t) and xo (t) are, respectively, the even and odd parts of x(t).

Solution :

Consider
∞
X ∞
X
x[n] = x[0] + x[n] + x[−n]
n=−∞ n=1

If x[n] is odd, x[n] + x[−n] = 0. Therefore, the sum equals zero.

Let y[n] = x1 [n]x2 [n]. Then,

y[−n] = x1 [−n]x2 [n] = −x1 [n]x2 [n] = −y[n]

c
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
x2 [n] = xe [n] + xo [n]2 = x2e [n] + x2o [n] + 2 xe [n]xo [n]
n=−∞ n=−∞ n=−∞ n=−∞ n=−∞

From b, we know xe [n]xo [n] is an odd signal. So,

∞
X
2 xe [n]xo [n] = 0
n=−∞

Therefore,
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
2
x [n] = x2e [n] + x2o [n]
n=−∞ n=−∞ n=−∞

5
 d
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
x2 (t)dt = x2e (t)dt + x2o (t)dt + 2 xe (t)xo (t)dt
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞
Again, xe (t)xo (t) is odd, so: Z ∞
xe (t)xo (t) = 0
−∞
Therefore, Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
2
x (t)dt = x2e (t)dt + x2o (t)dt
−∞ −∞ −∞

9. (1.36) Let x(t) be the continuous-time complex exponential signal

x(t) = ejw0 t
2π
with fundamental frequency w0 and fundamental period T o = w 0
. Consider the discrete-time
signal obtained by taking equally spaced samples of x(t)-that is,

x[n] = x(nT ) = ejw0 nT

(a) Show that x[n] is periodic if and only if T /T0 is a rational number-that is, if and only if
some multiple of the sampling interval exactly equals a multiple of the period of x(t).
(b) Suppose that x[n] is periodic-that is, that
T p
=
T0 q
where p and q are integers. What are the fundamental period and fundamental frequency
of x[n]? Express the fundamental frequency as a fraction of w0 T .
(c) Again assuming that T /T0 satisfies TT0 = pq , determine precisely how many periods of
x(t) are needed to obtain the samples that form a single period of x[n].

Solution :

a
2π
If x[n] is periodic ejω0 (n+N )T = ejω0 nT , where ω0 = 2π/T0 . This implies that T0 N T = 2πk.
So TT0 = Nk = a rational number.

If T /T0 = p/q then x[n] = ej2πn(p/q) . The fundamental period is q/ gcd(p, q) and the funda-
mental frequency is
2π 2π p ω0 ω0 T
gcd(p, q) = gcd(p, q) = gcd(p, q) = gcd(p, q)
q p q p p

6
c

p/ gcd(p, q) periods of x(t) are needed