First Year

Courses
BIOCHEMISTRY

Course Code: PMY 1060

Course Pre-requisites: O’ level Sciences

Course rationale: The purpose of the course is to introduce students to the basics of human
biological and chemical systems. It takes students through the structures of pertinent
biomolecules in the human body as well as the synthesis and metabolism of these molecules.
The course describes how biomolecules are involved in the enzymatic processes, production
of energy, transfer of genetic information, hormonal communication and finally how each of
these processes are regulated.

Course Aim:

This course aims to provide students with a basic understanding of the structure, function,
metabolism of biomolecules and provide them with the skills to carry out basic biochemical
techniques.

Course Objectives:

On successful completion of this course, the student should be able to:

1. Describe the properties and illustrate the structure of water, carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids and vitamins
2. Outline the pathways of energy metabolism, nitrogenous compounds, nucleic acids
and proteins
3. Describe the catalytic actions and clinical importance of enzymes
4. Discuss the source of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins and their
relevance
5. Perform basic biochemical experiments.

Learning Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the course, the student:

1. Describes the properties and illustrate the structures of water, carbohydrates,

proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins
 2. Outlines the pathways of energy metabolism, nitrogenous compounds, nucleic acids
and proteins
3. Describes the catalytic action and clinical importance of enzymes
4. Discusses the sources of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins and their
relevance
5. Performs basic biochemical experiments

Course Content:

Unit 1: Introduction to Biochemistry [2 hours]

1.1 Definition and Scope of Biochemistry

1.2 Relevance of biochemistry to the medical field

Unit 2: Properties of water [4 hours]

2.1 Non-covalent bonds
2.2 Interactions with other biomolecules
2.3 pH and physiological buffer

Unit 3: Biomolecules [22 hours]

3.1 Amino acids and peptides: classification, structure and properties
3.2 Proteins: structure and functions
3.3 Enzymes: properties and classification, catalytic mechanisms, kinetics,
regulation, inhibition, and role in clinical diagnosis
3.4 Haemoglobin and myoglobin
3.5 Collagen and elastin
3.6 Molecular motors
3.7 Carbohydrates: classification, structure and functions
3.8 Lipids: classification, structure and functions
3.9 Nucleotides and nucleic acids: classification, structure and functions
3.10 Vitamins
3.11 Water soluble vitamins: structure and functions
3.12 Fat soluble vitamins: structure and functions
Unit 4: Metabolic Pathways [38 Hours]
4.1 Bioenergetics
4.2 Gibbs free energy change
4.3 Redox reactions
4.4 High energy compounds
4.5 Glycolysis
4.5.1 Reactions of the pathway
4.5.2 Energy generation
4.5.3 Regulation of glycolysis
4.6 Fate of Pyruvate
4.6.1 Aerobic metabolism
4.6.2 Anaerobic metabolism
4.6.2.1 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
4.6.2.2 Tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions
4.6.2.3 Catabolic role
4.6.2.4 Anabolic role
4.6.2.5 Regulation of the Tricarboxylic acid cycle
4.7 Electron Transport Chain
4.7.1 Overview
4.7.2 Sequence of electron transport and carriers
4.7.3 Oxidative phosphorylation
4.7.4 Inhibitors of electron transport chain
4.7.5 Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation
4.7.6 Regulation of the electron transport chain
4.8 Glycogen Metabolism
4.8.1 Glycogen synthesis
4.8.2 Glycogen breakdown
4.8.3 Role of hormones in glycogen metabolism
4.8.4 Regulation of metabolism
4.9 Gluconeogenesis
4.9.1 Significance
4.9.2 Gluconeogenesis reactions
4.9.3 Hormonal control
 4.9.4 Blood sugar control

4.10 Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMS)

4.10.1 Significance
4.10.2 HMS reactions
4.10.3 Changes of the HMS under different cellular conditions
4.10.4 Tissue specific activity of the HMS

4.11 Uronic Acid Pathway

4.11.1 Pathway reactions
4.11.2 Significance

4.12 Amino Acid Metabolism

4.12.1 Synthesis
4.12.2 Catabolism: carbon chain, amino group, urea formation
4.12.3 Disorders of amino acid metabolism

4.13 Lipid Metabolism

4.13.1 Lipolysis and β-oxidation
4.13.2 Ketogenesis
4.13.3 Lipid biosynthesis

4.14 Metabolism of Nucleotides

4.14.1 Synthesis and breakdown of purine nucleotides
4.14.2 Synthesis and breakdown of pyrimidine nucleotide
4.14.3 Disorders of nucleotide metabolism

4.15 Haem Metabolism

4.15.1 Haem synthesis
4.15.2 Haem breakdown
4.15.3 Bilirubin metabolism
Unit 5: Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information [10 Hours]
5.1 Metabolism of Nucleic Acids
5.1.1 DNA synthesis
5.1.2 RNA synthesis
5.1.3 Disorders of nucleic acid synthesis
5.2 Transcription
5.2.1 Post-transcriptional modifications
5.3 Translation
5.3.1 Post-translational modifications
5.4 Peptide bond formation and chain elongation

Unit 6: Hormones [2 hours]

6.1 Classification
6.2 Biosynthesis
6.3 Mechanism of action

Unit 7: Introductory Clinical Biochemistry [12 hours]

7.1 Diagnostic enzymes
7.1.1 Hepatic enzymes
7.2.2 Muscle enzymes
7.2 Electrolytes and acid-base balance
7.2.1 Water balance
7.2.1.1 Regulation of water output
7.2.1.2 Disorder of water balance
7.2.2 Electrolyte Balance
7.2.2.1 Regulation of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate and anions
7.2.2.2 Abnormalities in acid-base balance
7.2.2.2.1 Respiratory acidosis
7.2.2.2.2 Respiratory alkalosis
7.2.2.2.3 Metabolic acidosis
7.2.2.2.4 Metabolic alkalosis

Unit 8: Introductory Nutritional Biochemistry [4 hours]

 8.1 Introduction to nutrition
8.2 Nutrients and dietary sources
8.3 Nutrition and health
Biochemistry Practical/Demonstration Topics [20 Hours]
1. The determination of pH using indicators
2. Citric acid-potassium citrate mixtures as buffer solutions
3. The separation of lipids by thin layer chromatography
4. Reactions for proteins and amino acids
5. Biuret Test
6. Ninhydrin Reaction
7. Xanthoproteic Test
8. Millon’s Test (Cole’s Test)
9. Aldehyde Test for Indole Nucleus (Hopkin-Cole Test)
10. Sakaguchi Test for Guanidino group
11. Sulphur Test for cystine and cysteine
12. Pauley’s Test for Histidine and Tyrosine
13. Molisch Test for Carbohydrate group
14. Test for Organic Phosphorous
15. Solubility and serum content of cholesterol
16. Amylase in serum (Hydrolysis of starch)
17. Determination of total serum protein and albumin-globulin ratio
18. Non-protein nitrogen compounds in blood and urine
19. The effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity
20. The determination of the ‘optimum’ temperature of α-amylase

Teaching Methods and Contact Hours:

Didactic Lectures: 3 hours per week
Laboratory practical: 3 hours per week
Tutorials: 1 hour every other week
Demonstrations: 1 hour per week
Presentations: 2 hours per term

Course Credits:
 Total Credit Hours: 150 hours
Lecture hours: 94 hours
Lab Practical’s: 20 hours
Tutorials: 20 hours
Demonstrations: 10 hours
Presentations: 6 hours

Credit Units: 5.0

Assessment Methods
1. Continuous Assessment: 40%
1.1 Tests 25%
1.2 Assignments 5%
1.3 Lab practical reports 5%
1.4 Presentations 5%

2. Final Examination: 60%

2.1 Written Examination (Multiple choice single best answer type question,
short answer question, short essay question): 50%
2.2 Objectively Structured Practical Examination: 10%

Reading Resources

Prescribed Textbooks
1. Rodwell, V., Bender, D., Botham, K.M., Kennelly, P.J., and Weil, P.A. (2018).
Harpers illustrated biochemistry 31st ed. McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN: 978-1-
25-983794-4
2. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. & Stryer, L. (2004). Biochemistry W.H Freeman & Co
Ltd. ISBN: 978-0716746843.
3. Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L., and Cox, M.M. (2005). Lehninger principles of
biochemistry. 4th ed. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN: 978-0716743392

Recommended resources
1. Ferrier D.R. (2005). Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry. 7th ed. Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins Company. ISBN 978-1496344496
2. Chatterjea M.N, Shinde R. (2007). Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. 8th ed. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers. ISBN: 978-8180613654
3. Bishop M. L, Fody E.P., Schoeff L. E. (2013). Clinical Chemistry: Principles,
Correlations and Techniques. 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-
1451118698.
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Course Code: PMY 1050

Course Pre-requisites: O’ level Sciences

Course Rationale:
This course introduces the students to basic descriptions and functions of the human body. The
course mainly describes the various human body structures, organs and systems. Gross
anatomical features and the physiological functions of the various organ and systems are the
principle focus of this course. The study of the anatomy and physiology form the scientific
foundation of understanding how the human body works and the maintenance of health.

Course Aim:
This course aims to equip the student with a basic understanding of the features and functions
of the human body as an entity, its systems, organs and functional units that maintain the health
of an individual.

Course Objectives:
On successful completion of this course, the student should be able to:
1. Identify the gross anatomical features of the human body
2. Utilize key anatomical and physiological terms
3. Describe the human body organs , systems and physiological functions
4. Justify the normal state of health and function of the human body
5. Conduct gross anatomical evaluations and basic physiological functions and structures
of the Human body

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of the course, the student:
1. Correctly identifies the gross anatomical features of the human body
2. Describes the physiological function aspects of the human body systems
3. Correctly utilizes key terms commonly used in anatomy and physiology
4. Appropriately justifies the normal state of health and function of the human body
5. Undertakes basic physiological and gross anatomical evaluations of human body
structures and functions
Course Content:
Unit 1: Introduction to human anatomy and physiology [2 hours]
1.1.Definitions of anatomical and physiological terms
1.2.Basic medical terminology

Unit 2: Organization of human body structures and functions [8 hours]

2.1.Levels of human structure
2.2.The Cell: structure and function
2.3.Homeostasis
2.4.Tissues, membranes and body cavities:
2.4.1. Key definitions
2.4.2. Types and structure
2.4.3. Classification
2.4.4. Location
2.4.5. Functions
2.4.6. Formation
2.5.Human body position, section and planes

Unit 3: Integumentary, Skeletal and Muscular systems [12 hours]

3.1.Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary systems
3.2.Anatomy and Physiology of the Skeletal system
3.2.1. Description and types of bones and appendicular structures
3.2.2. Joint classification and structure
3.3.Anatomy and Physiology of the Muscular system
3.3.1. Types and structure of muscles
3.3.2. Functions of muscles

Unit 4: Nervous system [14 hours]

4.1.Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous system
4.1.1. Structure of neurons
4.1.2. Somatic and autonomic nerves
4.1.3. Brain and spinal cord
Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology of the Sensory system [4 hours]

5.1 Efferent and afferent neurons

5.2 Structure and function of auditory and olfactory apparatus
5.3 Structure of the skin
5.4 Structure of the eye

Unit 6: Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine system [6 hours]

6.1 Pituitary
6.2 Pancreas
6.3 Thyroid
6.4 Parathyroid
6.5 Thymus
6.6 Adrenal glands

Unit 7: Circulatory System [10 hours]

7.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardio-vascular system:

7.1.1 Heart
7.1.2 Vasculature: arterial and venous structures
7.1.3 Regulation of Blood pressure

Unit 8: Anatomy and Physiology of the Hematological system: [4 hours]

8.1 Blood structures and functions

8.2 Blood groups and blood Coagulation

Unit 9: Anatomy and Physiology of the Lymphatic system: [2 hours]

9.1 Vessels
9.2 Lymph and Tissue
9.2.1 Thymus gland
9.2.2 Lymph nodes
9.2.3 Spleen
Unit 9: Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory system: [4 hours]
 9.1 Structure and function of respiratory organs
9.2 Process of respiration

Unit 10: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive system: [6 hours]

10.1 Alimentary tract structure and functional aspects

10.2 Accessory organs of digestion: structure and functions

Unit 11: Anatomy and Physiology of the Renal system: [4 hours]

11.1 Kidneys
11.2 Ureters
11.3 Bladder
11.4 Urethra
Unit 12: Human Reproduction system [8 hours]
12.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male reproductive system:
12.2. Male reproductive organ structures and functional aspects
12.3 Spermatozoa and spermatogenesis
12.4 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female reproductive system:
12.5 Female reproductive organs structures and functional aspects
12.6 Breast structures
12.7 Pregnancy and lactation
Unit 13: Genetics, Development and Aging [8 hours]

13.1 Genotype and Phenotype

13.1.1 Autosomes, Sex Chromosomes, and Sex Determination
13.1.2 Sex-Linked Inheritance
13.1.3 Haemophilia, Red–Green Colour Blindness
13.2. Embryonic Period
13.3 Aging
13.3.1 Aging of the liver, kidney, special senses and Muscles

Practical and Demonstration Topics:

 1. The human body: Orientation Exercises
2. The language of anatomy exercise
3. Organ systems overview
4. The Cell: Anatomy and Division exercise
5. The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability
6. The Integumentary System: The Skeleton & Muscular System Exercise
7. The Autonomic Nervous System Exercise
8. Blood pressure and Pulse determination
9. Special Senses: Visual tests, Hearing, Olfactory and Taste Exercise
10. Genitourinary system exercise: Gross Anatomy, Gametogenesis, the Female Cycles
exercise, Urinalysis
11. Acid-Base Balance Exercise

Teaching Methods and Contact Hours:

Didactic lectures: 4 hours per week
Tutorials & Group discussions: 1 hour per week
Seminars 1 hour every other week
Laboratory Practical and Demonstrations: 2 hours every other week

Course Credits:
Total credit hours: 150 hours
Lectures: 92 hours
Collaborative and participatory teaching: 10 hours
Laboratory Practical and Demonstrations: 48 hours

Credit units: 5.0

Assessment Methods:
1. Continuous Assessment: 40%
1.1.Tests 30%
1.2.Assignments 5%
1.3.Seminar presentations 2.5%
1.4.Laboratory reports 2.5%
2. Final Examination: 60%
 1.1 Written examination (Multiple choice single best answer type)
1.2 Written examination (Short answer and Long essays )

Reading Resources:
Prescribed books
1. Tortora J.G., Grabowski R.S. (2014). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 14th
ed. New York: Wiley. ISBN-10: 1118774566
2. Waugh A., Grant A. (2001). Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health
and Illness. 13th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier. ISBN-10: 0702072761
3. Sherwood L. (2015). Human Physiology: From cells to systems, 9th ed. Boston,
USA: Cengage Learning. ISBN-10: 128586693
Recommended resources
1. Van De Graaff M.K., Fox I.S., Lafleur M.K. (1997). Synopsis of Human Anatomy
and Physiology. Dubuque IA: Wm C Brown Publishers. ISBN-10: 0697057658
2. Saladin S.K. (2004). Anatomy and Physiology. The Unity of Forum and Function.
New York: McGraw Hill.
3. Marieb E.N., Smith L.A. (2016). Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory
Manual. 11th ed. New Jersey: Pearson. 0133902382
4. Mader S. S. (2005). Understanding human anatomy and physiology, 5th ed.
Boston: McGraw Hill. ISBN-10: 0072935154
PHARMACEUTICS AND CALCULATIONS
Course Code: PMY 1160
Course Pre-requisite: O’ level Sciences
Course Rationale:
To equip the students with knowledge, skills and competencies of principles and methods
needed in formulations, compounding, dispensing and pharmaceutical calculations.

Course Aim:
This course aims to provide introductory and basic science foundation in the study of Dosage
Form Design, Manufacture and Pharmaceutical Calculations.

Learning Objectives:
On successful completion of this course, the student should be able to:

1. Describe the evolution and development of pharmaceutics

2. Describe unit processes and their application in pharmaceutical products
manufacturing
3. Evaluate pharmaceutical calculations in the process of pharmaceutical care delivery
services
4. Describe factors influencing pharmaceutical preparations in the pharmaceutical
industry

Learning outcomes:
Upon completion of this course, the student:
1. Describes the evolutionary development of pharmaceutics
2. Describes unit processes and their application in pharmaceutical products
manufacturing
3. Evaluates pharmaceutical-based calculations in the process of pharmaceutical care
delivery services
4. Applies factors influencing pharmaceutical preparations in the pharmaceutical
industry
Course Content:
Unit 1: Introduction to foundations of physical pharmaceutics [18 hours]
1.1. General introduction to pharmaceutical process
1.2. Thermodynamics of pharmaceutical systems
 1.3. Physical properties of matter
1.4. Surface chemistry properties
1.5. Chemical equilibrium
1.6. Electro-chemistry applications in pharmaceutical processes

Unit 2: Computing and pharmaceutical numeracy [16 hours]

2.1. Introduction to Fundamentals of Measurements and Pharmaceutical Calculations
and International System of Units
2.2. Density, Specific Gravity and Specific Volume
2.3. Ratios-proportions and variation and percentage strength
2.4. Doses and dosages based on patient conditions
2.5. Isotonicity, pH and Buffers and Radioisotopes
2.6.Electrolyte Solutions (equivalents and milliequivalents, millimoles & micromoles,
Osmoles & Osmolarity, Rate of flow of IV- parenteral fluids)
2.7. The Alligation method techniques to calculate new product strength, use of stock
solutions
2.8. Reducing and Enlarging Formulae and specific calculations in contemporary
compounding
2.9. The Calculations involving the actual quantities of Active Drug Moiety

Unit 3: Rheology [8hours]

3.1. Flow of liquids
3.2. Newtonian fluids
3.3. Boundary layer laminar and turbulent flow
3.4. Non-Newtonian behaviour of plastics and pseudo plastic bodies
3.5. Dilantancy
3.6. Instrumentation, measurements and values
3.7. Application of Rheology in pharmacy

Unit 4: Colligative properties [4hours]

4.1. Vapour pressure lowering
4.2. Elevation of boiling point
4.3. Freezing point depression
 4.4. Osmotic pressure
4.5. Application to pharmaceutical dosage forms

Unit 5: Solubility of drugs in liquids [4hours]

5.1. Expression for solubility
5.2. Factors affecting drug solubility
5.3. Solubility parameters on pharmaceutical and biological processes
5.4. Drug solubility on pharmaceutical and biological activity

Unit 6: Pharmaceutical formulation unit processes [30hours]

6.1. Heat transfer
6.2. Evaporation
6.3. Drying
6.4. Mixing
6.5. Communition
6.6. Filtration
6.7. Extraction
6.8. Crystallization
6.9. Distillation
6.10. Sublimation
6.11. Flocculation
6.12. Precipitation
6.13. Sedimentation
6.14. Absorption / adsorption
6.15. Lyophilisation

Physical Pharmaceutics Practical Topics [60 hours]

1. Demonstrating different types of heat transfer processes
2. Demonstrating evaporation process
3. The process of drying
4. Factors affecting mixing process
5. Comminution as particle sizing method
 6. Demonstration of filtration process
7. Extraction as a separation process
8. Crystallisation
9. Steam distillation
10. Sublimation
11. Flocculation
12. Factorial elucidation of precipitation
13. Sedimentation process
14. Operations of rheometer
Teaching Methods and Contact Hours
Didactic lectures: 3 hours per week
Laboratory practical’s: 2 hours per week
Tutorials, Group discussions: 1 hour per week

Course Credits
Total credit hours: 150 hours
Lecture hours: 80 hours
Lab practicals: 60 hours
Tutorials: 10 hours

Credit units: 5.0

Assessment Methods:
1. Continuous Assessment: 40%
1.1.Tests 15%
1.2.Assignments 5%
1.3.Seminar presentations 5%
1.4.Practical reports 15%

2. Final Examination: 60%

2.1.Written Examination (Multiple choice single best answer type, short answer
and long essays): 30%
2.2.Objectively Structured Laboratory Practical Examination (OSPE): 30%
Reading Resources:
Prescribed Textbooks
1. Ansel, H. C. (2010). Pharmaceutical Calculations. 13th ed. Wolters Kluwer Health
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-58255-837-0
2. Attwood, D. and Florence, A.T. (2008). 1st Edition. Physical Pharmacy,
Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978 0 85369 725 1
3. Aulton, M. (2005). Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd ed.
Churchill Livingstone Press. ISBN: 0-443-05550-5.
Recommended Textbooks
1. Lloyd VA, Nicholas GP and Howard CA (2010). Pharmaceutical Dosage forms and
Drug Delivery Systems. 9th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2. Mansoor AK, Indra KR (2000). Pharmaceutical and Clinical Calculations 2nd ed. CRC
Press. ISBN 1-56676-8122-8
3. British Pharmacopoeia, 2013, University Press Cambridge, ISBN: 9780113229321.
4. The International Pharmacopoeia (2011), 4th Edition. University Press, Cambridge.
5. Sean C. S. (2009). Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia. 36th ed. Pharmaceutical
Press. ISBN: 9780853698401.
6. David A and Alexander TF (2006). Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy. 4th ed.
Churchill Livingstone. ISBN: 0-85369-608-X.
7. Aulton, M.E. and Taylor, K.M.G. (2013). Aulton’s Pharmaceutics, The Design and
Manufacture of Medicines. 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-7020-4291-1
PHARMACY PRACTICE AND DISPENSING

Course Code: PMY 1470

Course Pre-requisites: O’ level sciences

Course Rationale:
This course introduces the student to pharmaceutical profession mannerism and ethical science
as they train for service in the health profession and community. The students are introduced
to policies on healthcare delivery in the public sector and management of health related
elements as they provide services in day to day practice of pharmacy.

Course Aim:
The course aims to equip the student with knowledge and skills as a trainee professional as
they relate with policy direction in relation to pharmaceutical care service provision to the
public.

Course Objectives:
On successful completion of this course, the student should be able to:
1. Describe the scope of pharmacy, professional ethics and community health services
2. Discuss health policies relating to pharmaceutical services
3. Describe the key concepts of epidemiology
4. Discuss health promotion and prevention of communicable and non-communicable
diseases
5. Perform First Aid
6. Interpret and perform dispensing procedures

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of the course, the student:
1. Describes the scope of pharmacy and professional ethics
2. Discusses composition of the health care team in Zambia
3. Describes the key concepts of epidemiology and practices health promotion and
prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases
4. Performs First Aid
5. Interprets and performs dispensing procedures
Course Content:

UNIT 1: Introduction to Pharmacy Practice [8 HRS]

1.1 Definition and Scope of Pharmacy Practice
1.2 Professions and Approaches to Professionalization
1.3. The Profession of Pharmacy
1.4 Overview of the History and Evolution of Pharmacy
1.5 Concepts in Contemporary Pharmacy Practice

Unit 2: The Health Team and the Zambian Health System [8 hours]
2.1. Definition of the Health Team and Members of the Health Team
2.2. The Zambian Health System and the Role of Pharmacy

Unit 3: Professional Ethics [8 hours]

3.1. Core values for professional practice
3.2. Building a foundation for ethical decision-making in professional practice
3.3. Ethical issues in professional relationships: Application of ethical foundation
3.4. Distinguish law and institutional policy issues from ethical standards
3.5. Role of the professional bodies and societies in professional practice

Unit 4: Health Promotion [6 hours]

4.1. Concepts and definition of health
4.2. Beliefs and approaches in health promotion
4.3. Health promotional strategies and priority action
4.4. Health inequalities
4.5. Best practices when developing a health promotion programme

Unit 5: Health Education [6 hours]

5.1. Definition of health education
5.2. Aim and specific objectives of Health education
5.3. Main principles of health education
5.4. Types of health education
5.5. Different approaches in health education
 5.6. Stages of health education
5.7. Health education code of ethics

Unit 6: Key Concepts of Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance [12hours]

6.1. Understanding prevalence and incidences of diseases
6.1.1. Definition of epidemiology
6.1.2. Aims of epidemiology
6.1.3. Epidemiology approaches
6.1.4. Basic measurements in epidemiology
6.1.5. Infectious disease epidemiology
6.1.6. Definition of prevalence and incidence
6.1.7. Traditional epidemiology triangle
6.1.8. Modern epidemiology triangle
6.2. Epidemics and endemics
6.2.1. Definition of epidemic and endemics
6.2.2. Case concept
6.2.3. Ideal hypothesis
6.2.4. Vital health and statistics series
6.2.5. Epidemiologic specific guidelines for cause
6.2.6. Causal relation
6.3. Pharmacoepidemiology
6.3.1. Definition of Pharmacoepidemiology
6.3.2. Division of epidemiology
6.3.3. Importance of Pharmacoepidemiology to pharmacy personnel

Unit 7: Health promotion and prevention of diseases [36 hours]

7.1. Communicable diseases
7.1.1 HIV/AIDS
7.1.2 STIs
7.1.3 Tuberculosis
7.1.4 Malaria
7.1.5 Dermatological diseases
7.1.6 Communicable Diseases of recent interest
 7.2. Non-communicable diseases
7.2.2 GI diseases
7.2.2 Respiratory diseases
7.2.3 Cancers
7.2.4 Cardiovascular disorders
7.2.5 Diabetes
7.2.6 Non-communicable diseases of recent interest
Unit 9: First Aid [6 hours]
1. 9.1. Composition of a First Aid Kit
2. 9.2. Resuscitation Techniques
3. 9.3. Managing minor injuries: wounds, fractures
4. 9.4. Bleeding Management
5. 9.5. Poisoning Management
6. 9.6. Counselling point
7. 9.7. Occupational Hazards
8. 9.8. Safety when performing First Aid

Unit 10: Dispensing [10 hours]

10.1. Dispensing process
10.1.1. Definition
10.1.2. Understand drug classification according to schedules
10.1.3. Abbreviations commonly used in pharmacy
10.1.4. Understand and interpret a prescription
10.1.5. Laboratory safety and procedures
10.2. Patient counselling
Laboratory Practical and Demonstration topics [30 hours]

1. Composition of a First Aid Kit

2. Resuscitation Techniques
3. Managing minor injuries: wounds, fractures
4. Bleeding Management
5. Poisoning Management
6. Occupational Hazards
7. Safety when performing First Aid
8. Demonstration of dispensing process
9. Classification of drugs according to schedules
 10. Abbreviations commonly used in pharmacy
11. Types of prescription
12. Laboratory safety and procedures

Teaching Methods and Contact Hours:

Didactic lectures: 4 hours per week

Presentations: 2 hours per week
Tutorials, Group discussions: 1 hour per week

Course Credits

Total credit hours: 80 hours

Lecture hours: 80 hours
Presentations: 60 hours
Tutorials: 10 hours
Credit units: 2.7
Assessment Methods:
1. Continuous Assessment: 40%

1.1 Tests 15%

1.2 Assignments 5%
1.3 Seminar presentations 5%
1.4 Practical reports 15%
2. Final Examination: 60%

1.5 Written Examination (Multiple choice single best answer type, short
answer & essay type questions)
Reading Resources:
Prescribed books
1. Whalley B, Fletcher, K, Weston, S, Howard, R (2008). 1st edition. Foundation in pharmacy
practice. Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 9780853697473.4
2. Winfield A.J, Rees, J.A, Smith, I (2009). 4th edition. Pharmaceutical practice. Churchill-
Livingstone. ISBN 9780443069062
3. Desselle, S, Zgarrick, D, and Alston, G (2012). 3rd Edition. Pharmacy management:
Essentials for all practice settings. McGraw Hill. Medical Publishing Division. ISBN
9780071774314.
4. Purtilo, R.B and Dohert, R (2010). 5th edition. Ethical Dimensions in the Health
Professions. Elseiver. ISBN 9781437708967
Recommended resources
1. Veatch, R.M, Haddad, A.M, and English, D.C (2010). 1st edition. Case studies in
biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309720
2. Cipolle, R. J. Strand L.M. Morley P.C (2012). 3rd edition. Pharmaceutical Care Practice:
The patient-centered approach to medication management. McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN-
13: 978-0071756389
3. Azzopardi, L.M (2009). 1st edition. Lecture Notes in Pharmacy Practice. Pharmaceutical
Practice. ISBN-10: 0853697663 | ISBN-13: 978-0853697664
4. Lachman L (2010). The theory & practice of Industrial Pharmacy. CBS Publisher &
Distributors P Ltd. ISBN-10: 8123916795
5. Robson A.S, Bawden D, Judd A (2001). Pharmaceutical & Medicines Information
Management: Principles & Practice. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0443064016
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
Course Code: PMY 1360
Pre-requisite: O’ level Sciences

Course Rationale:
The study of Pharmaceutical Chemistry gives an introduction to drug design and development.
It also covers branches of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug metabolism which
are important in understanding the effects that drugs have on the body.

Course Aim:
This course aims to provide basic foundations in the fundamentals of physical chemistry and
apply the principles to pharmaceutical products.

Course Objectives:

On successful completion of this course, the student should be able to:

1. Describe the concepts of general and physical chemistry and apply the principles to
pharmaceutical products.
2. Interpret the periodic table and atomic structure.
3. Describe the basic principles and applications of chemical equilibrium, radioactive
compound reaction kinetics, electrolyte conductance, redox reaction, kinetic theory,
ionization and pH concept.
4. Describe inorganic compounds of pharmaceutical interest and their chemical
properties.
5. Explain drug stability and the factors that influence drug stability.
6. Perform pharmaceutical analytical processes
Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of the course, the student should:

1. Describes the concepts of general and physical chemistry and apply the principles to
pharmaceutical products.
2. Interprets the periodic table and atomic structure.
3. Describes the principles of mole concepts, molarity and stoichiometry of chemical
reactions.
 4. Describes the basic principles and applications of chemical equilibrium, radioactive
compound reaction kinetics, electrolyte conductance, redox reaction, kinetic theory,
ionization and pH concept.
5. Explains drug stability and the factors that influence drug stability.
6. Performs pharmaceutical analytical processes

Course Contents:

Unit 1: Matter [6hours]

1.1 Comparison of gases, liquids and solids

1.2 Change of state
1.2.1 Phase transitions
1.2.2 Phase diagrams
1.3 Liquid state

1.3.1 Properties of liquids: surface tension and viscosity

1.3.2 Intermolecular forces

1.4 Solid state

1.4.1 Classification of solids by type of attraction of units

1..4.2 Crystalline solids; crystalline lattices and unit cells

1.5 Chemical and Physical changes

Unit 2: Atomic theory and Periodic table [4hours]

2.1 Basic structure of atoms

2.2 Electronic structure of atoms
2.3 Electron configuration and periodicity
2.4 The quantum Mechanical model of the atom
Unit 3: Molecular bonding [4hours]

3.1 Ionic bonding

3.2 Covalent bonding
 3.3 Dative bonds
3.4 Molecular geometry and chemical bonding theory
3.5 Molecular orbital theory
Unit 4: Stoichiometry and the mole concept [8hours]

4.1 Stoichiometry
4.2 Chemical equations
4.3 Mole concept in relation to chemical equations
4.4 Calculations involving solutions
Unit 5: Kinetic theory of gases, liquids and solids [6hours]

6.1 Gas pressure and its movement

6.2 Empirical gas laws
6.3 The ideal gas laws
6.4 Stoichiometry problems involving gas volumes
6.5 Gas mixtures: Law of partial pressures
6.6 Kinetic theory of an ideal gas
6.7 Molecular speeds; Diffusion and Effusion
6.8 Real Gases
Unit 6: Thermochemistry [6hours]

6.1 Understanding heats of reactions

6.2 Enthalpy and internal energy
6.3.Hess’s law, Standard enthalpies of formation

Unit 7: Properties of solutions [6hours]

7.1 Solution formation and types of solution

7.2 Colligative properties
7.3 Colloid formation
Unit 8: Redox reactions [4hours]

8.1 Describing oxidation and reduction reaction

8.2 Oxidation numbers determination
8.3 Balancing oxidation and reduction equations
8.4 Application of oxidizing and reducing agents to pharmacy
Unit 9: Chemical kinetics and Equilibrium [14hours]

9.1 Definition of reaction rate

9.2 The experimental determination of rate
9.3 Dependence of rate on concentration
9.4 Temperature and rate; collision and state – transmission theory
9.5 Reaction mechanism
9.6 Drug stability
9.7 Describing chemical equilibrium
9.8 Changing the reaction conditions; Le chateliers principle
Unit 10: Ionization and pH concept [6hours]

10.1 Nature of acids and bases (definitions and their properties)

10.2 Solution of a weak acid or base
10.3Solution of a weak acid or base with another solute
Unit 11: Solubility and complex-Ion Equilibria [6hours]

11.1 Solubility equilibria

11.2Complex-ion equilibria
11.3Complex ion formation
11.4 An application of solubility
Unit 12: Radioactivity [6hours]

12.1 Types of radioactive decay (describe all the 5 types and their nature)
12.2 Nuclear equations and stability
12.3 Applications of radioactive isotopes to medicine
12.4 The kinetics of radioactive decay
Laboratory Practical and Demonstration topics [55 hours]
1. Laboratory Safety and use of Analytical Glassware
2. Assay of Sulphuric acid
3. Assay of Hydrochloric acid
4. Assay of Salicylic Acid
5. Assay of Anhydrous Citric Acid
6. Assay of Citric acid monohydride
7. Assay of Glacial acetic acid
Teaching Methods and Contact Hours:
Lectures: 3 hours per week
Tutorials: 1 hour per week
Presentations: 1 hour per month
Lab practical: 3 hours per week

Credit Units: 5.0

Total Credit hours: 150

Lectures: 75hours
Tutorials: 11hours
Presentations: 9hours
Lab Practical: 55hours
Credit Units: 5.0
Assessment Methods:

1. Continuous assessments 40%

1.1 Tests: 25%
1.2 Presentations: 5%
1.3 Lab practical reports: 10%
2. Final Examination: 60%
2.1 Written Examination (Multiple choice and short answer questions): 40%
2.2 Objectively Structured Practical Examination: 20%
Reading Resources:
Prescribed text books
1. Zumdahl S. S, Zumdahl S. A, (2010). Chemistry, 8th Ed. Brooks/Cole. ISBN-13:978-0-
495-10935-8, ISBN-10: 0- 495-10935-5

Recommended text books

1. Beran J.A, (2011). Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry, 9th Ed.
John Wiley and Sonsinc. ISBN 978-0-470-64789-9
2. Chang R, (2012). Chemistry, 7th Ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
 ISBN 0-07-112072-6
3. Satyajit D.S et al., (2007). Chemistry for Pharmacy students. John Wiley and Sons inc.
ISBN 978-0-470-01780-7
BASIC PSYCHOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Course Code: PMY 1085
Course pre-requisite: O’ levels
Course rationale:
The course involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human behaviour through the
study of the past and present observation and analysis of the present. The course is designed as
transit learning from basic biological course to behavioural outlook of humans and lays an
appreciative ground of the variety of therapeutical approaches to any behavioural abnormality
as exhibited by patients.

The course also covers the basics of written and oral communication essential in the practice
of pharmacy.

Course Aim:

This course enables students to acquire basic communication skills and understand the
behavioral aspects that affect health and illness.

Course Objectives:

On successful completion of this course, the student should be able to:

1. Explain learning theories and assessment of patients with behavioral symptoms

2. Explain the concept of the family, culture, illness and psychosomatic medicine
3. Identify different forms and processes of communication
4. Demonstrate written communication skills and processes of job application
5. Describe changes in the behavioral and social aspects associated with human
developmental stages
6. Demonstrate etiquette in communication and professional behavior
Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of the course, the student:

1. Explains learning theories and assessment of patients with behavioral symptoms

2. Explains the concept of the family, culture, illness and psychosomatic medicine
3. Identifies different forms and processes of communication
4. demonstrate written communication skills and processes of job application
 5. Describes changes in the behavioral and social aspects associated with aging
process
6. Demonstrates etiquette in communication and professional behavior

Course Content:

Unit 1: Behavioral and Social aspects associated with aging process [12 hours]

1.1 Childbirth and the postpartum period

1.2 Infancy: birth to 15 months
1.3 The toddler
1.4 The preschool child
1.5 Latency or school age
1.6 Adolescence
1.7 Special issues in child development
1.8 Early adulthood
1.9 Middle adulthood
1.10 Aging
1.11 Stages of dying and death
1.12 Bereavement (normal grief) versus depression (abnormal grief or complicated
bereavement)
Unit 2: Learning theories and assessment of patients with behavioral symptoms [10
hours]

2.1 Habituation and sensitization

2.2 Classical conditioning
2.3 Operant conditioning
2.4 Overview of psychological testing
2.5 Intelligence tests
2.6 Achievement tests
2.7 Psychiatric evaluation of the patient with emotional symptoms
2.8 Aggression
2.9 Abuse and neglect of children and the elderly
2.10 Physical and sexual abuse of domestic partners
 2.11 The role of health professionals in suspected child, elder and domestic partner
abuse, and gender based violence
2.12 Sexual aggression: rape and related crimes
2.13 Adolescent health

Unit 3: Concept of the family, culture, illness and psychosomatic medicine [10 hours]

3.1 Overview of the family

3.2 Demographics and current trends
3.3 Culture in Zambia
3.4 Subcultures
3.5 Stress and health
3.6 Psychological stress in specific patients
3.7 Patients with chronic pain
3.8 Patients with acquired immunce deficiency syndrome
Unit 4: Identifying forms and processes of communication [10 hours]

4.1 Nature and purpose of communication

4.2 Types of communication
4.3 The communication Process
4.4 Barriers to effective communication
4.5 Strategies of effective communication
Unit 5: Demonstrating written communication and job applications [12 hours]

5.1 Letters
5.2 Memos
5.3 Forms and documentation
5.4 Notices
5.5 Reports
5.6 Application letter
5.7 Curriculum vitae
5.8 Interviews
5.9 Meetings
5.10 Minutes
Unit 6: Etiquette and professional behavior [4 hours]
6.1 Basics of etiquettes
 6.2 Grooming
6.3 Handling of complaints
6.4 Personal and Professional boundaries

Teaching Methods and Contact hours:

Didactic lectures: 2 hours per week
Tutorials: 1 hour per 4 weeks
Presentations: 1 hour per 6 weeks

Course Credits: 2.5

Total credit hours: 75 hours
Lecture hours: 58 hours
Tutorials: 11 hours
Presentations: 6 hours

Credit units: 2.5

Assessment Methods:
1. Continuous assessments: 40%
1.1 Tests 20%
1.2 Assignments 10%
1.3 Presentations 10%
2. Final examination: 60%
2.1 Written exam (Multiple choice best answer type and short answer): 50%
2.2 Viva voce: 10%

Reading Resources:
Prescribed Text Books
1. Beardsley R.S., Kimberlin C.L., Tindall W.N. (2007) Communication Skills in
Pharmacy Practice 5th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, United States of America.
ISBN 0-7817-6598-6.
2. Gross R. Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour. 5th ed. Hodder education.
UK. ISBN: 978 1471 829734
Recommended Resources

1. Lerner R.M., Easterbrooks M. A., Mistry J. (2003). Handbook of Psychology:

Developmental Psychology. Volume 6. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 0-471-38406-2.
2. Shirley Taylor. (2005). Communication for Business. 4th Ed. Essex: Pearson Education
Limited