Common nouns

 Describe a general type of person, place, or thing

 Are not capitalized, unless they start a sentence
 Examples include "student," "region," or "television show"
Proper nouns

 Identify specific people, places, or things

 Examples include "New York," "The Himalayas," or "The Taj
Mahal"

Collective nouns

 Describe a group of people or things

 Take a singular verb
 Examples include "pack," "pride," "flock," "anthology," or
"cast"

Abstract nouns

 Refer to concepts or feelings that cannot be experienced

physically
 Examples include "grammar," "justice," "sadness," or
"relaxation"

Concrete nouns

 Refer to physical objects, places, or individuals

 Examples include "apple," "hill," "zebra," or "Dorothy"

Compound nouns

 Made of two or more words, including nouns, adjectives,

verbs, or prepositions
 Examples include "basketball" or "snowstorm"
Countable nouns

 Things that can be counted, like apples or books

 Can be preceded by an indefinite article or a number

Uncountable nouns
 Things that can't be counted, like water or information
 Should never be preceded by an indefinite article or a
number.

1. Noun (Names of people, places, things, or ideas)

• Types of Nouns:

• Common nouns: general names (e.g., city, car, book)

• Proper nouns: specific names (e.g., Nairobi, Toyota, Harry Potter)

• Abstract nouns: intangible things (e.g., love, bravery, freedom)

• Concrete nouns: things that can be sensed (e.g., table, dog, music)

• Collective nouns: groups of things/people (e.g., team, flock, audience)

• Examples in sentences:

• The teacher explained the lesson clearly.

• Nairobi is the capital city of Kenya.

2. Pronoun (Replaces a noun to avoid repetition)

• Types of Pronouns:

• Personal pronouns: (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)

• Possessive pronouns: (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)

• Reflexive pronouns: (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves)

• Demonstrative pronouns: (this, that, these, those)

• Relative pronouns: (who, whom, whose, which, that)

• Interrogative pronouns: (who, what, which, whose, whom)

• Examples in sentences:

• She went to the market.

• This is my book.

3. Verb (Expresses an action or state of being)

• Types of Verbs:

• Action verbs: (run, jump, write, eat)

• Linking verbs: (is, am, are, was, were, seems, becomes)

• Helping (auxiliary) verbs: (is, have, will, can, should)

• Examples in sentences:

• She writes a letter every day.

• They were happy to see us.

4. Adjective (Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun)

• Types of Adjectives:

• Descriptive adjectives: (beautiful, tall, intelligent)

• Quantitative adjectives: (some, many, few, all, first)

• Demonstrative adjectives: (this, that, these, those)

• Possessive adjectives: (my, your, his, her, our, their)

• Examples in sentences:

• The blue car is mine.

• She has three cats.

5. Adverb (Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb)

• Types of Adverbs:

• Adverbs of manner: (quickly, slowly, happily)

• Adverbs of time: (yesterday, now, soon)

• Adverbs of place: (here, there, everywhere)

• Adverbs of degree: (very, too, almost, quite)

• Examples in sentences:

• He ran quickly to catch the bus.

• She is very tired today.

6. Preposition (Shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word)

• Types of Prepositions:

• Prepositions of place: (in, on, under, between, behind)

• Prepositions of time: (before, after, during, at, since)

• Prepositions of direction: (to, into, onto, towards)

• Examples in sentences:

• The book is on the table.

• We will meet after lunch.

7. Conjunction (Connects words, phrases, or clauses)

• Types of Conjunctions:

• Coordinating conjunctions: (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)

• Subordinating conjunctions: (because, although, since, unless)

• Correlative conjunctions: (either…or, neither…nor, both…and)

• Examples in sentences:
• I wanted to go out, but it started raining.

• You can have either tea or coffee.

8. Interjection (Expresses strong emotions or sudden reactions)

• Examples:

• Wow! That was an amazing performance!

• Ouch! That hurt!

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Adjectives are used to describe nouns, and when comparing two or more things, we use
comparative and superlative adjectives.

1. Comparative Adjectives

• Used to compare two people, places, or things.

• Usually formed by adding ”-er” to short adjectives or using “more” before longer
adjectives.

• Often followed by “than” in a sentence.

Examples:

• This book is thicker than that one.

• She is more intelligent than her brother.

• The car is faster than the bus.

2. Superlative Adjectives

• Used to compare three or more people, places, or things.

• Usually formed by adding ”-est” to short adjectives or using “most” before longer
adjectives.

• Often used with “the” before the adjective.

Examples:

• This is the thickest book in the library.

• She is the most intelligent student in the class.

• That was the fastest car in the race.

Rules for Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

1. One-syllable adjectives → Add ”-er” for comparative and ”-est” for superlative.

• Tall → taller → tallest

• Small → smaller → smallest

2. Adjectives ending in “e” → Just add ”-r” or ”-st”

• Large → larger → largest

• Wise → wiser → wisest

3. Adjectives ending in a consonant + vowel + consonant → Double the last consonant before
adding ”-er” or ”-est”

• Big → bigger → biggest

• Hot → hotter → hottest

4. Adjectives with two or more syllables → Use “more” for comparative and “most” for
superlative

• Beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful

• Expensive → more expensive → most expensive

5. Irregular adjectives (do not follow regular rules)

• Good → better → best

• Bad → worse → worst

• Far → farther/further → farthest/furthest