Digital Electronics

Number Systems

Outline
 Common Number Systems
 Conversion Among Bases
 Binary Arithmetic
 1’s and 2’s Complements of Binary Numbers
 Signed Numbers
 Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers
1
 Common Number Systems
System Base Symbols Used by Used in
(R) humans? computers?

Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No

Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes

Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No

Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, A, No No
decimal B, … F

 Digits in base (R) can range from 0 to R-1.

2
 Common Powers (1 of 2)
 Base 10

Power Preface Symbol Value

10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro  .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000
106 mega M 1000000
109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000

3
 Common Powers (2 of 2)
 Base 2
Power Preface Symbol Value

210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?

• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory, the
base-2 interpretation generally applies

4
Example

1. Double click on My Computer

2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =

5
 Conversion Among Bases

 The possibilities are:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

6
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base

7
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100

125

Base

8
 Binary to Decimal, Octal to Decimal,
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

 Technique
 Multiply each bit by Xn, where ‘X’ is the base and‘n’ is the “weight”
of the bit
 The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
 Add the results
9
 Binary to Decimal, Octal to Decimal,
Hexadecimal to Decimal Examples
 Convert the following numbers into decimal
 1010112 7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
 7248 2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
 ABC16
46810

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0 ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
1 x = 8 B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
23
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32 274810

4310
 The left most bit is know as Most Significant Bit (MSB) & right most is LSB.
10
 Conversion of Any Base to Decimal
Converting from ANY base to decimal is done by multiplying each digit by its
weight and summing.

Binary to Decimal

1011.112= 1x23+ 0x22+ 1x21+ 1x20+ 1x2-1+ 1x2-2

= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 11.75

Hex to Decimal

A2F16= 10x162+ 2x161+ 15x160

= 10 x 256 + 2 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 2560 + 32 + 15
= 2607

11
 Decimal to Binary
12510 = ?2
Decimal Octal

LSB

Binary Hexadecimal

 Technique MSB
 Divide by 2
 Keep track of the remainder

12
 Octal to Binary & Hexadecimal to Binary
 Technique
Decimal Octal
 Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Convert each hexadecimal digit
to a 4-bit equivalent binary
representation
Binary Hexadecimal

7058 = ?2 10AF16 = ?2
7 0 5 1 0 A F

111 000 101 0001 0000 1010 1111

7058 = 1110001012 10AF16 = 00010000101011112 13
 Decimal to Octal & Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal
 Technique
 For Octal divide by 8
 For Hexadecimal divide by 16
 Keep track of the remainder
Binary Hexadecimal

123410 = ?8 123410 = ?16

LSB
8 1234 LSB 16 1234
8 154 2 16 77 2
8 19 2 16 4 13 = D MSB
8 2 3 MSB 0 4
0 2 123410 = 23228 123410 = 4D2
14 16
 Binary to Octal & Binary to Hexadecimal
 Technique
Decimal Octal
 For Octal, Group bits in
threes, starting on right
 Convert to octal digits

 For Hexadecimal, Group bits

Binary Hexadecimal in fours, starting on right
 Convert to hexadecimal digits
10110101112 = ?8
1010111011 2 = ?16
1 011 010 111
10 1011 1011

1 3 2 7 2 B B
10110101112 = 13278 10101110112 = 2BB16 15
 Octal to Hexadecimal & Vice Versa

Decimal Octal  Technique

 Use binary as an intermediary

1F0C16 = ?8
1 F 0 C
Binary Hexadecimal

10768 = ?16 0001 1111 0000 1100

1 0 7 6
1 7 4 1 4

001 000 111 110 1F0C16 = 174148

2 3 E
10768 = 23E16 16
 Fractions
 Decimal to decimal (just for fun)

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14

. is Radix point
3 is Integer Portion
14 is Fractional portion

17
 Fractions Cont.
 Binary to decimal

10.10112 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625

1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.687510

18
 Fractions Cont.
 Decimal to binary
.14579
x 2
3.1457910 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001...
etc.

19
 Binary Arithmetic

 Binary arithmetic is essential in all digital computers and in

many other types of digital systems.
Binary Addition 4 BASIC RULES
Augend Addend Sum Carry Result
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 10

Example

20
Binary Arithmetic

Binary Subtraction 4 BASIC RULES

Minuend Subtrahend Difference Borrow
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0

Example:

21
 Binary Arithmetic
Example:

Binary Multiplication
• 0×0=0
• 0×1=0
• 1×0=0
• 1×1=1

Binary Division Example:

• 0÷1=0
• 1÷1=1
• 1 ÷ 0 = Not allowed

22
 Binary Arithmetic Examples
 Perform the following binary arithmetic operations
 111 + 11
 101 – 11
 101 x 111
 110 / 10

23
 Binary Arithmetic Examples
 Perform the following binary arithmetic operations
 111 + 11 = (1010 )
 101 – 11 = (10)
 101 x 111= (100011)
 110 / 10 = (11)

24
End of the Class

25