MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)

• The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight

goals to be achieved by 2015 that were established
following the Millennium Summit of the United
Nations in 2000.
• All 189 United Nations member states at the time
(there are 193 currently) and at least 23 international
organizations committed to help achieve the
Millennium Development Goals by 2015.
• This, United Nations Millennium Declaration signed in
September 2000, commits world leaders to combat
poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental
degradation, and discrimination against women.
• The MDGs are derived from this Declaration, and all
have specific targets:
 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
• MDG 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion
of people whose income is less than one dollar a day
• Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and
decent work for all including women and young people
• Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion
of people who suffer from hunger
• MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education
• Target: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys
and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling
• MDG 3: promote gender equality and empower women
• Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education
no later than 2015
 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
• MDG 4: reduce child mortality
• Target: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015 the
under-five mortality rate
• MDG 5: improve maternal health
• Target A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and
2015, the maternal mortality ratio
• Target B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive
health
• MDG 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
• Target A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the
spread of HIV/AIDS
• Target B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment
for HIV/AIDS for all who need it
• Target C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the
incidence of malaria and other major diseases
 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
• MDG 7: ensure environmental sustainability
• Target A: Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and programmes
and reverse the loss of environmental resources
• Target B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a
significant reduction in the rate of loss
• Target C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people
without access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation
• Target D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant
improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum
dwellers
•
 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
• MDG 8: develop a global partnership for development
• Target A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-
discriminatory trading and financial system
• Includes a commitment to good governance, development and
poverty reduction—both nationally and internationally
• Target B: Address the special needs of the least developed countries
• Target C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing
countries and small islands developing states (through the
Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small
Island Developing states and the outcome of the twenty-second
special session of the General Assembly)
• Target D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of
developing countries through national and international measures
in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
• Target E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide
access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
• Target F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications
REPORT ON KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
▪ MDG 1- eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
▪ Kenya has significantly reduced the proportion of
its population living below the absolute poverty
line from 52.0% in 2000 to 45.2% in 2009 (Kenya
National Household Survey).
▪ There was marked improvement in the poverty to
gap ratio from 6.3% in 2005 to 12.2% in 2009.
▪ Whereas the country is yet to carry out a poverty
survey to ascertain the poverty and welfare
levels, the World Bank’s Kenya Economic Outlook
report places the poverty level at between 34%
and 42%, implying a further reduction of poverty.
REPORT ON KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
Ongoing interventions:
• Promotion of fish farming enterprises through adoption of aquaculture
• Introduction of “Njaa Marufuku” Kenya which aims at capacity building farmers to
increase food productivity and improve food security at household level
• National Accelerated Agricultural Inputs Project (NAAIAP) which provides farmers
with fertilizer and seeds at a subsidized price
• Expanded Irrigation Programme where 81 irrigation schemes with 3,800 acres of
land under crop were operationalised including launch of the Tana Delta Irrigation
Scheme
• Small Holder Dairy Commercialisation Project
• Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Programme
• Protection Programmes for orphaned and vulnerable children (OVCs), the elderly
and people living with disability (PLDs)
• Establishment of the Youth Empowerment Programmes such as; the Youth
Enterprise Fund (YEF) which provides credit to the youth, subsidized youth
polytechnic tuition fees (SYPT), establishment of the youth empowerment centers
which offers a variety of services to young people including employment
information and career development, Kenya Youth empowerment project which
sponsors training and internship programmes and the ‘Yes Jump’ Kenya
programme to address youth unemployment
 REPORT ON KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
• MDG 2- Achieve universal primary education
• Kenya is likely to achieve the goal on universal primary education by 2015, given
the steady increase in primary schools Gross Enrollment Rate from 110% in 2009
to 115% in 2011, Net Enrolment Rate increased from 67.8% in 2000 to 95.3% in
2012.
• Primary to secondary school transition rate increased from 66.9 % in 2009 to
73.3% in 2011.
• Literacy rates among 15-24 year old has increased from 80.3% in 2000 to 94.4% in
2010 (ICT Survey 2010).
Ongoing interventions:
• Continued implementation of Free Primary Education
• Expansion of Free Day Secondary School Education Programme
• Allocation of funds by the Government to hire more teachers and development of
education and training to facilitate infrastructural development in learning
institutions
• Expansion of the School Feeding Programme to cover all Arid and Semi Arid Lands
areas as mitigation to the effects of famine and drought on access and retention
• Economic Stimulus Programme and Constituency Development Fund to expand
school infrastructure through the construction of new schools and rehabilitation of
existing ones, purchase and rehabilitation of equipment
REPORT ON KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
❖ MDG 3- promote gender equality and empower women
❖ The girl to boy ratio in primary schools increased from 0.95 in 2000
to 0.98 in 2012 indicating that gender parity in primary education is
likely to be achieved.
❖ The ratio of girls to boys in secondary school increased from 0.85 in
2007 to 0.98 in 2012.
❖ The Constitution of Kenya which advocates for affirmative action to
elevate women’s representation has increased, the proportion of
women in public institutions increased from 32.4% in 2008 to 38%
in 2012.
❖ The number of female members both in the National Assembly and
Senate is 20.8% in 2013 while women occupy 33.3% and 26.9% of
positions as Cabinet Secretaries and Principal Secretaries
respectively.
❖ The number of girls enrolling for secondary and tertiary education
has also increased significantly since 2000.
REPORT ON KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
Ongoing interventions:
▪ Provision of sanitary towels to school girls to ensure that
school attendance is not disrupted
▪ Establishment of the Women Enterprise Development Fund
(WEF), Youth Enterprise Fund, UWEZO Fund and 30%
preference and reservations on public procurement among
other interventions to ensure socio-economic
empowerment of women
▪ The Anti-Female Genital Mutilation Board has been
established and resourced to reverse and end the practice
▪ Implementation of the Constitution that advocates
affirmative action to elevate women’s representation in the
National and County Assemblies
REPORT ON KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
• MDG 4 - reduce child mortality
• By 2009, the infant mortality rates had reduced to 52 deaths per 1,000 live births
from 77 in 2003, while the under-five mortality rate decreased to 74 deaths per
1,000 live births from 115 in 2003. The input of extra resources for child survival is
showing results.
• Immunization coverage stands at 80% in 2011 (Economic Survey 2012). Drugs for
HIV prevention of mother to child transmission are available in almost all
Government health facilities. To achieve this goal, more efforts are needed to
increase the uptake of both pre and post-natal services to 100% by 2015.
Ongoing interventions:
• Implementation of the Child Survival and Development Strategy 2008-2015
• Nation-wide door to door vaccination campaign against polio and measles
targeting children under 5 years, introduction of pneumococcal (pneumonia)
vaccine for infants under one year
• Development of strategies, guidelines and policies namely Community Maternal
Newborn Care guidelines, Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)
guidelines, Child-Mother Health Nutrition Strategy (Malezi Bora)
REPORT ON KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
• MDG 5- improve maternal health
• The Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) 2008/09 report shows that
trained health personnel attend to 44% of births in Kenya. The maternal
mortality rates increased from 414 per 100,000 live births in 2003 to 488
per 100,000 live births in 2009. However, the 2009 census analytical
report of 2010 indicates maternal mortality of 495 per 100,000 live births.
• Contraceptive use among married women, increased from 39.3% in 2003
to 46% in 2009.
Ongoing interventions:
• In June 2013, the Government abolished maternity charges in all public
health facilities
• Allocation of budgets to hire 30 additional nurses per constituency
• The Government has also developed and implemented policies, guidelines
and strategies such as the National Population Policy for Sustainable
Development, the National Reproductive Health Policy, the Adolescent
Reproductive Health and Development Policy and the National
Reproductive Health Strategy (2009-2015)
• Other interventions include “Beyond Zero Campaign” aimed at fundraising
for mobile clinics to address pregnancy and HIV related complications
REPORT ON KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
• MDG 6- combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
• According to the Kenya Aids Indicator Survey (KAIS), the HIV prevalence for youth
aged 15-24 years indicates a reduction from 3.8% in 2007 to 2.1 % in 2012.
Although there has been no new Demographic Health Survey since 2009, there
have been sustained efforts to reduce new infections such as the yearly HIV
Testing Campaigns by the National Aids Control Council.
• Kenya has reached the World Health Organisation targets on tuberculosis, that is,
case detection rate of 70% and achieved 85% treatment success rate. This
indicates stabilisation and a reversal of the previous trend.
• The proportion of Kenyan households owning at least one Insecticide Treated Net
rose from 6% in 2003 (KDHS 2003) to 56% in 2008/09. The proportion of under-
five children using ITNs increased from 5% in 2003 and to 42.2 % in 2010 (KMIS),
while that of pregnant women similarly increased from 4% in 2003 and 40% in
2007 to 49% in 2008/09. This improvement can be attributed to issuing of 3.4
million Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) by the Government for malaria control for
use by children and pregnant women. Meanwhile 68% of under-five children have
received nets. Indoor residual spraying, aimed at controlling mosquitoes, was
conducted in more than 600,000 households in 16 malaria prone districts.
Ongoing Interventions:
• Free TB testing and treatment programme in all Government health
facilities and implementation of internationally recommended TB Directly
Observed Treatment short course, strategy for TB control worldwide,
screening of all People Living with HIV/AIDS for TB
• Preparation of the Kenya Health Policy 2012-2030, strengthening of
capacity for malaria diagnosis and treatment through procurement and
distribution of Rapid Diagnostic Kits, training of health workers on malaria
prevention, diagnosis and case management
• Free Antiretroviral Treatment, establishment of free Voluntary Counseling
and Testing centers across Kenya and undertaking Voluntary Medically
Assisted Adult Male Circumcision Program (VMMC)
• Development and implementation of the National Health Sector Strategic
Plan (2005-2010), the National Malaria Strategy (NMS 2009 –2017), the
National Malaria Monitoring and Evaluation plan 2009 – 2017, Malaria
Communication Strategy, the New Malaria Endemicity Map and the Kenya
National HIV and Aids Strategic Plan
REPORT ON KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
• MDG 7- ensure environmental sustainability
• Proportion of land covered by forest was 6.6% in 2011 from 6.3 % in 2003 against a 2015 target of
10%.
• According to the 2009 Kenya Housing and Population Census, the proportion of Kenyan households
drawing their drinking water from clean sources is 52.6 % while the proportion of households with
access to improved sanitation was at 61.2 % in 2009.
Ongoing interventions:
• Implementation of the Population Policy for National Development in 2012
• Enactment of the National Environment Policy and Environment Management and Coordination Act
(1999) and others such as the Forest Act of 2005, Forest Policy (2007) and preparation of the draft
Environment Policy
• Implementation of the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Programme (KISIP) in 2012
alongside the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP) and implementation of the Constitution
that requires responsible forestry in collaboration with stakeholders to ensure tree cover of at
least10% by 2030
• Implementation of the National Water Services Strategy (2007-2015) for underserved population
segments in both urban and rural, development of the National Environmental Sanitation and
Hygiene Policy (2007)
• Initiation of large-scale afforestation programmes by engaging unemployed youth and reclamation
programme of the country’s main forests
• Establishing housing technology centers in each constituency and establishing specific building
materials and low-cost housing
• Establishment of a secondary mortgage finance corporation to increase access to housing finance
REPORT ON KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
• MDG 8- develop a global partnership for development
• In the arena of information and communication technology, the country has made
great strides. The number of mobile phone subscribers rose by approximately
6,000% from 180,000 in 2000 to 29.7 million in 2012. It is currently estimated that
at least 64% of the Kenyan population have mobile phones. The number of
internet users is also expected to be higher than 44.1 per 100 population reported
in 2011 due to the introduction of mobile phone internet access and the
deployment of fiber optic cabling which will result into better connectivity as well
as reduced cost of connectivity.
Ongoing interventions:
• Implementation of the Kenya National ICT Strategy for Economic Growth Paper
(2006)
• The National ICT Policy
• Konza Technology City
• Fast-tracking countrywide laying of optical fibre connectivity through the National
Fibre Optic Backbone Initiative (NOFBI)
• Provision of laptops for standard one pupils
• Introduction of mobile banking
 CHALLENGES
• While Kenya has made good progress towards the
achievement of the MDGs, there are several major
challenges and bottlenecks that have slowed down the
process thus affecting progress, such as:
• i. Unemployment and persistent poverty
• ii. Unfavorable weather conditions affecting food
production
• iii. High population growth
• iv. Weak governance and corruption
• Overall, it is noted that many of these problems have arisen
due to the fact that the economic gains realized under the
Economic Recovery Strategy were unevenly distributed,
and the country has faced several internal and external
crises e.g post-election violence in 2008, terrorism, influx of
refugees from neighbouring countries etc.
 KENYA HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGIC & INVESTMENT PLAN
(KHSSP)- JULY 2012- JUNE 2018- “Transforming Health:
Accelerating attainment of Health Goals”
❖ The Government of Kenya developed Vision 2030 policy
document as its new long-term development plan for the
country with the aim of creating “a globally competitive
and prosperous country with a high quality of life by 2030”
through transforming the country from a third world
country into an industrialized, middle income country.
❖ The KHSSP 2012- 2018 provides the Health Sector Medium
Term focus on health, objectives and priorities to enable it
move towards the attainment of the Kenya Health Policy
Directions in the Vision 2030 and the Constitution 2010.
❖ The Kenya Health Policy is guided by both the Constitution,
and the Country’s Vision 2030 by focusing on Implementing
a Human rights based approach, and maximizing Health
contribution to overall Country development.
The Health Services objectives include:
➢ To eliminate communicable conditions: The government aims to achieve this by
forcing down the burden of communicable diseases, till they are not of major
public health concern.
➢ To halt, and reverse the rising burden of non-communicable conditions: This it
aims to achieve by ensuring clear strategies for implementation to address all the
identified non communicable conditions in the country.
➢ Reduce the burden of violence and injuries: This it aims to achieve by directly
putting in place strategies that address each of the causes of injuries and violence
at the time.
➢ Provide essential health care: These shall be medical services that are affordable,
equitable, accessible and responsive to client needs.
➢ Minimize exposure to health risk factors: This it aims to achieve by strengthening
the health promoting interventions, which address risk factors to health, plus
facilitating use of products and services that lead to healthy behaviors in the
population.
➢ Strengthen collaboration with health related sectors: This it aims to achieve by
adopting a ‘Health in all Policies’ approach, which ensures the Health Sector
interacts with and influences design implementation and monitoring processes in
all health related sector actions.
 Health Sector and Kenya 2010 Constitution
▪ The promulgation of the constitution of Kenya on 27th August,
2010 was a major milestone towards the improvement of health
standards.
▪ Citizen’s high expectations are grounded on the fact that the new
Constitution states that every citizen has right to life, right to the
highest attainable standard of health including reproductive health
and emergency treatment, right to be free from hunger and to have
food of acceptable quality, right to clean, safe and adequate water
and reasonable standards of sanitation and the right to a clean
healthy environment.
▪ It provides an overarching conducive legal framework for ensuring a
more comprehensive and people driven health services i.e a rights
– based approach to health is adopted, and applied in the country.
▪ All the provisions of the constitution will affect the health of the
people in one way or another, especially the Bill of Rights, and the
devolved Government.
 Kenya Vision 2030 and Health
➢ The Government of Kenya developed Vision 2030 as its new long-term development plan for the
country.
➢ The aim of the Kenya Vision 2030 is to create “a globally competitive and prosperous country with a
high quality of life by 2030” through transforming the country from a third world country into an
industrialized, middle income country.
➢ To improve the overall livelihoods of Kenyans, the country aims to provide an efficient integrated
and high quality affordable health care system.
➢ Priority will be given to preventive care at community and household level, through a decentralized
national health-care system.
➢ With devolution of funds and decision-making to county level, the Ministry headquarters will then
concentrate on policy and research issues.
➢ With the support of the private sector, Kenya also intends to become the regional provider of
choice for highly-specialized health care, thus opening Kenya to “health tourism”. Improved access
to health care for all will come through:
1. provision of a robust health infrastructure network countrywide;
2. improving the quality of health service delivery to the highest standards
3. promotion of partnerships with the private sector;
4. Providing access to those excluded from health care for financial or other reasons.
➢ The country recognizes that achieving the development goals outlined in Vision 2030 will require
increasing productivity.
➢ The health sector is expected to play a critical supportive role in maintaining a healthy workforce
which is necessary for the increased labour production that Kenya requires in order to match its
global competitors.
➢ Health is, therefore, one of the key components in delivering the social pillar ‘Investing in the
People of Kenya’ for the Vision 2030.