GEC 02: Readings in Philippine History

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

Introduction

The Kartilya ng Katipunan, authored by Emilio Jacinto, stands as a cornerstone of Philippine revolutionary literature,
encapsulating the fervor and principles of the Katipunan. However, to fully grasp the significance of the Kartilya, it's essential to explore
the historical context and pivotal events that laid the groundwork for its creation. This module delves into the concept of
nationalism, the factors on the rise of Philippine nationalism, the role of the Ilustrados, the founding of key
movements, and the emergence of the Katipunan, culminating in the writing of the Kartilya ng Katipunan.

WHAT IS NATIONALISM?

Nationalism is a complex ideology that centers on the idea of loyalty and devotion to one's nation. Nationalism is a
political, social, and cultural ideology centered around the belief in the importance of a nation or a community defined by shared
characteristics such as language, culture, ethnicity, religion, or history. It encompasses a sense of loyalty, pride, and identification with
one's nation, often leading individuals to prioritize the interests and well-being of their nation above others. It often arises in response
to external domination or colonial oppression, driving movements for self-determination and independence.

Key aspects of nationalism include:

1. Unity and Identity: Nationalism fosters a sense of unity and identity among individuals belonging to a particular
nation or community. It emphasizes commonalities and shared values that bind people together.
2. Sovereignty and Self-Determination: Nationalism advocates for the sovereignty and self-determination of a
nation, often in opposition to external influence or domination. It asserts the right of a nation to govern itself and
make decisions without interference from external powers.
3. Cultural Pride: Nationalism often promotes cultural pride and the preservation of cultural heritage. It celebrates the
traditions, language, customs, and achievements of a nation, contributing to a sense of cultural identity and
solidarity.
4. Political Movements: Nationalism can manifest in various political movements, ranging from peaceful advocacy for
greater autonomy or independence to more radical calls for revolution and overthrow of colonial or oppressive
regimes.
5. Historical Narratives: Nationalism often draws upon historical narratives and symbols to reinforce the collective
identity of a nation and justify its aspirations. It may reinterpret or emphasize certain events or figures to promote a
particular national identity.
6. Ethnocentrism and Exclusivity: While nationalism can promote unity and solidarity within a nation, it can also
foster ethnocentrism and exclusivity, leading to discrimination or hostility towards perceived outsiders or minority
groups within the nation.

WHAT IS PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM? WHAT ARE THE FACTORS ON THE RISE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM?

Philippine nationalism, in particular, refers to the movement advocating for the country's independence,
identity, and sovereignty. Philippine nationalism is a movement that emerged in the Philippines during the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, advocating for the country's independence from colonial rule and the assertion of Filipino identity, culture, and sovereignty.
It was fueled by various factors, including resistance to Spanish and later American colonization, the spread of liberal ideas, cultural
revival movements, economic exploitation, and the emergence of Filipino intellectuals and leaders who championed the cause of
independence. Philippine nationalism played a significant role in shaping the country's history and continues to influence Filipino society
and politics today.

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WHAT ARE THE FACTORS ON THE RISE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM?

1. Spread or influx of liberal ideas.

 The spread or influx of liberalism refers to the dissemination of liberal ideas and principles, such as individual
rights, equality, and representative government, in the Philippines.
 Influenced by Enlightenment ideals and European liberalism, liberal thought gained traction among Filipino
intellectuals, particularly the Ilustrados, in the 19th century.
 Liberalism fueled calls for social reforms, education, and political representation, laying the groundwork for the
emergence of Philippine nationalism.
 The Opening of the Suez Canal, the rise of the Ilustrados, and the leadership of Carlos María de la Torre
contributed to the dissemination and adoption of liberal ideas in the Philippines during the late 19th
century. These factors laid the groundwork for the growth of Philippine nationalism and the emergence of
movements advocating for social reform and independence.

Opening of the Suez Canal:

o The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 facilitated increased trade, communication, and travel
between Europe and Asia.
o This maritime shortcut significantly reduced travel time and costs, making it easier for ideas,
goods, and people to move between continents.
o The opening of the Suez Canal enhanced connections between the Philippines and Europe,
accelerating the exchange of ideas and influences, including liberal thought.

Rise of the Ilustrados:

o The Ilustrados were educated Filipino elites who emerged in the late 19th century.
o Influenced by Enlightenment ideals and European liberalism, the Ilustrados advocated for social
reforms, education, and political representation for Filipinos.
o Many Ilustrados received education abroad, particularly in Spain, where they were exposed to
liberal ideas and movements.

Leadership of Carlos María de la Torre:

o Carlos María de la Torre served as Governor-General of the Philippines from 1869 to 1871.
o De la Torre's leadership was characterized by liberal reforms and policies aimed at modernizing and
liberalizing Philippine society.
o He implemented measures such as the abolition of flogging, the establishment of secular schools,
and the promotion of press freedom, which aligned with liberal principles.

How these factors brought the idea of liberalism:

 Increased Access to Liberal Ideas: The opening of the Suez Canal facilitated greater access to liberal
literature, publications, and intellectual exchanges between Europe and the Philippines. This allowed Filipino
intellectuals, including the Ilustrados, to immerse themselves in liberal thought and philosophy.

 Educational Opportunities: The rise of the Ilustrados was closely linked to educational opportunities
provided by Spanish colonial authorities and religious orders. Many Ilustrados studied in Europe, where they
were exposed to liberal ideas firsthand, and later brought these ideas back to the Philippines.

 Influence of Liberal Leadership: The leadership of Carlos María de la Torre introduced liberal reforms and
policies in the Philippines, setting a precedent for liberal governance. His administration promoted principles
such as individual rights, education, and press freedom, which resonated with the ideals of liberalism.

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2. Sentiments Against the Principales (local aristocrats)
 The Principales were the native Filipino elite who held positions of power and influence in Spanish colonial society.
 Sentiments against the Principales arose due to their collaboration with the Spanish colonial authorities, often at the
expense of the broader Filipino population.
 Many Filipinos perceived the Principales as exploitative and
complicit in perpetuating colonial injustices, leading to resentment
and opposition.
3. Racial Prejudices
 The Principales were the native Filipino elite who held positions of
power and influence in Spanish colonial society.
 Sentiments against the Principales arose due to their collaboration
with the Spanish colonial authorities, often at the expense of the
broader Filipino population.
 Many Filipinos perceived the Principales as exploitative and
complicit in perpetuating colonial injustices, leading to resentment
and opposition.
 During the Spanish occupation in the Philippines, the colonial
society was stratified into various social classes and racial
categories, each with its own privileges, status, and roles. Here's
an overview of the different groups:
Social Class under Spanish Period
Peninsulares:

o Peninsulares were Spanish-born individuals who held the highest social and political status in colonial society.
o They occupied top positions in government, the church, and the military, and enjoyed significant privileges and
power.
o Peninsulares often held monopolies on political and economic resources and looked down upon other social
groups, including the Insulares.

Insulares:

o Insulares were individuals of Spanish descent who were born in the Philippines.
o While not as privileged as Peninsulares, Insulares still held significant influence and occupied positions of
authority in colonial administration, commerce, and society.
o They formed an intermediary group between Peninsulares and the local population, often vying for power and
status within colonial society.

Spanish Mestizos:

o Spanish mestizos were individuals of mixed Spanish and indigenous (indio) ancestry.
o They occupied a middle position in colonial society, enjoying certain privileges and access to education and
economic opportunities.
o Spanish mestizos often served as intermediaries between the Spanish colonial authorities and the local
population, and some rose to prominence in various fields such as commerce and education.

Principalia:

o The principalia referred to the indigenous noble class or local elite in colonial Philippines.
o Members of the principalia were typically descendants of local chieftains (datus) who cooperated with the
Spanish colonial authorities.
o They held positions of local leadership, authority, and influence within their communities, often serving as
intermediaries between the Spanish colonial administration and the indigenous population.

Chinese Mestizos:

o Chinese mestizos were individuals of mixed Chinese and indigenous ancestry.

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o They formed a significant segment of the population and were often engaged in trade, commerce, and artisanal
activities.
o Chinese mestizos occupied a middle position in colonial society, enjoying certain economic opportunities and
privileges, but often faced discrimination and restrictions on their activities.

Chinese:

o Chinese immigrants formed a distinct community within colonial Philippines, engaging primarily in trade, commerce,
and artisanal work.
o They played a crucial role in the colonial economy, particularly in the trading networks connecting the Philippines to
other parts of Asia.
o Chinese immigrants often faced discrimination and restrictive policies from the Spanish colonial authorities, including
limitations on their movement and economic activities.

Indio:

o Indio referred to the indigenous Filipino population, comprising the majority of colonial society.
o Indigenous Filipinos were subjected to various forms of discrimination, exploitation, and marginalization under
Spanish colonial rule.
o Despite their marginalized status, indigenous Filipinos resisted colonial oppression through various forms of cultural
preservation, resistance movements, and revolts.

4. Cultural Changes
 Reforms in education introduced by Spanish colonial authorities, such as the establishment of schools and
universities, contributed to the promotion of a common national identity among Filipinos.
 Education became a tool for disseminating Spanish language, culture, and Catholic religion, creating a shared cultural
framework among diverse ethnic groups in the Philippines.
 However, exposure to Western ideas and education also led to a growing awareness of Filipino identity distinct from
Spanish colonial rule, laying the groundwork for nationalist sentiments.
 Reforms in education led to the emergence of an educated Filipino elite, known as the Ilustrados, who played a
pivotal role in the nationalist movement.
 The Ilustrados received education in Spanish universities and were exposed to Enlightenment ideals, liberalism, and
nationalist movements in Europe.
 They utilized their education and intellectual prowess to advocate for social reforms, political representation, and
Filipino nationalism.
 Education provided Filipinos with the tools to critically analyze and challenge colonial injustices and abuses
perpetrated by Spanish authorities.
 Filipino intellectuals, influenced by Enlightenment ideals and liberal thought, used education as a platform to expose
Spanish oppression, advocate for equality and justice, and promote nationalist sentiments.
 Educational institutions and networks provided spaces for nationalist organizing and activism.
 Schools, universities, and literary societies became hubs for intellectual exchange, nationalist discourse, and the
dissemination of nationalist literature and propaganda.
 The formation of nationalist networks within educational institutions laid the groundwork for organized resistance
against colonial rule, culminating in movements such as the Propaganda Movement and the Katipunan.
 Overall, cultural changes and reforms in education played a crucial role in shaping Philippine nationalism by fostering
a sense of identity, awareness, and unity among Filipinos, providing the intellectual foundation for resistance against
colonial oppression, and catalyzing movements for independence and self-determination.
5. Secularization Controversy:
 The secularization controversy was a dispute over the control and administration of Philippine parishes between the
Spanish friars and secular clergy.
 The issue arose from tensions between the secular clergy, who advocated for greater local control and secularization
of the clergy, and the Spanish friars, who opposed secularization and sought to maintain their influence and
privileges.
 The secularization controversy highlighted broader grievances against Spanish ecclesiastical authority and contributed
to growing anti-colonial sentiments among Filipinos.

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 Pedro Pelaez was a prominent figure in Philippine history during the 19th century. He was a Filipino priest and
nationalist who played a significant role in advocating for reforms within the Catholic Church and supporting the
cause of Filipino nationalism.
 One of Pelaez's most significant contributions was his advocacy for the secularization of the Philippine clergy. Pelaez
was a key figure in the secularization movement, which sought to transfer control of Philippine parishes from the
Spanish friars to Filipino priests.
 Pelaez argued that Filipino priests should be given more control and autonomy over parish administration and
governance, rather than being subject to the authority of Spanish friar
 Pelaez's advocacy for secularization was closely tied to the broader nationalist movement in the Philippines.
 By promoting the empowerment of Filipino priests and challenging the authority of Spanish friars, Pelaez contributed
to the growth of Filipino nationalism and resistance against Spanish colonial rule.
6. Cavite Mutiny
 The Cavite Mutiny, which occurred on January 20, 1872, was a failed uprising by Filipino soldiers and laborers
stationed at Fort San Felipe in Cavite.
 The mutiny was sparked by grievances over abusive treatment, low wages, and rumors of impending forced labor
assignments.
 While the mutiny was quickly suppressed, it had significant repercussions, including the execution of Filipino soldiers
implicated in the uprising and increased tensions between Filipinos and Spanish authorities.
7. GomBurZa Execution
 The execution of GomBurZa refers to the martyrdom of three Filipino priests—Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora—on February 17, 1872, following their alleged involvement in the Cavite Mutiny.
 Their execution sparked outrage and galvanized anti-colonial sentiments among Filipinos, fueling calls for reform and
resistance against Spanish rule.
 GomBurZa became symbols of Filipino nationalism and martyrdom, inspiring future generations of Filipino patriots
and revolutionaries.
 The Cavite Mutiny and the subsequent GomBurZa execution had a profound impact on the nationalist movement in
the Philippines.
 The events served to galvanize nationalist sentiments among Filipinos, fueling outrage and resistance against Spanish
colonial rule.
 The unjust execution of GomBurZa, who were perceived as martyrs for the nationalist cause, inspired future
generations of Filipino patriots and revolutionaries to continue the fight for independence and social justice.
 The events also highlighted the oppressive and arbitrary nature of Spanish colonial rule, contributing to growing
discontent and calls for reform and self-determination.
 The Governor-General who was responsible for the handling of the Cavite Mutiny and the subsequent
execution of GomBurZa was Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo. Izquierdo served as Governor-General
of the Philippines from 1871 to 1873. It was under his administration that the events of the Cavite Mutiny unfolded,
leading to the crackdown on suspected dissidents and the execution of Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as GomBurZa. Izquierdo's response to the mutiny and his handling of the
GomBurZa case were characterized by repression and a desire to maintain Spanish colonial authority in the
Philippines.

These factors, each in their own way, contributed to the growth of Philippine nationalism, fostering a sense of collective identity,
resistance against colonial oppression, and aspirations for independence and self-determination.

ILUSTRADOS, PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT, LA SOLIDARIDAD

 The Ilustrados were a group of educated Filipino elites who emerged in the late 19th century.
 Influenced by Enlightenment ideals and European liberalism, the Ilustrados advocated for social reforms,
education, and political representation for Filipinos.
 Notable Ilustrados such as Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena played significant roles in
shaping the trajectory of Philippine nationalism.
 Propaganda Movement: a movement for reform
o The Propaganda Movement was a socio-political campaign initiated by the Ilustrados in the late 19th
century.

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o It aimed to address colonial injustices, raise awareness about Filipino grievances, and foster national
consciousness.
o Through writings, publications, and activism, the Propagandists sought to expose Spanish abuses and
advocate for equality and justice.
 Objectives of the Movement. These objectives of the Propaganda Movement reflect the aspirations of Filipino
intellectuals and activists for social justice, political reform, and national advancement during the late 19th
century. They laid the groundwork for future nationalist movements and struggles for Philippine independence.
1) Peaceful assimilation
o One objective of the Propaganda Movement was to advocate for peaceful assimilation of the
Philippines into Spain.
o Advocates of peaceful assimilation believed that integration (to make the Philippines a
province of Spain) into the Spanish political and cultural sphere would lead to modernization,
progress, and economic development for the Philippines.
o They sought to foster closer ties between the Philippines and Spain, emphasizing cultural
exchange, education, and cooperation as means of achieving unity and progress.
2) Equality
o The Propagandists advocated for equality between Filipinos and Spaniards in terms of rights,
opportunities, and treatment under the law.
o They highlighted the discriminatory policies and practices of the Spanish colonial administration
that favored Peninsulares (Spanish-born individuals) over Insulares (Spanish-descended Filipinos)
and native Filipinos.
o Equality was seen as essential for fostering social justice, political stability, and national unity in
the Philippines.
3) Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes
o Prior to the mid-19th century, the Philippines was represented in the Spanish Cortes (parliament)
through deputies elected from the Philippines.
o The Propagandists sought to restore Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes, which had
been abolished in 1810 during the Spanish War of Independence against Napoleonic France.
o Restoration of representation was seen as a means of giving Filipinos a voice in Spanish
governance and advocating for their interests and rights within the Spanish Empire.
4) Secularization of Parishes
o The Propagandists called for the secularization of Philippine parishes, which would transfer
control and administration of parishes from the Spanish friars to Filipino secular clergy.
o They argued that secularization would reduce the influence and power of the Spanish friars, who
often abused their authority and exploited the local population.
o Secularization was also seen as a means of promoting local autonomy, fostering indigenous
leadership within the Catholic Church, and modernizing religious institutions.
5) Expulsion of the friars
o Another objective of the Propaganda Movement was the expulsion of the Spanish friars from the
Philippines.
o The Propagandists viewed the friars as oppressive and exploitative agents of Spanish colonial
rule, responsible for perpetuating social injustice, cultural suppression, and economic
exploitation.
o Expulsion of the friars was seen as necessary for the advancement of Philippine society, the
promotion of local autonomy, and the restoration of dignity and rights for Filipinos.
6) Human Rights of the Filipinos
o The Propagandists advocated for the recognition and protection of the human rights of Filipinos,
including rights to liberty, property, education, and representation.
o They denounced colonial abuses, such as forced labor, arbitrary taxation, and lack of due
process, and called for reforms to safeguard the rights and dignity of the Filipino people.
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o Human rights were seen as fundamental to the well-being, prosperity, and dignity of individuals
and society as a whole.
 LA SOLIDARIDAD
o La Solidaridad was a revolutionary newspaper published in Spain from 1889 to 1895.
o It served as the official mouthpiece or official organ or newspaper of the Propaganda
Movement, providing a platform for Filipino grievances and aspirations.
o La Solidaridad garnered support from sympathetic Spaniards and other Europeans, amplifying the Filipino
voice on the international stage.
o La Solidaridad, a newspaper published in Barcelona, Spain, was founded by members of the Propaganda
Movement, a group of Filipino intellectuals advocating for political reforms and national recognition. While
there isn't a single founder, it was primarily initiated by members of the Propaganda Movement. Here are
some key figures associated with La Solidaridad, along with their pen names or sagisag panulat. These
individuals, along with other Filipino intellectuals residing in Spain, formed the core group of editors,
contributors, and supporters of La Solidaridad. Through their writings and activism, they sought to raise
awareness about the plight of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule and advocate for political
reforms and national recognition.
1. Graciano Lopez Jaena (Sagisag Panulat: Diego Laura):
o Lopez Jaena was one of the founders of La Solidaridad and served as one of its editors.
o He was known for his passionate writing style and powerful speeches advocating for
Filipino nationalism and social reform.
2. Marcelo H. del Pilar (Sagisag Panulat: Plaridel):
o Del Pilar was another key figure in the founding of La Solidaridad and served as its
editor.
o He was known for his sharp intellect and incisive critiques of Spanish colonial rule in the
Philippines.
3. Jose Rizal (Sagisag Panulat: Laong Laan, Dimasalang):
o While not a founder of La Solidaridad, Rizal contributed numerous articles and essays to
the newspaper.
o His novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," serialized in La Solidaridad, played
a crucial role in shaping nationalist sentiment.
4. Mariano Ponce (Sagisag Panulat: Naning, Tikbalang):
o Ponce was a Filipino propagandist and nationalist who contributed articles to La
Solidaridad.
o He also played a significant role in organizing Filipino communities in Spain and
promoting the nationalist agenda.
5. Antonio Luna (Sagisag Panulat: Taga-Ilog):
o Luna, known for his military prowess, was also associated with La Solidaridad and
contributed articles under the pen name Taga-Ilog.
o He later became involved in the Philippine Revolution and served as a military leader.
6. Juan Luna (Sagisag Panulat: Juan Tamad):
o Juan Luna, a renowned Filipino painter, was supportive of the nationalist cause and
contributed financially to the publication of La Solidaridad.
o He used the pen name Juan Tamad when writing for the newspaper.
 The Ilustrados spearheaded the Propaganda Movement, infusing it with intellectual vigor and articulating the
grievances of the Filipino people. La Solidaridad, as the publication arm of the Propagandists, disseminated their
ideas and garnered international support for the Filipino cause. Together, the Ilustrados, Propaganda Movement,
and La Solidaridad catalyzed the awakening of Philippine nationalism, laying the groundwork for future struggles
for independence.
 The intertwined narratives of Philippine nationalism, the Ilustrados, the Propaganda Movement, and La
Solidaridad exemplify the resilience and determination of Filipinos in the face of colonial oppression. Their
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collective efforts paved the way for the emergence of a distinct Filipino identity and the eventual attainment of
independence. Their legacy serves as a beacon for future generations, inspiring movements for social justice,
equality, and national sovereignty in the Philippines.

LA LIGA FILIPINA

 La Liga Filipina, founded by Jose Rizal in July 03, 1892 at the residence of Doroteo Ongjungco in Ilaya St.,
Tondo, Manila, aimed to unite Filipinos and advocate for reforms peacefully through education and mutual aid.
 Although short-lived, it laid the groundwork for future nationalist movements.
 La Liga Filipina was a socio-civic organization founded by Dr. José Rizal on July 3, 1892, during the
Spanish colonial period in the Philippines. It aimed to unite Filipinos across social classes and promote social
welfare, education, and civic engagement.
 Objectives of the Organization: These objectives of La Liga Filipina reflect its commitment to promoting
national unity, social welfare, justice, economic development, and progressive reforms in the Philippines during
the late 19th century.
I. Unification of the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body
o La Liga Filipina aimed to promote unity and solidarity among the various islands and regions of
the Philippine archipelago.
o This objective sought to overcome divisions based on geography, ethnicity, and culture, fostering
a sense of common identity and purpose among Filipinos.
o By advocating for unification, La Liga Filipina aimed to create a cohesive and strong Filipino
nation capable of facing the challenges of colonial rule and achieving collective progress and
prosperity.
II. Protection in cases of want and necessity
o La Liga Filipina was committed to providing support and assistance to its members and fellow
Filipinos in times of need and hardship.
o This objective emphasized the importance of solidarity and mutual aid within the community,
ensuring that no Filipino would be left behind or neglected during times of poverty, famine, or
other crises.
o By offering protection in cases of want and necessity, La Liga Filipina aimed to promote social
welfare and alleviate the suffering of marginalized individuals and families.
III. Defense against violence and injustice
o La Liga Filipina sought to defend the rights and dignity of Filipinos against acts of violence,
oppression, and injustice perpetrated by colonial authorities or other oppressors.
o This objective aimed to empower Filipinos to resist colonial abuses and injustices, promoting
principles of justice, equality, and human rights.
o By advocating for defense against violence and injustice, La Liga Filipina aimed to uphold the rule
of law, protect individual freedoms, and promote a society based on fairness and respect for
human dignity.
IV. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, commerce
o La Liga Filipina recognized the importance of education, agriculture, and commerce in promoting
social and economic development in the Philippines.
o This objective aimed to encourage investment in education, agriculture, and commerce,
promoting initiatives that would improve the quality of life and livelihoods of Filipinos.
o By promoting instruction (education), agriculture, and commerce, La Liga Filipina aimed to
empower Filipinos to acquire knowledge and skills, increase agricultural productivity, and
stimulate economic growth and prosperity.
V. Study and implementation of reforms
o La Liga Filipina was committed to studying and advocating for reforms aimed at addressing the
social, political, and economic challenges facing the Philippines.

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 Shortly after its establishment, La Liga Filipina came under scrutiny and suspicion from Spanish colonial
authorities, who viewed it as a potential threat to their control over the Philippines.
 The arrest and deportation of its founder, José Rizal in Dapitan (on July 07, 1892), and the
subsequent crackdown on its members by Spanish authorities severely undermined the
organization's ability to operate effectively.

THE KATIPUNAN

 Right after Rizal’s deportation in

Dapitan, night of July 07, 1896 Bonifacio
and friends secretly met at Deodato
Arellano’s house in Tondo, Manila and
decided to form a secret revolutionary
society called as Kataastaasan
Kaglaang-galangang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan (KKK)
 The Katipunan was established as a
response to the failure of La Liga Filipina and other peaceful reformist movements to effect significant change
and reforms within Philippine society. Bonifacio's vision for the Katipunan was more radical and revolutionary
(For national independence through armed revolution), advocating for armed resistance and direct action
against Spanish colonial authorities.
 A candidate for membership was first blindfolded and entered a secret room. In the room there was a table with
a lamp, a skull, and a bolo. The blindfold was removed from his eyes. He was given a test on the history of the
Philippines to show that he knew the Spaniards had oppressed the Filipinos. He had to pass other tests on his
patriotism, courage and sincerity.


Organizational Structure of the Katipunan

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND KATIPUNAN

 The Propaganda Movement was a

reformist movement that emerged in
the late 19th century and sought to
achieve political and social reforms within
the existing colonial framework. The
Katipunan, on the other hand, was a
revolutionary movement that emerged
in the 1890s and advocated for the
complete independence of the Philippines
from Spanish rule through armed struggle.
 The Propaganda Movement was led by
Filipino intellectuals and
professionals, known as ilustrados, who
were educated and well-versed in liberal
ideas and principles. The Katipunan was
founded by Andrés Bonifacio, who came from a working-class background, and its membership
primarily consisted of ordinary Filipinos, including peasants, workers, and artisans.
 The Propaganda Movement aimed to achieve reforms through assimilation (to make
Philippines a “province of Spain) such as representation in the Spanish Cortes, equality before the
law, secularization of parishes, and greater economic opportunities for Filipinos within the colonial
system. The Katipunan sought the complete liberation or separation of the Philippines from
Spanish rule and the establishment of an independent Filipino republic, free from foreign domination.
 The Propaganda Movement utilized peaceful and legal means to advocate for reforms,
including writing essays, articles, and pamphlets to raise awareness, lobbying Spanish authorities, and
seeking support from liberal Spanish politicians. The Katipunan employed clandestine and
revolutionary methods, including secret meetings, initiation rites, and armed uprisings, to organize
resistance against Spanish colonial rule and prepare for armed revolution.

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
The "Kartilya ng Katipunan" is a manifesto or
guidebook that outlines the principles, beliefs, and
objectives of the Katipunan, a revolutionary organization
that played a crucial role in the Philippine Revolution against
Spanish colonial rule. It was written by Emilio Jacinto, one
of the key leaders of the Katipunan and often referred to
as the "Brains of the Katipunan." The Kartilya served as a
moral and ideological guide for members of the
Katipunan, providing them with a framework for their actions
and aspirations in the struggle for Philippine independence.

The KARTILYA is the best-known of all Katipunan

texts, manifesting the KKK’s principles and teachings; it
was printed as a small pamphlet for new members. It’s the
only document at any length set in print by Katipunan prior to
August 1896 that is known to be still extant.
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 These teachings are more ethical than political in orientation. Jacinto believed that with the
spread of these teachings and the consequent “rise of the sun of liberty on the sorrowful archipelago
where it spread its sweet rays on the united brethen” all the blood, toil, sweat and tears will be highly
compensated.
 The Kartilya was the moral and intellectual foundation used to guide the actions of Katipuneros.
Upon joining the Katipunan, members were required to read the Kartilya and adhere to its code of
conduct. Changing the way people thought and acted was paramount to the early Katipuñeros; they
understand that was the only way to truly change the Philippines for the better.
 At the time when the government is plagued with ethical issues, the Kartilya can be used as
reference for government officials to realize the value of true public service by living up to the
tenets of the Kartilya.
 As we mold the intellect, we should also cultivate moral values for our students to become good
and responsible citizens.
 The youth remains a powerful sector in effecting change to society. When their energies and potentials
together with appropriate values are channelled to worthy endeavors, they become potent change-
makers.
 Better appreciation of Emilio Jacinto as a man, a revolutionist, a hero and a Filipino.
 Thorough understanding of his legacy which became instrumental in asserting freedom from the
Spanish colonizers through the Katipunan.
 Moral character is much more important than one’s achievements.
 Leaders should set moral standards for their subordinates.
 The forerunners of reform movements were educated people. Education is indeed the key for
change.

The Kartilya ng Katipunan consists of thirteen commandments or principles that embody the values and
ideals of the revolutionary movement. These commandments emphasize concepts such as love of country, unity,
sacrifice, and devotion to the cause of freedom. Here is a brief overview of some of the key principles outlined in the
Kartilya:

1. Love of God: The Kartilya emphasizes the importance of faith and devotion to God as the foundation of
moral conduct and righteous action.
2. Love of Country: It stresses the duty of every Filipino to love and serve their homeland, placing the
interests of the nation above personal gain or ambition.
3. Love of Fellowmen: The Kartilya promotes solidarity and compassion towards fellow Filipinos, fostering a
sense of unity and collective responsibility in the struggle for independence.
4. Aim of the Society: It articulates the overarching goal of the Katipunan, which is to achieve Philippine
independence and establish a free and sovereign nation.
5. Duties of Members: The Kartilya enumerates the responsibilities and obligations of Katipunan members,
including loyalty to the organization, secrecy, and readiness to make sacrifices for the cause.
6. Behavior towards Enemies: It advises members to treat their enemies with fairness and humanity, even
in times of conflict, reflecting the Katipunan's commitment to ethical conduct and respect for human
dignity.
7. Practice of Virtues: The Kartilya encourages the cultivation of virtues such as honesty, humility, and
integrity, emphasizing their importance in personal and national life.

Overall, the Kartilya ng Katipunan served as a moral compass and ideological framework for members of the
Katipunan, guiding them in their quest for freedom and inspiring them to uphold the highest principles of patriotism and
sacrifice. It remains a symbol of the enduring spirit of Filipino nationalism and the struggle for independence.

Prepared by: Xer Jobeji

GEC 02: Readings in Philippine History

THE KARTILYA BY JACINTO

1. “Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na live with a purpose/spending
kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong life for a cause
makamandag.”
2. “Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipitas sa sarili, at genuine kindness
hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di
kabaitan.”
3. “Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawanggawa, ang pag- holiness:right thoughts & right
ibig sa kapwa at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t actions/love your neigbhor
pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.”
4. “Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y Equality
magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa
yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao. ”
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipitas sa Honor and Reputation
sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipitas sa
sarili sa puri.
6. . “Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa. ” Word of honor
7. “Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y time is gold/time management
magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaanna’y di na
muli pang magdadaan.”
8. “Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi. ” defend the oppressed and
fight the opressor
9. . “Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, Be wise in words and speeches
at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim. ”
10. “Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng Be a man
asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang
patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din. ”
11. “Ang babai ay huwag mong tignan ng isang bagay na libangan Gender equality: respect or
lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan value women as co-equal
nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang being
kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t
nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan. ”
12. . “Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay Golden rule
huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba. ”
13. “Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng the true worth of man- a man
ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios with integrity
wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay
na mahal na tao, kahit laking-gubat at walang nababatid kundi
angsarilingwika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang
pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di
nakikiapi; yaong marunongmagdamdam at marunong lumingap
sa bayang tinubuan. ”
Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaaba-
abang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangag kaisang magkalahi’t
magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na
kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala
niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanais sa kakasunod nito

Prepared by: Xer Jobeji

GEC 02: Readings in Philippine History

Prepared by: Xer Jobeji