B. Tech.
(CSE)
Artificial Intelligence CSE401
Module 1
Scope of AI & Problem Solving
Topic: Applications of AI
Module 1
✓Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
✓Applications
➢ Games {Today’s Topic}
➢ Vision and speech processing
➢ Expert systems
➢ Natural language processing
➢ Robotics
➢ Theorem proving
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Advantages of Expert System
Limitations of Expert System
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Applications of Expert System
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Natural language processing
• Natural Language Understanding
• Natural Language Generation
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Natural Language Understanding
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Natural Language Generation
• NLG is a type of AI that produces text from structured data. With the right data
in the right format.
• An NLG system can automatically turn numbers in a spreadsheet into data-
driven narratives.
Steps of NLP
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Phases of NLP
1. Lexical Analysis and Morphological
The first phase of NLP is the Lexical Analysis. This phase scans the source code as a
stream of characters and converts it into meaningful lexemes. It divides the whole text
into paragraphs, sentences, and words.
2. Syntactic Analysis (Parsing)
Syntactic Analysis is used to check grammar, word arrangements, and shows the
relationship among the words.
Example: Agra goes to the Poonam
In the real world, Agra goes to the Poonam, does not make any sense, so this sentence
is rejected by the Syntactic analyzer.
3. Semantic Analysis
Semantic analysis is concerned with the meaning representation. It mainly focuses on
the literal meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.
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4. Discourse Integration
Discourse Integration depends upon the sentences that
proceeds it and also invokes the meaning of the sentences
that follow it.
5. Pragmatic Analysis
Pragmatic is the fifth and last phase of NLP. It helps you to
discover the intended effect by applying a set of rules that
characterize cooperative dialogues.
For Example: "Open the door" is interpreted as a request
instead of an order.
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Robotics
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Image:NASA Mars Rover.jpg
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Robotics
• A robot is a machine: especially one programmable by a computer,
capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically.
• Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control may
be embedded within.
• Robots may be constructed on the lines of human form, but most
robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to their
aesthetics.
Robotics
• Mobile robot
Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are
not fixed to one physical location. An example of a mobile robot that is in
common use today is the automated guided vehicle or automatic guided
vehicle (AGV).
• Industrial robots (manipulating)
The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of a
manipulating industrial robot in ISO 8373:
"an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator
programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or
mobile for use in industrial automation applications."
Robotics
• Educational (interactive) robots
There have also been robots such as the teaching computer,
Leachim (1974). Leachim was an early example of speech
synthesis using the Diphone synthesis method.
2-XL (1976) was a robot shaped game / teaching toy based on
branching between audible tracks on an 8-track tape player,
both invented by Michael J. Freeman.
• Military robots
Military robots include the SWORDS robot which is currently
used in ground-based combat. It can use a variety of weapons
and there is some discussion of giving it some degree of
autonomy in battleground situations.
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Theorem Proving
•proving theorems is considered to require high intelligence
•if knowledge is represented by logic, theorem proving is reasoning
•theorem proving uses AI techniques, such as (heuristic) search
Theorem Proving
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Theorem Proving
Binary Resolution
Theorem Proving
Resolution in FOL
Theorem Proving
Theorem Proving
Thank You
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