LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY[A]

B.E I/II SEMESTER

(Common to ALL Branches)
PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING LABORATORY

Course Code Hours / Credits-2 Maximum Marks

Week
L T D P CIA SEE Total
U21CS2L1 - - - 4 25 50 75

Practical Classes: 36 Total Classes: 36

Course Objectives:
The course should enable the students to:
1. To understand the fundamentals of programming in C language.
2. To write, compile and debug programs in C.
3. To formulate solutions to problems and implement in C .
4. To effectively choose programming components to solve computing problems.
Course Outcomes:
On completion of this Course, Students are able to:
1. Choose appropriate data type for implementing programs in C language.
2. Design and implement modular programs involving input output operations, decision making and
looping constructs.
3. Implement search and sort operations on arrays.
4. To decompose a problem into functions and to develop modular reusable code.
5. Apply the concept of pointers for implementing programs on dynamic memory management and
string handling.
6. Design and implement programs to store data in structures and files.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1 Basic Programs Page 1-3

a. Write a C program to generate all prime numbers between 1 and n.

b. Write a C program to check whether the given number is Armstrong or not.
c. Write a C program to calculate all arithmetic operations using switch case.

2 MAX and MIN of set of given numbers & finding roots of quadratic equation Page 4-6

a. Write a C program to find roots of a Quadratic Equation.

b. Write a C program to find maximum and minimum of given list of numbers.

3 Sin x & Cos x values using series expansion Page 7-8

a. Write a C program to compute sine x for given x.

b. Write a C program to compute cosine of x for given x.
4 Conversion of Binary to Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal and vice versa Page 9-13

a. Write a C program to convert Binary to Decimal.

b. Write a C program to convert Decimal to Binary.
c. Write a C program to convert Decimal to Hexadecimal.
d. Write a C program to convert Hexadecimal to Octal.

5 Generating Pascal Triangle & Pyramid of Numbers Page 14-16

a. Write a C program to generate the following pattern.

1
12
12 3
12 3 4
b. Write a C program to generate the following pattern.

*
**
***
****
c. Write a C program to generate Pascal Triangle up to N rows.
6 Programs on Recursions Page 17-19

Q) Write a C program that uses recursion to find:

i) GCD
ii) Factorial
iii) Fibonacci

7 I. Matrix Addition & Multiplication using Arrays Page 20-26

II. Linear and Binary Search

a. Write a C program to perform addition of two matrices.

b. Write a C program to perform multiplication of two matrices.
c. Write a C program to find an element in an Array using Linear Search.
d. Write a C program to find an element in an Array using Binary Search.

8 Bubble Sort & Selection Sort Page 27-28

a. Write a C program to sort the elements in an Array using Bubble sort in ascending order.
b. Write a C program to sort the elements in an Array using Selection sort in ascending order.
9 Programs on Pointers: Pointers to Arrays, Pointer to Function Page 29-32

a. Write a C program to concatenate two strings using pointers.

b. Write a C program to find the length of string using pointers.
c. Write a C program to compare two strings using pointers.
d. Write a C program to swap two numbers using call by reference.

10 Programs on String Manipulation Page 33-35

a. Write a C Program to calculate length of a string

i. without using Built in String Function.
ii. with using String Functions
b. Write a C Program to display reverse of a string
i. without using Built in String Function.
ii. with using String Functions
c. Write a C program to determine if the given string is a palindrome or not.

11 Programs on Structures and Unions Page 36-39

a. Write a C program to accept and display student details(Rollno, Name, Branch,Address) using
structures.
b. Create a union containing 6 strings: name, home_ address, hostel_ address, city, state and zip.Write a
C program to display your present address.

12 File Handling Programs Page 40-43

a. Write a C program to display the contents of a file.

b. Write a C program to copy the contents of one file to another.
c. Write a C program to count no of lines, words and characters in a given text file.
Reference Books:

1. Byron Gottfried, “Theory and practice of Programming with C“, Schaum's Outline,McGraw-Hill
1996.
2. A.K. Sharma, -“Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C”, Universities Press, 2nd Edition,
2018.
3. E. Balaguruswamy –“Programming in ANSI C”, Tata McGraw-Hill Education,2008.
4. Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, “The C Programming Language”, Prentice Hall of
Indian 1988.

Web References:

1. http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c
2. http://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/c
3. http://www.cs.princeton.edu
 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

1.BASIC PROGRAMS

a. Write a C program to check whether the given number is Armstrong or not

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,r,sum=0,temp;
//clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the number");
scanf("%d",&n);
temp=n;
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+(r*r*r);
n=n/10;
}
if(temp==sum)
printf("\n Armstrong Number\n");
else
printf(" \n Not Armstrong Number\n");
getch();
}

Output:

Enter the number

153
Armstrong Number

Enter the Number

131
Not Armstrong Number

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 1

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Write a C program to generate all prime numbers between 1 and n.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,j,count;
clrscr();
printf(“\n prime number of series \n”);
printf(“\n Enter any number \n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“\n The prime number is between 1 to %d\n”,n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
count=0;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
if(i%j==0)
{
count++;
}
if(count==2)
{
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}
getch();
}

Output:

Prime number of series

Enter any number
30
The prime number is between 1 to 30
23 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

c. Write a C program to calculate all arithmetic operations using switch case.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c; char ch;
clrscr();
printf("Enter operator(either +,-,*,/)\n");
scanf("%c",&ch);
printf("Enter Two numbers\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
switch(ch)
{
case '+': c=a+b;
printf("Addition Result=%d\n",c);
break;
case '-': c=a-b;
printf("Subtraction Result=%d\n",c);
break;
case '*': c=a*b;
printf("Multiplication Result=%d\n",c);
break;
case '/': c=a/b;
printf("Division Result=%d\n",c);
break;
case '%': c=a%b;
printf("Modulo Division Result=%d\n",c);
break;
default: printf("Invalid Operator\n");
}
getch();
}
Output:
Enter operator (either +,-,*,/)
*
Enter two numbers
35
Multiplication Result = 15

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 3

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

2.MAX and MIN of set of given numbers & finding roots of quadratic
equation

a. Write a C program to find roots of a Quadratic Equation.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>/* Used for sqrt() */
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
float a, b, c;
float root1, root2, imaginary;
float discriminant;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter values of a, b, c of quadratic equation (aX^2 + bX + c):\n ");
scanf("%f%f%f", &a, &b, &c);

/* Find discriminant of the equation */

discriminant = (b * b) - (4 * a * c);

/* Find the nature of discriminant */

if(discriminant > 0)
{
root1 = (-b + sqrt(discriminant)) / (2*a);
root2 = (-b - sqrt(discriminant)) / (2*a);
printf("Two distinct and real roots exists: %.2f and %.2f\n", root1, root2);
}
else if(discriminant == 0)
{
root1 = root2 = -b / (2 * a);
printf("Two equal and real roots exists: %.2f and %.2f\n", root1, root2);
}
else if(discriminant < 0)
{
root1 = root2 = -b / (2 * a);
imaginary = sqrt(-discriminant) / (2 * a);
printf("Two distinct Complex/Imaginary roots exists: %.2f + i%.2f and
%.2f - i%.2f\n",root1, imaginary, root2, imaginary);
}
getch();
return 0;
}

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

Output:
Enter values of a, b, c of quadratic equation (aX^2 + bX + c):
1 7 12
Two distinct and real roots exists: -3.00 and -4.00

Enter values of a, b, c of quadratic equation (aX^2 + bX + c):

5 12 35
Two distinct Complex/Imaginary roots exists: -1.20 + i2.36 and -1.20 - i2.36

Enter values of a, b, c of quadratic equation (aX^2 + bX + c):

1 -12 35
Two distinct and real roots exists: 7.00 and 5.00

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Write a C program to find maximum and minimum of given list of numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[100],max,min,i,N;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the size of N elements \n");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("\nEnter %d values ",N);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
max=min=arr[0];
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
if(arr[i]>max)
max=arr[i];
if(arr[i]<min)
min=arr[i];
}
printf("\nBiggest number among %d elements=%d",N,max);
printf("\n Smallest number among %d elements=%d\n",N,min);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter the size of N elements 5
Enter 5 values 50 -4 43 -32 34
Biggest number among 5 elements= 50
Smallest number among 5 elements= -32

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

3.Sin x & Cos x values using series expansion

a. Write a C program to compute sine x for given x.

The user should supply x and a positive integer n. We compute the sine of x using
the series and the computation should use all terms in the series up through the
term involving xn

sin x = x - x3/3! + x5/5! - x7/7! + x9/9! ........

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j, n, fact, sign = - 1;
float x, p, sum = 0;
clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter the value of x : ");
scanf("%f", &x);
printf("Enter the value of n : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (i = 1; i <= n; i += 2)
{
p = 1;
fact = 1;
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
{
p = p * x;
fact = fact * j;
}
sign = - 1 * sign;
sum += sign * p / fact;
}
printf("The value of Sin %0.2f = %f", x, sum);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the value of x : 2
Enter the value of n : 3
The value of Sin 2.00 = 0.666667

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Write a C program to compute cosine of x for given x.

The user should supply x and a positive integer n. We compute the cosine of x
using the series and the computation should use all terms in the series up through
the term involving xn

cos x = 1 - x2/2! + x4/4! - x6/6! .....

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j, n, fact, sign = - 1;
float x, p, sum = 0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of x : ");
scanf("%f", &x);
printf("Enter the value of n : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (i = 2; i <= n; i += 2)
{
p = 1;
fact = 1;
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
{
p = p * x;
fact = fact * j;
}
sum += sign * p / fact;
sign = - 1 * sign;
}

printf("The value of Cos %0.2f = %f", x,1+sum);

getch();
}
Output:
Enter the value of x : 4
Enter the value of n : 3
The value of Cos 4.00 = -7.000000

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

4.Conversion of Binary to Decimal,Octal,Hexadecimal and vice versa

a. Write a C program to convert Binary to Decimal.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int binaryToDecimal(long binarynum)
{
int decimalnum = 0, temp = 0, remainder;
while (binarynum!=0)
{
remainder = binarynum % 10;
binarynum = binarynum / 10;
decimalnum = decimalnum + remainder*pow(2,temp);
temp++;
}
return decimalnum;
}
int main()
{
long binarynum;
//clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter a binary number: ");
scanf("%ld", &binarynum);
printf("Equivalent decimal number is: %d", binaryToDecimal(binarynum));
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a binary number: 1010111
Equivalent decimal number is: 87

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Write a C program to convert Decimal to Binary.

// convert decimal to binary

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
long long convert(long long);
void main()
{
long long n, bin;
clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter a decimal number: ");
scanf("%lld", &n);
bin = convert(n);
printf("%lld in decimal = %lld in binary", n, bin);
getch();
}

long long convert(long long n)

{
long long bin = 0;
long long rem, i = 1;
while (n!=0)
{
rem = n % 2;
n /= 2;
bin =bin+ (rem * i);
i =i*10;
}
return bin;
}
Output:
Enter a Decimal Number: 26
26 in decimal = 11010 in binary

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

c. Write a C program to convert Decimal to Hexadecimal.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int decnum, rem, i=0;
char hexnum[50];
// clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter any decimal number: ");
scanf("%d", &decnum);
while(decnum!=0)
{
rem = decnum%16;
if(rem<10)
rem = rem+48;
else
rem = rem+55;
hexnum[i] = rem;
i++;
decnum = decnum/16;
}
printf("\nEquivalent Value in Hexadecimal = ");
for(i=i-1; i>=0; i--)
printf("%c", hexnum[i]);
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter any Decimal Number: 172
Equivalent value in Hexadecimal= AC

Enter any Decimal Number: 64189

Equivalent value in Hexadecimal= FABD

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

d. Write a C program to convert Hexadecimal to Octal.

// C Program for Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int convert(char hexa[])
{
int i,size, deci=0, octa=0;
for(size=0; hexa[size]!='\0'; size++); //this loop calculates size of hexadecimal number
for(i=0; hexa[i]!='\0'; i++,size--)
{
if(hexa[i]>='0' && hexa[i]<='9')
{
deci= deci + (hexa[i]-'0')*pow(16,size-1);
}
if(hexa[i]>='A' && hexa[i]<='F')
{
deci = deci + (hexa[i]-55)*pow(16,size-1);
}
if(hexa[i]>='a' && hexa[i]<='f')
{
deci = deci + (hexa[i]-87)*pow(16,size-1);
}
} // deci contains the decimal value of given hexadecimal number.
i=1;
while(deci!=0)
{
octa = octa + (deci%8)*i;
deci = deci/8;
i = i*10;
}
return octa;
}

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 12

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

int main()
{
char hexa[20];
clrscr();
printf("Enter Hexadecimal Number : ");
scanf("%s",hexa);
printf("Equivalent Octal Value = %d",convert(hexa));
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter any Hexadecimal Number: 9
Equivalent Octal value = 11

Enter any Hexadecimal Number: F

Equivalent Octal value = 17

Enter any Hexadecimal Number: A

Equivalent Octal value = 12

Enter any Hexadecimal Number: 10

Equivalent Octal value = 20

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 13

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

5.Generating Pascal Triangle & Pyramid of Numbers

a. Write a C program to generate the following pattern.

1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,N;
clrscr();
printf("Enter size of N");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("Pattern upto %d rows is\n",N);
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("%d ",j);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
Output:
Enter size of N 5
Pattern upto 5 rows is
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Write a C program to generate the following pattern.

*
**
***
****

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{

int i,j,N;
clrscr();
printf("Enter size of N ");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("Pattern upto %d rows is\n",N);
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("* ");
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter size of N 5
Pattern upto 5 rows is
*
**
***
****
*****

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

c. Write a C program to generate Pascal Triangle up to N rows.

#include<stdio.h>
int fact(int k);
int ncr(int n,int r);
void main()
{
int N,rows,spaces,temp; printf("Enter N");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("Pascal Triangle upto %d rows is\n",N);
for(rows=0;rows<N;rows++)
{
for(spaces=N-rows;spaces>0;spaces--)
{
printf(" ");
}
for(temp=0;temp<=rows;temp++)
{
printf("%d ",ncr(rows,temp));
}
printf("\n");
}
}
int ncr(int n,int r)
{
return fact(n)/(fact(r)*fact(n-r));
}
int fact(int k)
{
if(k==0||k==1)
return 1;

return k*fact(k-1);
}

Output:

Enter N 5

Pascal Triangle upto 5 rows is

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

6.Programs on Recursions

a. Write a C program that uses recursion to find: a) GCD b) Factorial c) Fibonacci

a)GCD Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int gcd(int n1,int n2);
void main()
{
int a,b,result;
clrscr();
printf("enter a and b values\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
result=gcd(a,b);
printf("GCD of %d and %d is %d\n",a,b,result);
getch();
}
int gcd(int n1,int n2)
{
if(n2!=0)
return gcd(n2,n1%n2);
return n1;
}

Output:
enter a and b values
40 20
GCD of 40 and 20 is 20

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b)Factorial Program:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

long double fact(long double k);

void main()

long double N,result;

clrscr();

printf("\n\nEnter N");

scanf("%Lf",&N);

result=fact(N);

printf("Factorial of %Lf is %Lf\n",N,result);

getch();

long double fact(long double k)

if(k==0||k==1)

return 1;

return k*fact(k-1);

Output:

Enter N 5

Factorial of 5 is 120

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 18

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

c)Fibonacci Series Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fib(int k);

void main()
{
int N,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter Nth term for Fibonacci Series: ");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("Fibonacci series up to %d is\n",N);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
printf("%d ",fib(i));
}
printf("\n");
getch();
}
int fib(int k)
{
if(k==0)
return 0;
if(k==1)
return 1;
return fib(k-1)+fib(k-2);
}
Output:
Enter Nth term for Fibonacci Series: 5
Fibonacci series up to 5 is
0 1 1 2 3

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 19

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

7. Matrix Addition & Multiplication using Arrays

a. Write a C program to perform addition of two matrices.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[100][100],b[100][100],c[100][100],i,j;
int rows,cols;
clrscr();
printf("Enter rows and columns for matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d",&rows,&cols);
printf("Enter values for 1st matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\nEnter values for 2nd matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}

for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
}
}
printf("Matrix Addition is\n");
for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<cols;j++)
{
printf("\t%d ",c[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

Output:
Enter rows and columns for matrix
3 3
Enter values for 1st matrix
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
Enter values for 2nd matrix
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
Matrix Addition is
6 6 6
6 6 6
6 6 6

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Write a C program to perform multiplication of two matrices.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[100][100],b[100][100],c[100][100],i,j,k;
int r1,r2,c1,c2;
clrscr();
printf("Enter rows and columns of 1st matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("Enter values for 1st matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Enter rows and columns of 2nd matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2);
if(c1!=r2)
printf("Matrix multiplication not possible\n");
else
{
printf("Enter values for 2nd matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<c2;k++)
{
c[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

printf("\nMatrix product is\n");

for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
printf("%d ",c[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter rows and columns of 1st matrix
2 2
Enter values for 1st matrix
3 3
3 3
Enter rows and columns of 2nd matrix
2 2
Enter values for 1st matrix
4 4
4 4
Matrix product is
24 24
24 24

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

Linear and Binary Search

c. Write a C program to find an element in an Array using Linear Search.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[100],N,i,key,flag=1;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the size of N elements ");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("Enter %d values into array ",N);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
scanf("%d",&arr[i]); printf("\nArray is\n");
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
printf("\nEnter key value to find ");
scanf("%d",&key);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
if(key==arr[i])
{
printf("Value found at %d position\n",i+1);
flag=0; break;
}
}
if(flag)
printf("Value not found\n");
getch();
}

Output
Enter the size of N elements 5
Enter 5 values into array
10 20 40 30 50
Enter key value to find
40
Value found at 3 position

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

d. Write a C program to search an element in an Array using Binary Search.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int N,arr[100],key,i,flag=1,low,high,mid;
clrscr();
printf("Enter N ");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("\nEnter the size of N elements ");
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
printf("\nArray is\n");
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
printf("\nEnter key to find\n");
scanf("%d",&key);
low=0;
high=N-1;
mid=(low+high)/2;
for(;low<=high;mid=(low+high)/2)
{
if(arr[mid]==key)
{
printf("Value found at %d position\n",mid+1);
flag=0;
break;
}

if(arr[mid]>key)
high=mid-1;
if(arr[mid]<key)
low=mid+1;
}
if(flag)
printf("Value Not found\n");
getch();
}

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 25

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

Output:
Enter the size of N elements 8
Enter 8 values
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Array is
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Enter key to find
70
Value found at 7 position

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 26

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

8. Bubble Sort & Selection Sort

a. Write a C program to sort the elements in an Array using Bubble sort in ascending
order.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int N,arr[100],i,j,temp;
clrscr();
printf("Enter N ");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("Enter %d values \n",N);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
printf("\nArray before sort is\n");
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<N-i-1;j++)
{
if(arr[j]>arr[j+1])
{
temp=arr[j];
arr[j]=arr[j+1];
arr[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("\n Array after using bubble sort is \n");
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter the value of n 5
Enter 5 values
40 30 20 10 5
Array before sort is
40 30 20 10 5
Array after using bubble sort is
5 10 20 30 40

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Write a C program to sort the elements in an Array using Selection sort.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int N,arr[100],i,j,temp,min;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the size of N elements to store ");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("Enter %d values \n",N);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
printf("\nArray before sort is\n");
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
min=i;
for(j=i+1;j<N;j++)
{
if(arr[j]<arr[min])
{
min=j;
}
}
temp=arr[i];
arr[i]=arr[min];
arr[min]=temp;
}
printf("\n Array after using Selection sort is\n");
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
printf("\t%d ",arr[i]);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter N 5
Enter 5 values
40 30 20 10 5
Array before sort is
40 30 20 10 5
Array after using Selection sort is
5 10 20 30 40

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 28

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

9.Programs on Pointers: Pointers to Arrays, Pointer to Function

a. Write a C program to concatenate two strings using pointers.

#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_SIZE 100 // Maximum string size
int main()
{
char str1[MAX_SIZE], str2[MAX_SIZE];
char * s1 = str1;
char * s2 = str2;
// Inputting 2 strings from user
//clrscr();
printf("\nEnter 1st string: ");
gets(str1);
printf("\nEnter 2nd string: ");
gets(str2);
// Moving till the end of str1
while(*(++s1));
// Coping str2 to str1
while(*(s1++) = *(s2++));
printf("\nConcatenated string: %s", str1);
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 1st string: LORDS
Enter 1st string: COLLEGE
Concatenated string: LORDSCOLLEGE

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Write a C program to find the length of string using pointers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char str[100], *pt;
int i = 0;
clrscr();
printf("\nPointer Example Program : Find or Calculate Length of String \n");
printf("\nEnter Any string [below 100 chars] : ");
gets(str);
pt = str;
while (*pt != '\0')
{
i++;
pt++;
}
printf("\nLength of String : %d", i);
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Pointer Example Program : Find or Calculate Length of String
Enter Any string [below 100 chars] : LORDS-COLLEGE
Length of String : 13

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

c. Write a C program to compare two strings using pointers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char string1[150],string2[150],*str1,*str2;
int i;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter The First String: ");
scanf("%s",string1);
printf("\nEnter The Second String: ");
scanf("%s",string2);
str1 = string1;
str2 = string2;
while(*str1 == *str2)
{
if ( *str1 == '\0' || *str2 == '\0' )
break;
str1++;
str2++;
}
if( *str1 == '\0' && *str2 == '\0' )
printf("\n\nBoth Strings Are Equal.");
else
printf("\n\nBoth Strings Are Not Equal.");
getch();
}
Output:
Enter The First String: LORDS
Enter The Second String: LORDS
Both Strings Are Equal.

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 31

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

d. Write a C program to swap two numbers using call by reference.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void swap(int *x,int *y);
void main()
{
int a,b;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a and b values\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("Before swap,a=%d and b=%d\n",a,b);
swap(&a,&b);
printf("After swap,a=%d and b=%d\n",a,b);
getch();
}
void swap(int *x,int *y)
{
int temp;
temp=*x;
*x=*y;
*y=temp;
}

Output:
Enter a and b values
20 30
Before swap, a=20 and b=30
After swap, a=30 and b=20

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 32

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

10.Programs on String Manipulation

a. Write a C Program to calculate length of a string

i. without using Built in String Function.
ii. with using String Functions
(i)
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char str[100],i;clrscr();
printf("\nEnter a string below [100] with characters: \n");
gets(str);
// '\0' represents end of String
for(i=0; str[i]!='\0'; ++i);
printf("\nLength of input string: %d",i);
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a string below [100] with characters: VijayKumar
Length of input string: 10
(ii)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
char a[100];
int length;
clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter a string below [100] to calculate its length:\n");
gets(a);
length = strlen(a);
printf("Length of the string = %d\n", length);
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a string below [100] to calculate its length: Vijay Kumar Lords
Length of input string: 17

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 33

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Write a C Program to display reverse of a string

i. without using Built in String Function.
ii. with using String Functions
(i)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char string[140],temp;
int i,length;
clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter any String below [140] characters : ");
scanf("%s",string);
length=strlen(string)-1;
for(i=0;i<strlen(string)/2;i++)
{
temp=string[i];
string[i]=string[length];
string[length--]=temp;
}
printf("\nReverse string :%s",string);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter any String below [140] characters : VijayKumar
Reverse string :ramuKyajiV
(ii)
#include <string.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char s[100];
clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter a string below[100] characters to reverse\n");
gets(s);
strrev(s);
printf("Reverse of the string: %s\n", s);
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a string below[100] characters to reverse LORDS
Reverse of the string: SDROL

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

c. Write a C program to determine if the given string is a palindrome or not.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char string[140];
int length=0, flag=1,i;
clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter string below [120] characters:\n");
gets(string);
for(i=0;string[i]!='\0';i++)
{
length++;
}
for(i=0;i< length/2;i++)
{
if( string[i] != string[length-1-i] )
{
flag=0;
break;
}
}
if(flag==1)
{
printf("\n%s is PALINDROME",string);
}
else
{
printf("\n%s is NOT PALINDROME",string);
}
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter string below [120] characters: RADAR
RADAR is PALINDROME

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 35

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

11. Programs on Structures and Unions

a. Write a C program to accept and display student details(Rollno, Name,

Branch, Address) using structures.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
typedef struct
{
long int rollnum;
char name[30];
char Branch[20];
char Address[200];
}Student;
int main()
{
int i;
char ch;
Student students;
clrscr();
printf("Enter any one Student Details \n \n");
//Name
printf("Name: ");
scanf("%[^\n]s",students.name);
//Roll Number
printf("RollNumber: ");
scanf("%ld",&students.rollnum);
//Branch
printf("Branch: ");
scanf("%s",students.Branch);
//Address
printf("Address: ");
scanf("%s",students.Address);
//Displaying Students details
printf("\n-------------- Displaying Students Details ---------------\n");
printf("Name \t: ");
printf("%s \n",students.name);
printf("roll number \t: ");

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

printf("%ld \n",students.rollnum);
printf("Branch \t: ");
printf("%s \n",students.Branch);
printf("Address \t: ");
printf("%s \n",students.Address);
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter any one Student Details
Name: Vijay
RollNumber:564
Branch: CSE
Address: Hyd
-------------- Displaying Students Details ---------------
Name: Vijay
roll number: 564
Branch: CSE
Addres : Hyd

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 37

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Create a union containing 6 strings: name, home_ address, hostel_ address,

city, state and zip. Write a C program to display your present address.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
union details
{
char name[120];
char home_add[130];
char hostel_add[130];
char city[30];
char state[20];
long int pincode;
}a;
void main()
{
char sname[100],home[250],hostel[200],city[50],state[50];
long int pincode;
clrscr();
printf("\n enter student name : ");
gets(sname);
printf("\n enter student permanent home address : ");
gets(home);
printf("\n enter student hostel : ");
gets(hostel);
printf("\n enter city where you stay : ");
gets(city);
printf("\n enter state you belong : ");
gets(state);
printf("\n enter pincode where you belong : ");
scanf("%ld",&pincode);
printf("\n ******* Displaying the STUDENT DETAILS :********* \n");
strcpy(a.name,sname);
printf("\n %s",a.name);
strcpy(a.home_add,home);
printf("\n %s",a.home_add);
strcpy(a.hostel_add,hostel);
printf("\n %s",a.hostel_add);
strcpy(a.city,city);

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

printf("\n %s",a.city);
strcpy(a.state,state);
printf("\n %s",a.state);
a.pincode=pincode;
printf("\n %ld",a.pincode);
getch();
}

Output:
enter student name : Vijay Kumar
enter student permanent home address : Flat no 32 Kukatpally
enter student hostel : Boys Hostel Mehdipatnam
enter city where you stay : Hyderabad
enter state you belong : Telangana
enter pincode where you belong : 500030
******* Displaying the STUDENT DETAILS :*********
Vijay Kumar
Flat no 32 Kukatpally
Mehdipatnam
Hyderabad
Telangana
500030

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 39

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

12. File Handling Programs

a. Write a C program to display the contents of a file.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char ch, file_name[25];
FILE *fp;
clrscr();
printf("Enter name of a file you wish to see the contents of it\n");
gets(file_name);
fp = fopen(file_name, "r"); // read mode
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror("Error while opening the file.\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("The contents of %s file are:\n", file_name);
while((ch = fgetc(fp)) != EOF)
printf("%c", ch);
fclose(fp);
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter name of a file you wish to see
one.c

The contents of one.c file are:

void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("Hello World");
getch();
}

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

b. Write a C program to copy the contents of one file to another.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char ch, source_file[30], target_file[30];
FILE *source, *target;
clrscr();
printf("Enter name of file to copy\n");
gets(source_file);
source = fopen(source_file, "r");
if( source == NULL )
{
printf("Press any key to exit...\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("Enter name of target file\n");
gets(target_file);
target = fopen(target_file, "w");
if( target == NULL )
{
fclose(source);
printf("Press any key to exit...\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
while( ( ch = fgetc(source) ) != EOF )
fputc(ch, target);
printf("File copied successfully.\n");
fclose(source);
fclose(target);
getch();
return 0;
}
//Before executing try to create or give existing file for source file.
Output:
Enter name of file to copy
one.c
Enter name of target file
b1.txt
File copied successfully

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 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

c. Write a C program to count no of lines, words and characters in a given text file.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
FILE * file;
char path[100];
char ch;
int characters, words, lines;
clrscr();
/* Input path of files to merge to third file */
printf("Enter source file path: ");
scanf("%s", path);
/* Open source files in 'r' mode */
file = fopen(path, "r");
/* Check if file opened successfully */
if (file == NULL)
{
printf("\nUnable to open file.\n");
printf("Please check if file exists and you have read privilege.\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/*Logic to count characters, words and lines. */
characters = words = lines = 0;
while ((ch = fgetc(file)) != EOF)
{
characters++;
/* Check new line */
if (ch == '\n' || ch == '\0')
lines++;
/* Check words */
if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t' || ch == '\n' || ch == '\0')
words++;
}
/* Increment words and lines for last word */
if (characters > 0)
{
words++;
lines++;
}
/* Print file statistics */

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 42

 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]

printf("\n");
printf("Total characters = %d\n", characters);
printf("Total words = %d\n", words);
printf("Total lines = %d\n", lines);
/* Close files to release resources */
fclose(file);
getch();
return 0;
}
//Any text file you can give while executing. Here i have given one.c file only
Output:
Enter source file path:
one.c
Total characters = 74
Total words = 9
Total lines =7

PPS LAB MANUAL Page 43