WEEK5

Objective: Explore the full scope of different variants of “if construct” namely if-else, null-
else, if-else if-else, switch and nested-if including in what scenario each one of them can be
used and how to use them. Explore all relational and logical operators while writing
conditionals for “if construct”.

Suggested Experiments/Activities:
Tutorial5:Branching and logical expressions:
Lab5:Problemsinvolvingif-then-elsestructures.
i) Write a C program to find the max and min off our numbers using if-else.

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
double num1, num2, num3, num4;
double max, min;

// Input four numbers

printf("Enter the first number: ");
scanf("%lf", &num1);
printf("Enter the second number: ");
scanf("%lf", &num2);
printf("Enter the third number: ");
scanf("%lf", &num3);
printf("Enter the fourth number: ");
scanf("%lf", &num4);

// Assume num1 as both max and min initially

max = num1;
min = num1;

// Compare with num2

if (num2 > max) {
max = num2;
} else if (num2 < min) {
min = num2;
}

// Compare with num3

if (num3 > max) {
max = num3;
} else if (num3 < min) {
min = num3;
}

// Compare with num4

if (num4 > max) {
 max = num4;
} else if (num4 < min) {
min = num4;
}

// Output the maximum and minimum

printf("Maximum: %lf\n", max);
printf("Minimum: %lf\n", min);

return 0;
}
Output:-
Enter the first number: 10
Enter the second number: 20
Enter the third number: 30
Enter the fourth number: 50
Maximum: 50.000000
Minimum: 10.000000
ii) Write a C program to generate electricity bill.

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
double units, tariff, totalBill;

// Input the number of units consumed

printf("Enter the number of units consumed: ");
scanf("%lf", &units);

// Define the tariff rate per unit (you can change this rate)
tariff = 0.12; // Example tariff rate, in dollars per unit

// Calculate the total bill

totalBill = units * tariff;

// Output the electricity bill

printf("Electricity Bill: $%.2lf\n", totalBill);

return 0;
}
Output:-
Enter the number of units consumed: 10
Electricity Bill: $1.20

iii) Find the roots of the quadratic equation.

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main() {
double a, b, c;
double discriminant, root1, root2;

// Input coefficients
printf("Enter the coefficients of the quadratic equation (a, b, c): ");
scanf("%lf %lf %lf", &a, &b, &c);

// Calculate the discriminant

discriminant = b * b - 4 * a * c;

// Check the discriminant for real or complex roots

if (discriminant > 0) {
// Real and distinct roots
root1 = (-b + sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);
root2 = (-b - sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);
printf("Root 1 = %.2lf and Root 2 = %.2lf\n", root1, root2);
} else if (discriminant == 0) {
// Real and equal roots
root1 = -b / (2 * a);
printf("Root 1 = Root 2 = %.2lf\n", root1);
} else {
// Complex roots
double realPart = -b / (2 * a);
double imaginaryPart = sqrt(-discriminant) / (2 * a);
printf("Root 1 = %.2lf + %.2lfi and Root 2 = %.2lf - %.2lfi\n", realPart, imaginaryPart, realPart,
imaginaryPart);
}

return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the coefficients of the quadratic equation (a, b, c): 1 2 1
Root 1 = Root 2 = -1.000000
iv) WriteaCprogramtosimulateacalculatorusing switchcase.

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
char operator;
double num1, num2, result;

printf("Simple Calculator\n");
 printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ");
scanf(" %c", &operator); // Note the space before %c to consume any leading whitespace

printf("Enter two numbers: ");

scanf("%lf %lf", &num1, &num2);

switch (operator) {
case '+':
result = num1 + num2;
printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
break;
case '-':
result = num1 - num2;
printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
break;
case '*':
result = num1 * num2;
printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
break;
case '/':
if (num2 != 0) {
result = num1 / num2;
printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);
} else {
printf("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.\n");
}
break;
default:
printf("Error: Invalid operator\n");
break;
}

return 0;
}

Output:

Simple Calculator
Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): +
Enter two numbers: 23 345
Result: 368.00

v) WriteaCprogramtofindthegivenyearisaleapyear ornot.

A leap year occurs every 4 years to help synchronize the calendar year with the solar year, which is about
365.2422 days long. In a leap year, an extra day (February 29th) is added to the calendar. To determine if
a given year is a leap year, you can use the following rules:
1. If a year is evenly divisible by 4, go to step 2. Otherwise, it's not a leap year.
2. If a year is divisible by 100, go to step 3. Otherwise, it's a leap year.
3. If a year is divisible by 400, it's a leap year. Otherwise, it's not a leap year.

Program:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int year;

// Input the year

printf("Enter a year: ");
scanf("%d", &year);

// Check if it's a leap year

if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0)) {
printf("%d is a leap year.\n", year);
} else {
printf("%d is not a leap year.\n", year);
}

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a year: 1986

1986 is not a leap year.

Enter a year: 1992

1992 is a leap year.

WEEK6
Objective:Explorethefullscopeofiterativeconstructsnamelywhileloop,do-whileloopand
forloopinadditiontostructuredjumpconstructslikebreakandcontinueincludingwhen
each of these statements is more appropriate to use.

Suggested Experiments/Activities:
Tutorial6:Loops,whileandfor loops
Lab6:Iterativeproblemse.g.,thesumofseries
i) Findthefactorialofgivennumberusing any loop.
Program:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num;
unsigned long long factorial = 1; // We use an unsigned long long to accommodate
large factorials

// Input the number

printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

// Check if the input is a non-negative integer

if (num < 0) {
printf("Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.\n");
} else {
// Calculate the factorial using a loop
for (int i = 1; i <= num; i++) {
factorial *= i;
}

// Output the factorial

printf("Factorial of %d = %llu\n", num, factorial);
}

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a positive integer: 5

Factorial of 5 = 120

ii) Findthegivennumberisaprimeornot.

Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

// Function to check if a number is prime

bool isPrime(int n) {
if (n <= 1) {
 return false; // 0 and 1 are not prime numbers
}
for (int i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) {
if (n % i == 0) {
return false; // If n is divisible by any number between 2 and the square root of n,
it's not prime
}
}
return true; // If no divisors are found, the number is prime
}

int main() {
int num;

// Input the number

printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

// Check if the number is prime and print the result

if (isPrime(num)) {
printf("%d is a prime number.\n", num);
} else {
printf("%d is not a prime number.\n", num);
}

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter a positive integer: 23

23 is a prime number.

Enter a positive integer: 10

10 is not a prime number.

iii) Find sin and cosine series

Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

// Function to calculate the factorial of a number

double factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0)
return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
int main() {
double x, sinX = 0.0;
int n;

// Input the angle in radians

printf("Enter the angle in radians: ");
scanf("%lf", &x);

// Input the number of terms in the series

printf("Enter the number of terms in the series: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

int exponent = 2 * i + 1;
double term = pow(-1, i) * pow(x, exponent) / factorial(exponent);
sinX += term;
}

printf("sin(%lf) = %lf\n", x, sinX);

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the angle in radians: 0.785

Enter the number of terms in the series: 4
sin(0.785000) = 0.706825

Cosine series

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

// Function to calculate the factorial of a number

double factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0)
return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}

int main() {
double x, cosX = 0.0;
int n;

// Input the angle in radians

printf("Enter the angle in radians: ");
scanf("%lf", &x);
 // Input the number of terms in the series
printf("Enter the number of terms in the series: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

int exponent = 2 * i;
double term = pow(-1, i) * pow(x, exponent) / factorial(exponent);
cosX += term;
}

printf("cos(%lf) = %lf\n", x, cosX);

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the angle in radians: 0.785

Enter the number of terms in the series: 4
cos(0.785000) = 0.707385

iv) Checkinganumberpalindrome

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num, originalNum, reversedNum = 0, remainder;

// Input a number
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

originalNum = num; // Store the original number for comparison

// Reverse the number

while (num > 0) {
remainder = num % 10;
reversedNum = reversedNum * 10 + remainder;
num /= 10;
}

// Check if the original number and the reversed number are the same
if (originalNum == reversedNum) {
printf("%d is a palindrome.\n", originalNum);
} else {
printf("%d is not a palindrome.\n", originalNum);
}
 return 0;
}

Output:
Enter an integer: 3456
3456 is not a palindrome.

Enter an integer: 343

343 is a palindrome.

v) Constructapyramidofnumbers.

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int rows, i, j, number = 1;

printf("Enter the number of rows for the pyramid: ");

scanf("%d", &rows);

for (i = 1; i <= rows; i++) {

// Print leading spaces
for (j = 1; j <= rows - i; j++) {
printf(" ");
}

// Print numbers in increasing order

for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
printf("%d ", number);
number++;
}

printf("\n");
}

return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the number of rows for the pyramid: 5

1
23
456
7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15