ISSN 2278-3091
Volume 8, No.3, May - June 2019
International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering
Available Online at http://www.warse.org/IJATCSE/static/pdf/file/ijatcse89832019.pdf
https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/89832019
A Comprehensive Study of the Functions and Operations of Control Systems
Aaron Don M. Africa, Patrick Bernard T. Arevalo, Arsenic S. Publico, Mharela Angela A. Tan
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering
De La Salle University, Manila
2401 Taft Ave., Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
aaron.africa@dlsu.edu.ph
control system and the closed-loop control system. In an open
ABSTRACT loop control system, the control action is not dependent on the
output of the system. Some of the known advantages of
A control system is used to achieve the required feedback by open-loop control systems are simplicity in construction,
controlling the output. Control systems are widely used in practicality, easy maintenance, stability, and convenience.
everyday devices such as traffic lights and cars or even However, these systems are also known for their inaccuracy
processes. These systems help in further understanding and and unreliability. On the other hand, a closed loop control
improving the process that is being utilized. It also represents system is a system in which the output affects the input. For an
the process in a much more straightforward manner that open loop control system to be converted into a closed loop
makes it easier to comprehend. This paper aims to broaden control system, feedback must be included. Closed loop
the insight on control systems and to discuss different control
control systems are known to have higher accuracy, larger
systems that are being used.
bandwidth, and less affected by noise compared to open loop
control systems. These systems have also disadvantaged such
Key words: Control Systems, System Block Diagrams,
Feedback Systems, Block Diagrams. as a greater cost, more complex design, and the requirement
of higher maintenance.
1. INTRODUCTION
The use of feedback in a control system has both advantages
Control is what we do to change or improve the operation of and disadvantages. Control of the transient response,
any kind of system in order to achieve a particular result or minimal steady state error, sensitivity to modeling errors, and
desired process. Examples of common quantities modified in disturbance input rejection are some of the advantages. On the
systems are speed, temperature, voltage, and amplitude [1] other hand, cost, loss of gain, and stability are the
disadvantages of using feedback in a system. [3]
When various elements and components are combined to
create a system producing the desired output, the said system
is considered to be a control system. Control systems are 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
composed of devices or a set of devices which manipulates the
behavior of other devices or systems to obtain the desired Analysis, Design, and Optimization of Embedded Control
output. These systems require a transparent and Systems (2016), a study conducted and authored by Amir
logical-mathematical relationship between the input and Aminifar, sheds some light the embedded control or
output of the system. cyber-physical systems wherein a lot of the control
applications have the same processing unit. The thesis focuses
Because of the rise of modern technology, it can be said that on the co-design problem of control-scheduling, where the
almost every aspect of our daily routines is caused or affected parameters of the controller and scheduling are optimized.
by control systems. Automobiles, refrigerators, air New methodologies for the optimization process of embedded
conditioners, including many more home appliances are control systems are needed to reduce the problems caused by
examples of control systems. Since control systems play a the differences between control applications and traditional
major role in human lives and activities, designs of these embedded applications. Furthermore, the said study covers
systems must observe criteria such as accuracy, sensitivity, not only the offline but also the online methodologies for
stability, noise, bandwidth, speed, and oscillation. [2] embedded control systems. With that, a control-scheduling
co-design methodology is proposed in the study to modify and
There are two primary types of control systems: the open loop improve control performance with the maintenance of
stability. [4]
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Aaron
Aaron Don
Don M.
M. Africa
Africa et al., International
et al., International Journal
Journal of
of Advanced
Advanced Trends
Trends in
in Computer
Computer Science
Science and
and Engineering,
Engineering, 8(3),
8(3), May
May -- June
June 2019,
2019, 922-
913- 926
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Systems with Limited Feedback Information (2005) utilize diagonal weighting functions, based on the inference
conducted by Qiang Ling pays attention to the operation of that the system behaves as a rigid body. The achieved
control systems. However, this thesis concentrates on the development of the performance is demonstrated through an
problem of having limited feedback information. According experiment of a motion system. On the other hand, a novel
to the study, there are two types of feedback limitation - modeling approach is proposed for the identification of
dropout and quantization. Dropout implies the missing of the feedforward control. This identification can obtain high servo
desired feedback measurement, while quantization performance and flexibility with respect to changing tasks.
demonstrates that the desired feedback measurement is Experimental results of this study verify the advantages of the
reported by a finite number of bits. This study provides an proposals compared to existing methods for different systems
analysis of the effects of both dropout and quantization operating in semiconductor manufacturing. [7]
limitations on the performance and stability of control
systems. Moreover, the study suggests development methods 3. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION
that optimize system performance despite feedback
information limitations [5]. There are different needs for feedback and control systems, a
good example is for the use of counteracting the disturbance
The study Output Feedback Event-triggered Control (2014) signals which are affecting the output that is desired, another
by Mahmoud Abdelrahim focuses on the development of an is for innovating as well as improving the performance of a
emulation-based design made for output feedback given system which is present in the model uncertainty, a
event-triggered controllers to maintain a set of nonlinear good example of this is for open-loop control which is usually
systems. Furthermore, it presents a co-designing used for processes or machines, the idea behind this is that it
methodology to design the output feedback law and the specifies the desired reference output signal, aside from this it
event-triggering condition simultaneously for the lessening also computes the input signal which is needed.
and reduction of transmissions. Stabilization of
event-triggered controllers for nonlinear systems is also one Some other theories to be noted for feedback and control
of the primary objectives of this thesis study. The presentation systems are the technology of actuators, sensors, and
of this study is coherent and concise as it provided a brief controllers. The application of actuators, sensors, and
summary of all the concepts and approaches related to the controllers may become a limitation to the control theory [8].
topic. It also discusses the emulation design for nonlinear
systems, co-design for LTI systems, and singularly perturbed Actuators may be defined as devices which are capable of
systems. Despite the major contributions of the research, manipulating the control variables that are present in a given
possible extensions of the study can be an examination of the process. A good example of this is a home temperature control
robustness of the triggering mechanism proposed or an system, the actuators in this system are the electric baseboard
investigation on singularly perturbed systems wherein heaters and heat pumps. For process controls, however, the
stability is unnecessary for the dynamics. Most importantly, usual actuators used are valves, electric motors, and heaters
the research study has investigated the synthesis of the [8].
stabilization of output feedback event-triggered controllers
linear and nonlinear systems [6]. Sensors, on the other hand, may be defined as the devices
which are able to measure the output variables that may be
System Identification for Feedforward and Feedback Control controlled. The most common sensors used are
(2016) by Frank Boeren presents separate contributions thermocouples which are used for measurements regarding
concerning both feedback control and feedforward control. temperature, differential pressure transmitters, radar range
For feedback control, there are two entries of contributions sensors, and magnetic flowmeters [8].
both for the purpose of developing the specification of the
optimization criterion for the combination of model-based Lastly, controllers may be defined as devices which use the
feedback controllers. The first one is a proposal of feedback measurements from the output variables in order to
identification for control approach which is applicable for compute as well as to give control signals to the actuators. In
positioning systems characterized by flexible dynamic the early days, controllers were mechanical devices, but today
behavior. This identification proposal for control procedure is microprocessors are now used. Most controllers in our current
made to cover a class of systems to reduce conservatism in the generation are now implemented with the use of industrial
guarantee of performance and stability. The second computers or Programmable Logic Controllers or PLC’s [8].
contribution is a newly designed approach of non-diagonal
weighting functions for positioning systems with flexible Feedback plays an important role in the performance of
dynamic behavior. Conventional weighting function designs control systems, although for the case of electric motors, the
923
Aaron
Aaron Don
Don M.
M. Africa
Africa et al., International
et al., International Journal
Journal of
of Advanced
Advanced Trends
Trends in
in Computer
Computer Science
Science and
and Engineering,
Engineering, 8(3),
8(3), May
May -- June
June 2019,
2019, 922-
913- 926
917
control continues to be of the question since the usual Table 2: System Gains
conventions that are related with the control of motor are most
of the time constrained with considerations relating to cost,
thus the feedback component is eliminated. These Systems
can be further optimized by using the Rough Set Theory
[9,10].
For the case of electric motors, the AC motor of Nicola Tesla
was well understood, and the design did not use much
feedback. It is also good that motor speed is derived from the
frequency of the power that is supplied subtracted from the
losses that are dependent on the given information of the
4. DESIGN CONSIDERATION
construction of the rotor as well as the effect on it by the
specific load. Standard AC motors also have little amounts of
slip in the rotor that ranges in between 1800 rpm and 1750 Different processes can be represented through block
diagrams. For example,
rpm and this shows that the losses in the magnetizing current
for the motor as well as the magnetic features in the rotor that
are needed to be maintained in perfect synchronization
together with the line frequency.
If this is looked with the standpoint of control systems,
feedback is considered last and are the slowest loop present in
how it is controlled in the motor. In the case of position
control, it can be seen that it makes sense since it is normally
executed in a PLC or with the use of a motion controller, but
at the same time it also makes load regulation challenging Figure 1: System Block Diagram
since the error detection of the control system is done with a
level removed from the load that is present in the system.
The diagram above shows the operation of the system with x
Another thing to note is the input and output relationships in as the input variable and y as the output. The output of the
a feedback control system. From Feedback Control Theory, system can be controlled by varying the input. There are three
the input-output relationship is discussed with the use of a kinds of interconnection in system block diagrams. First is the
linear system with input u, output y, and transfer function G. cascade interconnection which is shown by the relation of
Shown below are two tables that relate input and output to one blocks G1 and G2. Next is the parallel interconnection which
is shown by the connection of G3 with blocks G1 and G2.
another. [11].
Lastly, the feedback interconnection sends back a signal to the
input to control the output of the system. The values of the
system when placed in a database will have large amounts of
Table 1: Output norms and power for two points
data. Its database configuration will be like [12, 13]. The
G1and G2 is shown in the figure below.
Figure 2: Feedback Interconnection Block Diagram
924
Aaron
Aaron Don
Don M.
M. Africa
Africa et al., International
et al., International Journal
Journal of
of Advanced
Advanced Trends
Trends in
in Computer
Computer Science
Science and
and Engineering,
Engineering, 8(3),
8(3), May
May -- June
June 2019,
2019, 922-
913- 926
917
Control systems are used in everyday devices. Cruise control existing works and the basics of control theory should be well
with spatial systems in-car systems is responsible for understood first.
maintaining the desired speed while in highways [14]. This
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