Meaning of Evolution and Evolution is the de organisms aver a long It is based on the sim organisms, Allare made-up af cell This indicates thatall 0 Evolution seeks to exp sto the origin of life, The Origin of Life Human beings have tri Currently held views are liste Special creation -ite w time. Spontaneous generati maggots arise fram de Steady sate fe has 0 Cosmozoan lite on ea Bio-chemical evolution Onty special creation a ‘Special Creation The earilest idea is t testament (Genesis 11 it states that God crea Some hold the six day ot years, According te his theor Similarities in structu Designer Evidence tor this view Faith expiains ita, By faith we understan God. Several scientists hold old testament of a uni ‘vegetation decreased. EVOLUTION Current Concepts velopment of organistiom preexisting simple period of time. ilarities in structure amdtion that is observed in all s,and similar chemicafpoomds are present. rganism may have hathareon origin. lain the diversity of lifsine to answer the question as well as its present state ed toexplain how lifabeg below: as created by a sup@mabeing within a particular on life originated fromitvang matter all at once. e.g. caying meat. origin. rth originate from elsevauter space. ‘life originated accordtatyarical ancl physical laws, nd chemical evolutiorbeudliscussed. hat of special creatiginch is recorded in the old 26). ‘ted the world and all Iivings in six cays s literally, while otheystsmay represent thousands ys the earth and all orggnieere created mature, re and function denéte stamp of = “common arises from observatignigectse't. d that the universe wasted by the command of this view and thelr rteaontinms accounts in the ‘versal flood explains thapgearance of dinosaurs asChemical Evolution The following is the lin € of thought held in tty W@ explain origin of life: ‘The composition atatm —ospheric gases was différom what It |s today: There was less oxygen the ultraviolet ight, The high solar energy carbon (IV) oxide-and These were: hydrecarb proteins. The proteins coalesced Proteins. and lipids to compounds, to forma The cell was surrounde heterotrophically. This took place in wate From this cell progress That were similar to bl They produced axygen an blocked ultra violet This allowed formation Evidence for Organic Evol Mast of the evidence t lee. itis based on studie Direct evidence is obsta of the pas Fossil Records The study of fossasis ¢ Fossils are remains of 0 ‘Mast fossils are remal and exoskeletons, Some fossis are just vennation patterns, et Fossils are usually fou Geposition ot sedimen The deeper the layer 0 Modem man, Homo sa ago. » More carbon (IV) oxieegdno ozone layers to filter feached the earth brakght together hydrogen, nitrogen to make orgariknpunds ‘ons, amino acids, nuabéde. Sugars, amino acids and and formed colloids. rmed a "cell membfathet enclosed the organic primitive cell. d by organic moleculesitfes on rf ively autotrophs evolved, ue-green algae, and as more oxygensvabyed ozone layer formed radiation, of present day phototaaghs. ution or evolution is indirect . 's carried out on pres@npalmals anc pants, ned from studying thse of animals and plants alled paleontology. unganisms that lived imeangines. ins of hard parts of thebach as bones, teeth, shells impressions of the bodrts, e.g: footprints, leat es nd in sedimentary rowkich have been formed by ts over millions of years. f sediments, the oldefatsds tounc in that layer. plens, evolved from apestiatures 25 milion years‘These evolved to upright, tool using creature called Australopithecus afarensis Which hada cranial cap This evolved through s modem day human, Homo sapiens has acre Homo sapiens is more | Main features in huria has an opposable thum Limitations of the Fossil E Geographical Distribution Until about 250 milion single land mass (Pang This is thought to have continents. Consequently, organis and did not have a cha Fegions. Such organisms under characteristicaly differ For example, pouches found almost exclusive The opossum is the on North America, Comparative Embryology During the earty stages are almost indistinguis Fish, amphibian, bird a Indicating that they aro Similarities include: Visceral clefts, segmen acity of 400-500 cc. everal intermediates; Herilis and Homo erectus to nial capacity of 1350-450 ntelligent, 1 evolution include biprediure, is an omnivore and b. vidence ‘on was usually possiblaibe softer parts decayed. herefore incomplete. f organisms might haverome fattened during al activities e.g. erosiaghquakes, faulting and troyed some fossils, years ago, all the langenan earth formed a aea). undergone continenttit slitting into different ims in certain régions ibegeographically isolated nce to interbreed witkeothganisms in ather went evolution in isolasidimave become ent from organisms imuntgions. mammals (e.g, kangarebyby, koala bear) are lyin Australia. ly surviving representafitae pouched mammals in of development, thergnntst ditterent vertebrates hable. nd mammatian embryos Himiter, features, se from acommon artest tal muscle blocks (mmyetiiand s single circulation.Comparative Anatomy * Comparative anatomy jg the study of orgawiffarent species with the aim of establishing whether the organism are related ‘© Organisms which hav © the same basic featare thought to have arisen froma €ommonance stor, * The vertebrate penta dactyl limb evolved in dferent ways as an adaptation todifferent modes of! fe. © .g.asafiipperin wha les, as a wing in bats amecigging hand in moles. * Such organs are said ta be homologous, j.<. they have arisen trom a commonancestorbut they have assumed diffstenctions. + Thisisanexampleot divergent evolution. © The wing of abuttertly and that of a bitd aretsube analogous. * he. they have originated from different anqesnat they perform the same function, * ‘Thisisanexampleot convergent evolution. Cell Biology * All eucaryotic cells have organelles such asehindria, membrane-bound nuclei, ribosomes, golg | bodies. Thus indicating that different organisms havamaan ancestor, * The presence of chloroplasts and cellulostt wells indicates that green plants have acommon ancestor. * Blood pigments are conjugated proteins wielta| group. ‘Similar pigmentsare fa und in different anime * eg. haemoglobin isfo und in all vertebrates @nebielida (earthworm). © Thisshows that allanim als have a commonrorigi Mechanism of Evolution © Themechanism of evo lution can be describertwecess of natural selection acting onthe _ heritable variations taetr among the members ofa population. * Apopulation consistso fa group of individuaexfarne species. © Each individual hasase t of hereditary factorstge = Allthe genesin.apopu lation constitute a gem p * When reproduction takes place, genes pair oyittpnather randomly, Genes which occur in great numbers in theegaool, will occur in greater numbers inthe next generation. u+ Several theories have heen proposed aver the years to expiain how evolution took piace. Lamers theory Lamark had observed extensively, it became W apartof the body w By use and disuse of sequire certain charact He suggested that th offspring(next genera in1809, lamark publish He proposed that new ‘organisms and throug Lamark’s theory has Parts does lead to 2 inheritable since they genes. Evolution by natural selec * {n11859, charles Darwin origin of species by me Darwin's theory was b given species remains The number of young, More otfsprings are pr ‘Variation occurs within species are not alike, ‘On the basis of these o Darwin made the following co There is a struggie for Individuals who are no variations)are less able Naturat selection oper ‘favourable variations; Le. environment tavou © They win competition They attain sexual mat ‘Natural selection Peppered moth (indus ‘The peppered moth, B that Hf a part of théybes an organism was used enlarged and more efficie as not fully used, it weegdnerate, various body parts, atgenism would change and eristics, ese characteristics wok be passed on to the tion). ‘ed his book "Theory Offition’’ life forms arise frorrengesistie of parts of existing fh the inheritance of agestaracteristics, been disapproped in titktugh use and disuse of quired characteristioysh characteristics are not are effects producedtixyenvironment and not by tlon Published his theoryottaton’ in a book cated ‘ans of natural selection’. sed on the followingeewidthe population of 2 constant over a long piistttime. ‘ones is more than thetvearef sdults. oduced than can posits. 82 given population, iaaiibers of the same bservations. clusions; existence among indit4dua given population. ‘suitably adapted (ei tke unfavourable to pass their charactesibaithe next generation ates on the population;¥el those individuals with +s individuals that areamemptes. e.g-forfood and survive.i, ‘survival of the fittest” urity and pass on thesgharistics to their offspeings. trial melanism) ston betularia, exists t'tyiinct forms; aAspackled white form(the normnal form) and the metanic, dark form. The moths normally re camouflaged against p The first melanic moth Since that time, theirn the speckled white for The increase inthe pop environmental change Smoke and soot from ‘This has resulted in the leading to the evolutio This forms almast inv and isless subject top The peppered form is of factories. This is because it ls we Which it rests andis th The existence of two by Biston betularia) is Resistance to Drugs Certain strains of o antibiotics, Following continued individuals in a popuia able to pass thelr char When 2 patient fails pathogen develops res Some mosquitoes hay Practical Activities Comparison of Vertebrate Umbs of various verte 88; fishy Tilapia, amph mammal: rabbit, Their anatomy can bes The following can ben That all imbs have tive Asingle upper bone-th Two lower limb bones the forelimb. stom the tree trunks tamakhes wherre they are redators, 5 were observed in 18qérarManchester in Britain. umbers has increasesdengously, outnumbering mm. Ulation of the melanie feorrelated with 's brought about by indaliention and pollution. factories have darkenedntte trunks over the years. Preservation of the fiartin Biston betularia of the melanic form, isible against the darkifrauind of the tree trunks. redation than the specldad. more abundant in areeydrom the soot and smoke Ncamouflaged by thetlicheered tree trunks against erefore not easily dentoypredators. Or more distinct formbioespecies (as exemplified alled polymorphism. nganisms have develbpesistance to drugs and use of such drugs! amtibiotics, some of the tion of bacteria or otheramiganisms survive and are acteristics to the nexieggtipn, to take full dosage tuf antibiotics prescribed the istance to the drugs hénecome difficult to control, © developed resistanaettpin pesticides. Limbs brates are provid \bian-frog reptiles, lizard; domestic fowt (chicken), tudied. oted: Sets of bones; e femur in hind limb braemerus in fore limb Le. the tibia & fibuta drhith limp & ulna & radius in aSmall bones -j.e, ankle (tarsal) and wrist bones (carpals) The bones making t he foot and hand apetatarsals and metacarpals respectively, Thebones of toesand of fingers Ie: phalanges Observe the variousm —adifications of these bistihe various animals. Limbs of different mam mals e.g. rabbit, cowwkeorevea! that the anatomy isadapted ta mode ar type of movement. eg. the horse has asin gle digit. ‘An outdoor activity to observe various seydt movement in citferent mammalscan be studi ed. It smoted that some move on tips of toes Edyimothers on the whole leg (rabbit), Comparision of Wings of bird-and insect ‘Wings of birds andinse ets (grasshopper, butterthath) are obtained, Ahand lens ora dissec ting microscope is usaubterve the specimens. The differences inthei r anatomy is noted. Insect wings are membranous while thoseltsstare made up of feathers that interlock, Education tour toArcheol agical site/local Maseu Visits to the local museum yield impottdnformation that greatly supplement study of evolution. The National museum in Nairobi has many fossils Visitto the variousare heological sites that extitsiya is recommended end 2