so09

Basic&-nbuducHon
Unit1Camputoy d
o CampuleL

Cmputeyis sa_6dRdhsoruz dnotcod

es
aelochniC paDgsammab
machin uhich ecoies da
nput mathod praD CO Ond QiueKuG
as autputn imple campufe a
dauce hat Hansley data uDto m0a.nung
unloaaatien,d hos abilt do Atore
8meuo dada- and pancoA data2

YAL Con Le Q_CompLutey togamos

upl
dsCumants LndLmbils,ete
etc
nput PPmas usput
also be dolined asin
Computoy Can Con peam
Follouing a Lem unchems
Excopt datq
Stome olato
PmOA_dota
3Rotie htoned dato
4)
Regult
Choxacleisics ampt
Automazy Deligun
ComputS
Gmu
OD ulomaicmachin boto dineslneklock e acensaiema
Ltouutrdgma b Con uak Jay auA uutbaud
Ot
uoHaJobo untH
need
is
huy Camed
anyeUHOA
nstuUGaComuo
utng cadadintucioris 6 PouL fmambuung
2AComputoy
Speed
Campudoy has dhi pciotoina
anuarnaunt inoYmoHenq da
s0UeHyat douho an nlenaunaem Can bo tot ond
Sicands ato paod
cin bi Hocallkd alany mgau
LJn Nano2Csna Campuley
9tona92
SAccuay h Campudey bas an inbuiG mama
AcCuMau Camputos Cantand JhaHi Can sorse art aun
zlsing nddagHD0 dlato You Coo also Atnore dato
Lupen
OCcuMaCdopand
dtL dosigh anpit condas toaa duicd. ch 04
ETOnA Can acCuHA LCmha.ct duuo CeD) pondaie (p
N CombLday
oUhau uhich Can bikap al&d cemple

iabillh
eans
npt

Copactu
IntaHHoct

o puaum
'data.
2No
Compudoy
Cart
9
do
nat a
magie douleo
anu LOHK Jutbaud an
CompletdillKAnd up waHkem
moubmont pmepalara sult
pXopairingbils,plauu
urritodan
incburHens
PLcmho
 g)No fealings
Lonputui du duald
daLkn hauun
motion n mak-T_Compuley C129-4D
O erpttnce alinnknauukda
s also
h aarm
automalic
Eauka Capk Calculatox Jhis uuas
iusttonbal
aulomoic Colulalingmockin ullu
pist
uLasunuonte
machonical
adding mochin
h HouandDhis dosian diar
uak bad-
Blaixe Pasca"
n H echnigu abaod
r punchod 9uatd duLapad
ain 1692
blom 16+1Bauan_Gtttaed
lullham smpaA 0dosan ard kuaun uas
Leibnu
Caexumarny iuenkd a_mulhpliaktm Auntchad
machino
Keubaaxd machinn
QLLndd 1880Ondxounaled in us n Atamaso- Bxy
wsd Qn today huy exensiua his eloctonic
Computei
Ca3-42)
machunp uuas doualagnd
by dkto Sahn ffatn Rtcomis in xde
HexTMAN.
Concpt o
Halerith
pundhod
Cam adh
Quaxd
ut
ha4
Lnu
opoHatem
Codtai math&maHca
guaHm. uiaskroun
was UAd_ as
CampuleNA Jn ot md
19Ho.LumUD
inpLdt
oH unteunal lag andCapouink

ChaylsBnbbog a 19 Conty Th ENTAC1943-46)

usCnsidoHd as ath tH ol madutn ENTAC= Eloctanni Numimcal
diguta Camputey nkatatos And Colulotmy
EualuHen o_Compude disuus abriat ENTAC was daualapeca
AemR h c
2oly Caputeis mLukauy naads, 13000uatLumubes
 used h0 Oddubian o tuuo
numbeus uOsOchieu
RcoD micoSOConda
nay
mco Ocands and mulhpltaHen2on peHoHanwas 4ocOLpe Acthis
Jn mochin) uLoA douoloped
UauoLItg
aFConhtrv
v)ThEDVAC C1946S2)
EDVAC Elechonik
DLgcseatp QNTVAC Unluaial ButomoHc
Jaable hukematL_
Campule
h majox dyOuback
(armput

automalic and h ea h Unuekal autpnnotic amptu

uos hat CalculaHng mochir
Luas ho uuhLduqtal oampictn
Lueden J 1952 T BM OApOSaHb
U duicwlt bbaxds h
Jin 1Yo Dr
nhmoucoo
o Cnango
thotmode
h
Jokh Jthn CompaDgam.
hu
hot hekp fn ktomd pmoaHam Conop
Klumamn9
UNIUACma
uTDHOducod

GHonoaiem
o'1 commHal

auOHCamino haxoukak Computey

Itisa
Vh EDSACC 194-99) ax totn
knouun ti
tack
todai
in echralagy
QaneHOHen
he
o CapuE
EDSAC- Elachonic Delay tomag
AutomaHc Caleilatok 1)HsktGonsHatien (1942-SS)
heaxlly ComputeyaENA ENTAC
deuoloped h eloc tannic dalau EDUAC EDSAC uNIVAC and
ZtOKag autoMaHcun-this madhud TBmH01 ond ahoy
a Add OpOaH &n uas accomplLah LUL theusands
thtum
iDISoD poyLAC and muapluiahm Macum tube ua a
Vatcumibes.
glaxdoucR
uhich is aduses lamontzuas 2Secand
q AowHC electmAicA Gunaxahen 19ss-69
hun&ucuana LOHOuUHItn un xansitonA 1eplacod LLacCuOube-
machin) and assambly Nanguuag
bicasD Lo
hioh
intiadiucaf much
an9uob dONO
Lotoy.
h AOLmHube&_0
acommalloy CamLdy
Feoe mo engu adey chdopo
aent and male2
iUs Maccum tube3 Compuleu
heu us nagnelic CaMO
hey lAH th Jales caledaba moin
po
momaHu dnd Aagnti diL
daudeo aniHHm 20candody mime

i lhy w@Hloo bulky in sz High Quo Nanquag and hath

odaHaHQq Rystem LmaHord dudng
&locond gontaign,tiah.awa
M hox OX Aed hmusands o tangiog
EORTRON
douelopoda
IPLD CoBAL,
Waccum ube& hatE emite Ldta ALGOL
omount hlast.and buutN au Featuo
9Lontly
anston& uoHD usod
N)Comumoucia pDouctem hoke
CamputeHA OMD d lt and inou uNOten ime ateN han
CaLtly ib aen oiaHen ConapuueH

IhAOmalo In Aize
Manoitap onddisc Luia usd
mograhe
Thxd untaian(196-¥s)
Th duLulapmant untgMatud cud
CIC)ae cT CanxkHng 201N
hod and
PHutiy
Jasey aer Jorcay
acardoxuAbxaol
eloctonoic
MLListoNA
Campemonts_Qk
Cdpoc)tox8 aHOuun Gn
iudnAis
o
tandaxd cancept cHL
Kno ehip alican ndHucd dha CGnpt time
ICechmlagu as
O mico--csanius ako knaun
BhamngoS
ImeAhpring ols allan oeYartun
lhs lechonleg4 LUak Lchmlag4
nomadeST UsQK and Amultantas useby-
muulaplo LLHS-
9ST Small Scalo Talegtakd Gxtu
Chip VL9I- laxy Laxoa Scal Inkonatianl
I inugxatidupto aboud Ico ULST- Wtta Layo Scalo Tnleaxakem
Cemp.en onts gm gnglo
uuak_ Chipdhis
echloologu khoun as MST AFouxth Guncxaien Ci9-89)
mST Modiury Scal TakaHatd In mcmpHacoAsay bHALghi the
Chip 4* gonHOTLRN ampdOP aA J000TC
Feakys65 as buuld emtoa&inala gicen
h WW
o p
maxi pnuLL
mar ahdt
Qnd
chup Cem
eplocsd
Canducfðx momaHus
moanotuc ao mimaxIK
Lapol2 mullons Lwlth uaxy t imhod duk
instauth pi ecand buuamo chedpot, Amalia and laxg
Thoy
Joulo
uomo0 eliabl
Maiotane Cogt
Hlquam cduoop hay
mswINDDLI ,
Copauby. euONa naL OSLox
uy MS DOS,
UNLX OS and 0largad
alsa bocem Hy popuua
Featus
)Compudey uuas Amlay and
paakurOA

chaopay.
Faahn
h aentHatiem
HMOA maH pauoH
9unDHaHem
deuktop a
Haon
seuLya
h

i)LST and LST echnalogu uad n hoy hau and Jaxay

Joatay
Pithwuy and 20csnday forag
i)DiHexant tape and floppy disk
bicam0 u apulay akpattal -iT C's uuld uLSL echskgy uA
miduum
iJanguage
i Spad ahughApad Cmpuitey
UAa nndaxd highlaualpregaan

h
Notuussk
Gonoxaion

hh94n0Hatuan
929-Psent
Campuftngduu Ae
basd
Glailitahion

HMicHQ
Ldesktp
Compukey
laptop
o Compunte

atLje a ucto iadn LAT) mini Campudey occrxding

lainHam Compulay to iz
hat a bAung us0d todauy
i CamplHy
bacam USIpduuy ALlaHkstatiem

VLSI_JechmlLogy mesuuling
us
mC
Qen@yahen
KDAHLAAN ohiphowny
lomili
SSupaN Compuuy

electnA ompPeMonts
 (AccaKdinoJo
echfalgy
a)Desktop
Lt_JA to 00ntial
an- paHtablhad
1 Bnalao 2)Digital
CAmpuk
3)Hibaid
PuipoA Cohpuutey ema
Campi-e Campulk
noima siz i
o tabL

AccaMalingoSi3 opop
neko_O pAHtabla ComputeuA.ha
MicHO Compiy aH mall
ghtuLQahtod
enauah so
n asil CoHad
annhH

a
s &malleAt
Camputeua
loas exponkiue
chaygeyablo batte
opdHO-e uLh
ond S_OAUaned toThelusR a
cnha
xeduoo k0uboaxdX mo
MicHa CompRutLy hao gmallot npiuduud
monaH
kmallO
LE is
LOLs_pRuoy

olokioned oyan nd
as
Physiall

uudial
peMSEMal
miai
2A mid zCompuley
Compuutey

lins
n z and
bluo main am
Callod 6ompil
uA and Minu
and woik Atatlem
eompuley, inJeunalsb
Campiue usuallu1hau mulhpu

mulHpHoAing ustem
Capabl4
FeatuOS IH
to
ng am
4 to abt 20o0

o
)o PC aHO QutoAimplo Ruppon
AAHA imontanisuslus
Opaaion
Jdaun otdop0nd meomLn
FauQuHablo CnAt
bamkdauun
Buaid lososCalo
FeatuOA heAD
uiheHL
aHAAedinInuauaonis
manyULeLK nac aces&
ALR
&uLN touhone dato
and Cinteac osHansacuen
TpHaudoaste nd and Gis alkd wsQd
handlung
P-0ommauC

JaHaleH toma CapabliH-e aan AÓOHal

micHa eampto-ets.poDCess
OHoanisaien Such
DBMS
OS
80tuataAs buul intot as boak ,
u lhoO aH RnsiHaD
pHaLSLaHa no
mpon
ansacHm
3MainHami (ompuley
disetoAtone suLeo Te däla
Thosp aH MQYy aHQO and exponaiu
vi) Ram Copacct @hose ComputeiH
Campuu-eHs Jo 122MB n
IheseaH wARd by bank and embuuh0FO botugon
much buain0A o
updotO unuonax
Q mayimur
imA Ahaing
JerbniQu0 ho allouoLmanu pesple
uii)
a lhou noHmally
6
oantaio
micKO pncOADK

at teminá s occAhogam
Jto
at mo Hme SCallod mhQya0 Os
Capablo nnin
Camputt muipy
mb2haung
hOAR Camputly a much bigger
FeatuA andaste hvr han uwOHk &tahen
and wLHal 100 timomato panÁue..
LuppaHts Joo to looo's uLRA
utp
handling masiuO amunts uin pud,
Stosag
2lmvkdtatia
IH s
Campuley
i)AusthesecomputeH Qnakalydssug-
pou ul LingiousON Campude NIX 0S dlzesuuoLuch
Aed ATXCuAodio mL SoLARIES
a pMAductdsahed Cucedin un HR-UX Auscd in HP
Campd-eu OuniaHlom and lmuki-ned.
appicoHam&uch laslaHCHLatno Supo Campudey iui
L s
audia -uiAual ejluct mauies
alsoLdosktap
machunTh
pHAuLdO bottMQHahhik displau
aciik hanoama pc
lheu
Hho
oH
andLApangiuo
est
Collod
Ho maa pouiyul
CodnpuetA
pn compun
&upi_ Compny
nnd

hey hau man mamaHy QHQund lnst OHOL200mulH-pHcOIn-

256mb to 4GB HaHdduk Ro & 14 do 2aluo Compli
h
pmbüm
30 GB AtandaHd S o
to
jdaly
aHOA LUŠd io2ueii
wonk
hey
o NT sahi

QHalora guchaA aaadunamia

dosian and ahoyaCOsng
FeatuDAA OhyuAOA hiA MAuded
animaed qHaphiucs nuclkaH enoiq
Pancssing pauLHdA loHmA astey Keseauch and petn NQum eaplaxdfn.
Hhan naHmal PC
iHDha hauJong 0Y maun mamoHAY Od
aapoct uloHhatatiem
Aesu16
It s daubl favtho
duat
numbyuhich
mantima.
athax CampkeNA
is
ii lhou hau ag CalaH udto dphy
noh_MonItox Capabl
LALLally useduun

unitLe Q1
dsplayinghigh reolutiem qaphus
) Tt Compia
pHeceMaY
doaothoaHa
uSAk tog ho
numbu
LuhichaH

The main momay

Caad
NoTE
a hon
oSalLe Q problo
aupHACMO
musE be abaut J&1B_uh
accoA Ap0daHaLnd_
an
ErDA CAnñoclo

O25 aon
Ttusdosignaduin
EX
HacoiA daka
LLaniit

high
JHoumamiie
hoAacamput
&podd

Hdiuantagek
Q LLO do
unuahidh
uauung ConinuausuaHiablo

uaHk
8peCdarnotoy

atua

16manitstg ColoulaHem uuhch a tAmalu

Jo 2 compeMon hamd a
a Csnipuy ma b
digitoil
dono bu oHadh 2pondc ino
ivhApea sdhis campuk elacta
andagCammpuley
meo mut So2z
MwH hioh

Accsidung
1
bo

Bnolog
o
ana
a20canda

Technalngu
omputey
IheLOA
CAmpute_

DiAaduangp
no pood anglag
uAencedo docado

AccuUHay an analcq Camputey

hou a potated E aaAuing h Aimited
Caninuausly ehango phita
9ALO ntHAuch aspA
p0od tc and
,empta
hon intn
Conuosta)
hoy
data
ldant haue abulty
LN OLU laxatnQuacub
o stome

h LaHUAs nu0 clUalu

hou dan tha lngical aculitio
Qc by psaminingN
 Di&ndantages
DigitalCampuley
hsR aH-hAgh pdpgHammo
douicnthah
epelam
nobe
i noymhouunn
Labll
IQhay
to makn idecisiem
ou emdata
elhcctaonic lculahamX
Calc Compano

his
mathomatical
Maluosand2tomexeiul,
machin-accap
puutstore
0A dancouith
S
hompHat
hpHocAL ul
Aumb
nDeskop pHadudhwkLJAJagolu
alleeledby

Hybmd Compdey
hug

ACmbinotHem Compuky ho
unAcientile Calculaht atI Capablu npuudo and euhuka
heso aH UAed andahalaganal
a
uelt/as °budin in bst digutni
CommeHclal
data pHaAOAIng9 lhis sn diaial Compudey
angloqAondllkand
he
which

nou PLAanisdatoby
gnalk MOuOM a
Counting
all
accept
LCanuut homnfs_dioitalakm
disoyatp
digi dOn 1) to nepHOKLT nccapta iQ
into
CsnunuimLAluuyina
q
buaty Hhat ACanueHted
th aHM aunamaHeni input
disauct lalue pHCAing

Aduantagns Ahubamd nmachinlws namally

nmau br Complud uked h AgenJi applicaHemsOY
th
1 CalculaHem Ün cnbn UUng
ComplDx mltim
poc hat adlusd in
easily- industaal
wla miroy AT
Laa stoxag Capaccuy
i
olas hon-ualatllp
momaHy as easu opaHaisemg laH
m Us buq Ltostomednoma
Qucp
Continled
as
krown povgsam
Aduaatag hJunpudunto_dho hia(adl
A
hyhouuncHadiblaCampicing TDallauiungunlien oDpAxerM
h HOLLLt pHAudgd by hy Campul sed ynpie unitE
O much hcCuKati taccoptg hodataCn unlturk
Black diagHom Campuituy
StanngpUnt t Conunut thecoindiucHen
accoptcb ra
KincAmputey
Tnput instucHdns
upplioshocanuouled
CU tothn Le
yuuthey pHoreina
LAL
CPU 2Stonngelnit
lhpdoato uuhidh
au2neiod
poaHmanc rellablhh
into
huaLgh npLd
ha AyAlembekta
to hed insid
hi A7,shapl be0n
ampitoyhauo ndogLal uunihahaue
and bu ho'bosic hCAMpLleybulaDthacHaV
aHtAimilailyho
changod mos not Changtd. pDCoASM Hho Cempuler-
KeALdpmalucAd bu al&0 be
LHuteu unthe oley poDcessingmiAtAid h
Hho iuo maios Auska opt ScmLufoo
Lt dikplay
@ idiota Campuute
CamputeySem
unit

PU
Doto
Tnput LUnit
mukt entey h0 Campuitt
polonmadby
thanlo
Inpu

ykemhisask
iDput olouitesmust
Lnlt a
 PamaHy9toag(RAM)
LEis
Jt RnaiuNQSmon
Conhaa
LuhilCamputoy
Ja CsmpuHN
ntalmatLan m 4
i

utem
mamA

A Luuttho
n CPuCCentsal
cU ondL6Lu
ePu -J
bHoin_
La
Prantiog

Campude
isalsokoun ho
d)-

b
diSappeaHOc intatimoHen uw CoupueA
hop maHY ZAU majos
hmuted 3tonrageimMmal_ha ap ColcullalHen
modo inLdo th
ond cempordsn-
gtoaCapacitybecaus S CPu A KLLpEmiibl OPuand
ond
ConoLLing
und hiDayOiyahng
abiuoHEm a
i) Secondayu StnagCRom)
LEJsalio knoun ALL CAxithmac LogicalUnit)
odauuDuiluat
Ltomag hthis iunit uho- tha
Ta smchOhoapaH han pmmas Leuien adkual
hoinsbuuchem
onagpandOt LCon getalinuno
uhen eolculaHmdnd
mad srapoisema
h0Syglem di guithod c
un ALQNA L
Ltis aumaly
infomaem C
wsod stobald -h
Th data Stoaad un
Ltonag bpla prarnaHu
Poncossng a
uhidn Auatem us danlon
mt wuAHkIng Om omOELu but QA
ALU
ard uihon neod od
uho pHacsAna otho
neods hom pDcsing ks aloL.
Lale
hiS mot mmanh
kattax

o RoM Znteumidiate
ALU H H
mpmxaHL
sHanH genaxaled in
agnohe duk bock do boclk o manmimasu
 28
C.Omoule Langu0g
nsur

)
NMachunA
o)AthaatzAclion Languogdsa iaohs Camaianicak
axthnatieopekalsns
PexlaxmLall euly aatusal onaungha
cmetBd in9a hJarguag
wnHdand
2miln
LopitalLicle Aurmbalsio hat
pOtaHems ampo SHO uaHda ond urmbALA Campulr
Decisiad making
poHaH91-Pakmod
in
Jonguag mustalsä boLscd as peN
and lagical
&eto Kulos koaun a yrdn
)Cu CCartual Unit R
den
JogLog h aCnmpue
accoptabl
is caUod Campuky
he npid doico knqu Qd h pD cs oloktu
lhngu

iAdlnsm UD
Jurdting
Houo dack A oy pmatammino
hotjs Soleod CaUod Coding
Oato bouo KhÄuD AU Campudey er lonap Con be.
LLthat Should bo dlon0 Juithu data. elasipied intolthHu coteoaios
nc h0uaAtoHOcaModallhis
dalk t
au
possiblo Machinooua LanguagCi-G
pLlauranyOr Hual pn/AinQ
EuAH Csmputiylanoua undaustond.
Tt managos and ConHdunates tho emly m anguoguuthaut Aing
entre Caputey uste anslotuanpauamdhi
LanauagTnhis tadingis
uuralenoXmall Lashfeam a
binoH-
Mochno lanquogun&trachena nomall
input uit Tt uppliosthi
loimaienem CpoHaHe Cod dhat
Calla Cn_uutput
data ipaDLoxln
uot h Campley hat untben n be
PAYamod and Accond poet 6tb d
h&tLells Campute uihex
Pind DH Aome o
bomonul
dota
sot
Opoton
DgfiulL to Pamgaa
eCuto hiu Jonauog
Carmpuutoy
htslanguag Le froDoHamsduOcitly ond eieNty
aca NA dieuleoLuY6
o undata buti dil 4topynaHda.
and DLad PDgHammoy md b LOulidoad
abdut ho hovduou
lOPCadlopERANDl Conputoy
inlo
aboutunction Luhoo to &teme 0Y in)Exor Padne
dato on umung_pacaHam nonguaa
apnAHammOy ho to rembmbOY
and musE
Aduannges th poHation Cdo
odk agtsag oy Locaki
koptho
IEÚs Computousuun lanquog
hoo i& a n0od aH anu
O Hahalation
a dosto This maos
dicult doConcetvais
mhe
Log pbaram
PmDgHam 8 uMHen inmachunN larquag

Con Be eocukd UOH astt hu) Diicult ta mdiky

ox mli
T isdilicult to CayHOCicheckno
DisaduantageA mochunDangLagpanauam
bdn tou lbcati erm
machuru inule
Machin denandort ulsd uAond ami ConAing
ohbL
is dilotortJuam
Compute
CompLtoH 6compute
 NAddA a irad torng Loratna
2) Assemblylanguag
A languagr Haat allaus
unstuudiag
bu
e ob Xapxoiinëd byalphanuai1-
pam ich as ERŠTSD
staragnacatie1 oepOLended na
Ale- ay unmbalsJnstead DiLduantag2
callcdasemblykonguage
In his languagunat8udtian aue Each
anguago
insiuuetieo
tyansltad
oon auemblyf
nh madun
h the ot englsh tuakds AiD Longog
Sue DTV muL COMP ethat
Lu Coalled numiie Cad n Compais pn
hisi longuagn pzg0mmoi mus hau
to mo.chuni laagut s eaLor to enaulada chaackrizhcand
wndloystand n prangHam Jn asamblu Logical uckatU Compudoi
Lanouage hos to 5o anlated intoS
mathid Languoa ho anslator EHigh llauol Langag
LchanguCad intamachrA Languaa
loneme0 ho pHablom asadatkd uith
Lasombly anguag hahioh Laal lom
A vantaas luas döuolapd Usna HLL any pem
Can Anluu
IA us eaAyo undtand and dts e enY Lin tho malq ånd

abautithdamnpgsta Hena
AR
/o
h numonic CadA mako Jt eao
onpuden

dolecd exta and cat0ctham. lh Camand ILwmten HI ACalled

AtateMoat1t is st dopendont
Capte ocaus \campuk lhauo
Con bi aAily hangn a Camnleyoy Haoonguag
 Aduanaak
iMachund undopondarrtE i HLLunb ML aCompat
ApHOgiam LLLEHen in U con_ b b pDVId sd hos
EXDculEd mdipexont P ampuer Jhu mL
LuuththcarapuTo

iIis
Eas4tol0an Ex- Paal, ALCLOL FoRTRDN,C, tL
s asa
ariouag
bocaus hou aHO uoY
o JooD
ilaytoo
sorcch

natuMaldanouaq T
lalse eal
do wue hocäusë pHgHamman s
i ncod
Jo lknaLo inleunal dotailkLaampulen
n)PapqHamatdo
Feey eHAHL A
lCancontratol mh

Outoratialu
DisaduantaaeA
1
h spod aopoxaHno a
tHL usstnw
CompaHod to mochinY Languag
i)AA CompoHOdto ML
hauo alangey
a
n Capacit boCouKe
HLLtakea
p
am wtten
lenqo momoMy o
a
untiem
9/
Numbe utem
ps 2 Kunbals (o-3
Binay EA=
Deci lo hL K2
3)Dcta A 93,unualidRSL233 ualid
4Haxadeama L6 1 Haxa dacima
Aute
)Decima numboHAstem Ambals and Qu
T is h but populay oithmai Am as
dodmal
Lo dioHK aHD k
numb0 ustom ulhidh u8 SAd HDdAnaked b ondemainna 6d
n
uniuexaLEy Ih Hak 2pec
-9Luhich aHO Coid
o A AtoF
TL0L23LS612,93
Ex A DE F
L

aitsby wano aAL ioLs

epeLent anu Moluul1n Hhi& bas
u lan
ConuoHLin em&
o Ea C26u2)a Lule CoLO epHDARnt

2Binay numbl yatem

en nimbby a4 KEem o lanyia
numbeyAUktem
Onu aumbY
Atho
Many raahd Ca
B uaSo 2uch Krd al
means
numbaHAglem
mbols
mhoAOny
OCo-1)J JR sepLerbs
u Omo to ba to anathen
BinaHu do Dorimals
CLoLo1)
Ux 2+ OX2t1y2+0X2+X2
Octa
T o numboy 2ystem
actal mÜabo Aystem
E1
 +Ox2
2+1x2tLxg+
+1X2
LYEE0x 2 25
12

E29)jo
CUOOLL 2t0X 2he1X2
1x21 1X2OX 42)i

l6t8tO to+L 242L

312 210
2 10
ClooD 2
Ixy+Ix YOX yOXY1XY 21 olo10)a
(321Do
io
2DocLmal to tho IxŽ+IX2tox2+{ox 2tox2+2
HOX 2+ x2t Ix2'to
ToConuoAtLanu douma numbe Jp S12 256 t otOtOt Q16t
ang thaH baxTpakedlydividd Ott2t DE 90
h numbuy bu bas and
wde Hh9ent at h battem ILo lo
emaindoH at aht Aidi until ul go LX+X 2+Ox2mX2tOX 2
OnO atbottemead esuult nem botte
16 +8t0+ 2 +O
Q6an
9 45
2 22
2
3 hoto
Io11O nuumbiY
Oa
2 o
230
15
O Coot dacicma n chnioed in

1 O 5H56
D
O1 Hiuan
D
D B D E (20Q
othoy Dludh
DO
D Find
A
13
D Rrd
O
3101
)Binayn Octal
CeniAi
olGad.-
O1
|o|6 64+0t16+2+
010+1

5Bnay o hiiadocima)
Jx
4+xu+Oxu+OXu+LY
324 6+D+0+
OO
0
6|2
13
A49

OLO
O 06L
3C410s),
4&+-1g OX2+68

2166e
AC
A 13o 12 1
X16+0XI6t 12 XL
QT6+ 16 T 2
4 281
s)C40S2
J322 O 3S+2
QoLo).
56D
64+S6 +

)
CiDa
124in

JX2+Ox2+JX2+LX20
8+O
C675
+2t I

332+S6+S=445n
2
2a)CLDL0011
(D3
2)GtoJolo

H) S62)
oLUo 0D)
SC615D>0
IDlu1ol00)
93.6
3 6xR+Xg 26) (lo Ioo
1L)
192 F 8-7 (O3)
24 ),

D12) O CioI ol01 oo)2

(SAC)6
Oi
oXhixitl?1o12hox2

64+ 16 +1
3)C2Ae1 DR
29CAO, O
COololol0louDa
Esactin
b Conua
anu athuan docimol
ho adsn
CoA
ce Jnte
pot as Aual
gou
ltcce
dacimo
Naotako
by dhg asienol povt
daufinoHm ua
mulkplied

iuly
ocHenl
aon ako
Lom
ganauakd numbeuhak
ocHe0l do
u kaop em daing Aiep i)and in
Aulliient adHera
digit
Choybak to docimo ocim
SameasoboRYloJo heinlko
paxt oChena paÉ Qlley th
docima
mh point
o
omila
2con honumbey
iaht and uuD
db+d b dnb
O10D
lo

X
(G62S)a
8 2X8A
69+ 16
E OS
O O12S
69SS
n

= 2H
2 S
01EOX 2+X2
Uool OuL)2

3(24:
TXŽ0Xtox2Oin

(935o
tLX2
2+1
VR-O 25

OX24 X2+ 2tO+b1

2
O aStO12
65)
Xzt 122 t418+X2
66S
32+ 16
qx SX2° 32
3H tS
6x2tSx2OS+
OO1312
O:2281125
352E3x+SX8+2X
SI2
4 CA2 B DI 0
EO32S F0038
4SHOH.o
FO003 ox t dxisAXIKAIXIS
 On
LY
XL61Xl6
1oxIAt2

C72 0txlo=
1)o
Lot
10 tLXLO
21 3X1o2X loo0
=JE
LOL
2
A6D: E9
olo.oLLo 1LoL LIALODl

OL

(126Y9
21 X8 6568
568x 2 ES44
LSyYx2
in

y352

6
= O02 tO001
OO
xU

6)U:6tOy
Lxg+x2+¥X8°
L2
=6YtS6t

610 6x2t8+0x8
OH5to:J0933|
129 25 35 1
90
9X1o+Kx1o
OH6 XO 6XO
O06 +
(94 6Js
aoxyHthnncHc
Binoy additian=
Ot0-O OtI= aIoLD XLLLD
011
TOTTIkx
4 (olo)
X(InaD

Ex)-DL 2)ob oLO D001

5)CLLolDXC1bo)
PoO
L000D 11
(4)o.o H
000 0
-A

10000do
12.10
pinaxy SubbaKHEm
NO0tloL t1000 040E O
LO000
1OL1OD00
BinaH muluplitahea4
LXo XEL 101-
OXO -010 (4UonLLID
1LoLL2

OTOOL
O
LoLoDx (1oD_(2)1oo)x(o1o)
OODO'Ox O X

He0x x X
ioLoD,-(o1LlO,
O
OOL
D 6 3 16
(loLLO) ollooo), CoLLd.
IDILLOO
-OLIIOoO
OLOOL DO
LOCoD ELLIloLo),
COibloLOL Lo
Binauy DINisien

qLoDlO), entnA
LLO Lo LOLo O00LlL
QLOOlL

9 Cllolio), COlo L) Jul oph D

OLoLLL Lol lololo) =D,
2) 0D, *6ibllol =Lao),
n) O11),=(LIOID LoLblnolLOQ
LoLL
oL
 CI)iCn1ooo)=
looo
L
1
, 1

0h
10

Complimonta

hu auqlen scdin diota) lempua

La ubtbadian cpauaHien
i Camplimert
a numbey nis dolinad

LooD
= CoLD,. as 26 N) hau n Dumba

CUD N2Guen numbay

MG-1 cmplirMerd
N is uo thon
a pasiHupdligd uo hoa-

00

1o o ollao1ol
8air
2
Y=N
)
utth

Ex- 634)
N: 1634
ni inegy
lo -DN
n2 Basn(3 lo

&CLLU, (olu6Ll2 2366 is 10 Camplurmart

his numboH
l o1ILO0OD111
011 01
OlIO
 634
2366 01LO For Complimant
tack - 1o'Lo-

HS34 ui) o
101A:3 -2 To 2S
G*-NE
E
=LO1
ILL=Lol:010
t odd a1
(LCooo-)-HH liolLoL
9999AS34
2465 -N 8-1o
lodo- lolE OL

emplimort
in) 1OLLo
NE OLLLmES K:2 nt6,ME 2 99199
-NE INEJOLLO1 L
(2-Dlollpl

2 2 6y2292
o000D 16
23392
842 1
63-1olLol

C2-1ollol
jagaagaloLlo
OL0ol1DI|

Foo
29156
L
2456
O0O1 lun OIl oll

LoO
NE
l0.llo
amL
n=S 2
NE01Ollns6 X-2|

63-olLoll
32-1N J00100
IIll-aia

31)-1ollo
 22 22222222
2048
J024 S2 156J2S 6Y 32 16 84

Loooo00DlloL
GY-allo

ix)IOLLoool
N-101uocol,n&
(2S6-1-l0llo00
TODLO1

X 2S=1o
2
lLo.0.0
Xu).328
N328 n3, o
LLLIL=1alj00.ol0100LIIO Lo-L)328 Lo-322-
399-322 LO00-322
R56-JolloaoJ 2Loaoooo.0-lollO00 61 62
0LOOLL11
x OloL00 LLIO xi)).g13

NE S3 =o
2042-D-OLLolaollla 2a-OI1olo0lto (L0-)-LS13 Lo-S3
iUUHUI- 01olo.olilo 01o1 Looo1 999-53 lo00-S33

:
2048-O1LoLOollo &loo0000000.0-0l1oleoia 426 42
910 1001lolioo10 xiua
495 NEB5 n2 YID
N=495 nE3, 10 T1o-1)-35
10
lo35
99-35 o0-3S-
q o'-D -495
999-Y95
64 65
1000 Y95
SO4 S OS Jo
o-)-319
999-339 L039
Eldoo-319
S20 621
 i)-Sub (os)io aoCsoD-
JNam C92n
oplinutnuyNehhad
99R5-L 74

N
E1)ub Cs6n
NES6, 10,N-2 4HSo124 cau

eonsS 9Campliner
Step1 (56h
am(20m
E4
g9-S6 uL2s1D S
43 99-25 99-94
Step2 93+92 490 94

Slep3
L35S CaM
).3ub (934)ho
999-234
I6S1588=3
: 6S
mlSz2)n
33tE354
S4 Ans
Sub (3s)in am 18)o ub (236)iD am(1+2 )1o

NH35 EDm=2 999

63
236 999-9.3s
S1ep 1 993S 64
6H18 63 92 935 -6ng
SLep 2
tep3 9-82
1

-
22.
9
 amollloo IS1O
ui) SubLoloooa
:2,n2 2 Uni12 Memaxy
Oloonl Oxgaizahon
(12R-D-olllao0
dhbdhdbdb-ollloa0
Looo OLO 0100 MEMORY
loooJtlollao
Bimaty Secando
a uil) SubCO00 11J2 Mam Oloolo),
Mopnakic
Slepi(6y-) :63Slep.3
-o00 Oloo01 =dlJ RAM ROM) oanhghia
dk
Sep2 0LoO SRAM PROM CD
lo0o| DRAM EPRON eORN
LOj1Lo
Ang
EEPROML di
Elop

Hox DVD_
CD-R

SubLOLIa am(ieLoL)a SHarxoan

SHepi= N=0 LIO Momatu Moda

omoun
Step2=LooololDl sau impoHtart paut o Conkey
0OLLO uh on anu unamai JA QnOD sto CPo.
t gonSO moma And Aouad OH
Slep 3 DotlotL
k hex

PmmaHy mamaHu
Sedandniy mimaL
 o Tt iaJho Jupe loed
ol RAM in uthdh

T AmeLy
Aochem
pmioy
oCaypLHE
CPULcanàccoss
emun as
aLailable
os
s
du-oct
mainmama
Semi
alko_kn
mamayús
MomaH hai
TLsis alk
niAe aH
Canductox chip,
aALemi-taraduch
th

th
L
rnL& a_
call al
bit
emain in 0
paluL

2Dunomi
DRAM
Jn_muay
arng a
auailabilibhou

RordarnAcccsz Maua
Soil
memaY
lhcsp Oo uapes
Es dh RAm in uuhich Jh9 hit ik
Hmg eLen whoh hpoLaH JL Cm
RAM Hrcok
Randana Memay DioHorcbotur0on DR A00 ond SRAm

Tu a
stonedAis
lalatilh_mamayn
nat poxmnat, th
RAM dato DRAM
Tt nads to ho noHDs na &uch
SRAM

data u eHaskd mco ampuleyÚs elshid muliplo ngad HoHLthina.

Autdhod imin a AAcand

ChoNOcDNiaHC& Ihos at0 chlapa hoso aHO xpenAu

o lolatilp in notuND. 3Staago Coparty AStomnop Capac s
d
AM s
isQ
thoostest momay
meod and wnie momay
m
4Ithas
han 3RAM.osshon DÄM
high doncikud has laus dan&tu.
upes SRAM S1tsspduis alaueyTds JMste thon DRAM
Static Rand on Acces Momal hanSRAM
 RomGlu DMOmauy
Raod
i mae_CasilyRomús Js caHy
ROM Ls aup CaniputeAto A RAM
Cantaunino
hatnaimally
nan-ualatil poHmanantd
Can mlu bemeadN
5has Jaskspaadthos ackn ouus
spcd,
uyiten to Rom cantaunk
hopHoo9am Tupe-Static RAM p-PRDI
EPRoM
hat allaus Q 2ach
Lampdeys gtatun
Hmo t us ud u Dunami RAM1
ELPRoMm_
ayegan0Ha tp
Chavackent hiesaRnM yp4 Rom
RoMs ah-Ualatilo unnatup a PRom
ogHamahlo uRoad Cay morcau

TE
d)
Can't bn accidontly changsd
Roms a
Atatic and don t requuae
PROM_s a Luuiten ipe
moma dA uHIHen
aRam. This
nu Cmce byh
eoshina uAD and eloctácallu poarammiaat
hatim pn-
DiJnco bou0on Ram andRoM IE ia lhxmiänL
hpa unlatl
shat cmce da4
compuley

momauu
RAM ROM hasboon uHen do PRoM it Caanat

b eaLd
DRAM A uelatilo in.nakeRonilA nem-volaHle
bEPROm PrnaMamabl Reod muu J
2RAM iAnad eliablo. ||RoMisaeliably E3asablo
inRamn
Eload m isnat Load im us neqidd.
0
o
PRbM
inlamnaliam
t Cant
i stmed [AaiLed
bo eHasedLEPRam
panbtonm agit
Js
euOCAm hik
 emplaynd slaypkagamsxeptaled
is
exdsed t
can bo
eucn
pngammed
Tt balds
andJncbuctians
HaQLantly
hat
tqested doia
Hhay a
mmidiadolyouailablo
to Ceuuhan
cEEPRoMErasablo PROM nnid ed
ELuchically is Lwed to Tduen
4achu moromu4mdo
Ualotil R ascis daa
EEPROMis aup non alda
auioage
amthu Main mamou
hatenahles noliviauabutes
Yo b 2ased ang ep00GHamne. )Cachn astoaeA tho0as
and dloa
uoue
wARdinstuucbans
*Flash Momau
I us a kind omoma hotein Cach achap bui u
olata in hi absnci a pau Auppl
momay
Cach memouy 2Secandaty MamayHu
an=walatul in
natuMo
Incamputung a td hat Atone
Mchl us ahayduOH l1t us
IA is Jos Coaskl n Campomsen
0Ahuax Campan
dlata s0 ha twt eQueslesoy
uko momlu
pamaHy
is quut hioh and
Stoxa0 Capali
Can br Aouid askeu
Hhat data
scalabl
Ti Can be lmaiued @
d aspay
Chaxorlexintics

NIisanextemey ast mmay

2tacts as a bulo bohuaon RAm
ph e9ujemant
E
haddak laeey
t hi ds alko knaunas
au
eionmples
magnIHC _Monmau disk and magnaht -
and dhi CPu
tape
 SeqkcdialAccess Duices
Maanetic lap
Inmagnotue opp nl m&id
sHhoidben is UAed a tori
toraing
holoppy
dLskaHtoisQ
diu,also kraun o
dato ag oodiumxomauabli caoanahc
Jhat.allzu ANd
dat
T is09uaniial moma uhicb
Cantains hioplostic ibbemdo at nJunlatumatian xetieuadand u Hn-
data and eaaLed by magnaHcooud mto a appydisk Ladbiallsd
by hpsc maanshe ercadicg
Stoin daia em tapus Cansidesal.
cheap han OSta Akoinq da
Ln he dise Maanstu
plaes
ka aH0 ao hai
tlay pldsthcdaad
oixeNay

Doto odluwsite A poodis_AlauOH n brokhAidid uth 'den dda

becose 8quonHal accoss lspey disk ik a maanthc disk
Tapes alio hauo laMqnAtosago Capau hat"Cantains q Anal plasHcdiuk
Dect Accass Doucos
2 lpPH diik Haxd diik
T+ b
wiha
hasa acket o haxd eeplashic
metalhutky pHadecting ho
Lus
uAu
q
Atoe
Can
magnoii diik
dato
n Luhuch

mead-wle lat.
TA Can ktome maun data aad uk
F lappy diuk uoe usd to stoedota osley hanappy disk

ond back up impattarnd unlramalim. HCan stome RuuoHalGuBuhoinas-

Eloppu ditk
ohdop
is 203yo Cay and mastlsppy hos maximumAtanog
Capa cuty n M6 20
It
Oy
uA Amall and pataklo an.
ohiap do poduc
T is dunALdok Camputey a eD- RoM
Cannatba las Compari Diak Raod
Gndy Maoa
But t
QULntually
houl Cons alsO
ous>Hho wwhalu Ca
ukou
A CD
Csampackt
Romis apo-pLd coital
disk Jhof'cantains dda
Ltops wAH ng at h sam/ Limn ampuus Can Kead butgt iko
OH PHaseCD RoMsie_utii a
Opical dik p mead mlymamau

ws a AOcandaHu oxagimudi
A CD
has
A
alat
L
Jo Gm aCompdeyuuhidh
oinamaliem ecaudid
Data Astosed
Hm a
ands.
em ths dusk_n
micanscapic
th

data pits and TH's mayimum spoLd us o KB Ae

bWORM
T+isqlao_casi and durabl. uuto Gnlu Rood Manu
Opti cal disks a pottabl but hauu T Jsaks liko 0D-Romn
a2tomagp Capacu
Bo opHtal dAk Jsay Camputey
Tt s entadud alley biirg puNchaLtd

diskthai us picat gtoxag he inJamatonecadsd enut bu

aaD can bi bu anu Qdino
xaad
echi9us andRchnalgu0 LAq CD-Rom ddu
Ond 'umkdata
Crce data isstora m sulo
upe o @pica diuks aul LOROM disk ut bec.ames poumantnE
 onlu
and can h meod
dp 5MomcoyStosag
cCO Read
dit dLL
Conipact
Qad [LOal uaw CanpukL UAs
omoyis uthotJnporiluuuhilzirae
0Atone dota poimaninty
had usuuhoOyayAauouG
Can b_Wmtten
manutmeg
uwlen againi
bd OLpapulan imimotstoraqi
duicas
PHaseod and
muonary CPen diiu)
Lash
Jhis echolagyulO&_LUESDducod dauia Csmas in_uaisus
n 199 Pen diuo is a

nC RIWuaCaneod
uAt_
hiko oppu
shaposand doaigns

T is easiels easil poxable:

pHlal disa
haud dise, uwHngdata wA ust pug d
mis uis lasuo LSB baad
muulhele
in sho Campae
dDVD Disk_ hi Conmpute_datect
it automakcally

Digital Vleysatilo
egu anucablo
amiloy A pun duwdalinlt
A yp opHcal disk echalogy and Aatua
toh CD-RoM CaHd as
Wmemmy a auailablo
An ophca) disk dechalagu is Aimila PD'S_bastd
caHds
Atoxaq diuucn
un deott
tohi CD=ROM omaUalblu_
elecimmi e9Llpmot
tpe o=
a usdas modiug thimostt populo
DVD
ay
MAaNCommenuy
digital uQpHOAUdaH
on and ahay Som
Mulimdia pHaL ordadiom
 mma Cmul
SDCSocusu digital Hmad.,
Qpe1ating System and eruies
Cotd
hesl Caudg OptrahngSyutm
Sto baan Capacdy
2MB to&AR.
sanguam ysem
pNaking uhch pida
OSia2AapOOHaM
hes_Cauds
Hp a
L AHaund un_uao.
digitaldauioLuch
as dig
SRm
u
Qn indeMlacoand hoanpb
bottuoin
Inaho utad& it coidinoP
amho CarcaikY
CameiaOrdColl pbsne
lau o nloumoHiem

TA con be dollnod as 20t oam

hatcContislsa compuley2aim
navdulaH pMDLAD22HuLOA S0Campuky
Ce dik,
TA also hondlL moma h
input and aulpnf andsntia
tkicuia0 oópplicaHen_paOuam

lho uun pmmaKy abiecHu

ualea 04i2x to
iMakDQ Compuey

bo divded unto dhHa0HaLpA

ACon
accaMdng to hcy
LuANKiN
 Singl>taskung
)Singl-uLe
haiy *main Eaclien 0g
This O:Sis Aimploki>upo
on which al aoS20h1a
my om Campute
shy poxa A Aopoat madule
o OG uwaHk and
at aSAme
PR m each hizo CHEn
m) task
cnly OHo meadin
For exanmpl
CLO
ULlhonLL
dan'f Jislen -musi C
in Pauces manogen1ot
DCOASisa pFooHamuhich wA undA
En D00 PACuian_arnd Cs modulodake Coug
CM0n TIAn and dinan apIara
Simol uLo Muulh taskn9 q&usem Ho
ThOS uONkA m hmoHBnollamp
Mon_
ekSchecuuling
dilpexon paniA tQLke
HiaLDMCDA
hom and
but hy Con payaMDm mochaniimJox nLoai20Hon
ask ot hanm0 xnp pryid
land CamunicoHen amona m
w Can edit o Dubil m
Lglening
Exmmpl- uladoLS
MemaxManogtmhint oaduule tokcov
muti uAH multasking aalaaem hrd deallacatñien
i
Tais OSis usd cna dontsalConp s panoom isneod +hx
uhich annoct o
shi OH2H Camp
Calloonoles and teminols uhidh
Moma
HOLouCOA-
SpocD

pam hoiy Aepoiate takk omh i)E managemerdE

Aam OS HR mQnagrmont ak_coki aa
madulp
Example- LINLUX ,UNIX allocaisnond deallacolien moroui
Apace to pHaQam isneeo hikia
Secuty managumort
giM roadulo oualEtL Hho xiEeuuCDS Ond
nonaHen Camp uctem ogoinst dotaucHan
0rtd unQutho nsed acws
 CanumardLoiepe.tmkan
tmaculo ak co a ino
LKO Cammandandlhk
pDCOKECamaard>hiz
HoŠeusc o

ndrerHDn uuLh_a 2ustem

imad 9BUlGodes
Bu
has halpac o dauslop d
OLales has 20uup hi cwun Campanu
wo mS-Doc SCoHpMobem oku in Aug 198

DoCwas hi itO:SNom M: mS-CoHpaHatiem

Aem douops em opokola
nome as MS-DocC This OX
pdudos holaclihesLouieg mei Paan
CoHpaHotuan uaS an paHatiao
L
mu i en mal
Aylem hatnital ubs bo usz
m
amoppu diak Aohat nt
ameToc MS-DoC
TEhlpainCapuky
eAILuHno alpHagtam PC DOC
uwthin
uLey AbHahno
AgkemH
ytem
DOCik AtW16 hit OpHaHn gkm
Histon DO-
Anal

0
MoxAIemk

102:0,30
Files
is q
a DOC
3, 9:0

unit dhat koes inlamalhem

SA 6 6:2

THackually namod asmg-DoCt Cn Atasaa modia Gm Campuley

uLOsem0 Hh mast papulayAnal
S lo gtom? medlg emCampuRN Jo 3toe
namalenmina D
daa and
TBMiAt had pHopaH On O:S
T and pmeaam
is gunoMally daln iloOsuoztidt
nomd PC-DoC Ja pDSOmal
Rtore eLeads Ach
Compulen
 maXKAmam Ltç cn
To pvoaHarm Du arquo
Con_toe
LOg0pmg-
DiocdaKu
A A di untlo ao callad as
nen Campiule
Li
to apply Cem ditacdozuin ms-Doc h dupcko
Jupi used Ahaus ho JiAt oJlbA 2od bu
Can_aiato ALY un divicty and
aso CHLcLLed a
manu divecom dnom
uich is auid
ou o CHlaked en
Ang ditchoy
To
Js on hr_diLk a nam
a no.
Kdideda
dilAk
Aub-dinectoa

a is lalled _nam, M
dhioctoa CunHornt

Ail has ua paxt pHozotthe nami a

emz DoCoMmat bu Ms DeC cuvondt slduph h

a)Pimaxu nam Root divactay

bExtenhem up EuoH disk hA Dt ditacooxy in uhch
Dot isaluuaus ukid btuu0on
and elensibm
o nom
aldioetou
Aautoaaitally CHRakd
hik ditacox
QH CHalkd
ho disk al h dimcko n b
appled bu Ha ukp n h
Runami o
Aimila
tula ma Cantbe sib diwcfom
diskox
RsatdiXACtonuis tat paid onho de
The lammand
sa Do lon't bo sod
nom EA=_(op
o uhox Ba bxanchez s alU a
ELy nam Con'E bp eco@d &_chanacleys. TA haA ha nam o disploy
back Aash
uto auD uakMg in hi ani dlsk
 DAC aumandk
arnona
Tnleunal Cammand.
Theu a aluas auallablo uuith
JoGHiole
Snka
ang Jes U
Cofy CoN
hacusthos Cammanda_aHL OuDOC TUDENT
uomoH
battmo all hDs commordslaH C SopE Gan Coey CON
crd zLTo 2au)
in mmmand Cam pgHom muLt deLhp0 Cararaand u
lp. p namp and orle
hon u 8toH mtim in a
Ganaxay_puHpaKA Camnand
DCLSC
hlk Cammand JgUsed lo cleoye
Bley_L pHOSA erle b
u)
GalRd
bo dixplauad hat-
o mpEcoA
JuJ

2This
DATE as dosCiN DAITE
Ha uHHort dake
odiypla
2 YPE =I
0H et o
Cantent
JA usRd o dilploy dhi
anu dkpou
TImE- "C\>TrME Sunta C: \>THAE filenam
9
Used o disp!au OLHHont tm Ond
e
)olso

Thich
VERSION
nhung
choag

eduher
C:\>yER
DoC
stimli

Lu aHO
kauin uithHho holps
ugDMq
aCoPyTtlisused to Cap an Jilo
anohoY Jacalem to CApA
unka 1C > CoPy Kec iknami
CoPY<kuáot <S1
Staxqnta
ta

E_ CONT+ Rolakd Command

4)REN (Re -namo)-Td isusedoang
ho nam anu io diuctu
Suntat REN<3E
SLdan2< S2 2
CTaxautih

CoPy qiues ho heilu REN

 s)DEL(nolato)TH
is UAcd a ONo
urg

Suntar
EL<{h nara
4)ChocD
Ohanqdeuedac
Choang Diecko2
amnnard ucan enley

Dhectopes
AN iE Dsaro nu dixeraena uuing fais
Comand
DIR=
his Cammarduk
masE M09uontl D
dispy tho
Sunta Ci\> CD<DTR NAMe
DIR COmmanduLe Con
diHornt Tuau H nis_cammaro i usd do corgn CLcOLd
Cm Hh LCAL0nin
nomp u koap uo
dots alu
égt
CD camhmandL hen Ju
C:> DIR em Ha ddrecoam
2odminz
Iwe want &o paqe uisD
o C:\2 student
C\24hdra Z
cd

C: DIR/P 244I
Elenal CamMand i cat
2)0D Cmako diucton) T ik on MS DoC camrnandhat ay?(ommanl
This Caumand allauA o AHOCH,a nu ntud gd in Commond Cam nd
entanal Cammandk bocaiK
hu
eoLie
diuocuta use
C\2 MD< DIR =NAME> loxo X0Quirëma A oat oneyallu
Sunta
Thz CAmmbnds Con be uieud Capi2d

Usma mD AL Can cHlato diyoCitoynhu ahanand Qnd delata

(6tibut)
dixo tom uo Can CHiaio OnaHhoy duUctoy
Ea=PRINT EDIT 1REE FoRMAT AITRTE
uhichus kroun as
gub-directom
CHK DSK MMÉe Otc
)EDTT-Iiu ant in
a) KAR RD (Rimau Direckoayy Cenmmandk
This us UALdo memuo onu duaotomy rt edit ho lhu
Centeni
Ha disk uhdoh ueu want to erit
Syntan C:\>RD< DIR-NAMEz yy Con onip lonama
Suntaa CE\ EDTT
 DE/P
0/Lw

XCof- T is batley aan CoPY

Cetmmand
ditocJaxuandMos ailpy-all
Sunta C>X CoPy
BouNCOo>To
6.move-J J on eaknol
cammand
3PRTNT-T uau want dopHitt
Balaysm Aolacm Hae d o
Suntax C:ZMoJE <soUR CE)E Decka

uRpit CcamMand CHR

ondpgMpnNRSmu us DSKan 0oeynal_Caxomaad
CChodk
Coammand)

Apot o ao
tJnacamohem utae
akoud
dislk ond
a lank
24TREE-Thi Cammand displa odl
aumo
dutectoxuandLub duHECtonuin o Suntni-CIA CHK DSK
bHarchamat aFoRMAT- h
Sunta- C TREe Poau al omoi Camrnono
Ao dLsk duano
Suppoke tho naothno
na ae Jang oanothe Suntat C2 FoRmA
llmumo ATTRLA
Suntaot
cemmard
C> CAHnbut)Ttis wd
todisplo QchangJh
TReE moRE atinbute

C:\2TREE E-0 HAR ath

ho atmbut
but Ond(- o emon
sHELP T Ws ustd Ees con kdocAao ood emu hiddon
displau
ObutaHHoulo DOC (ommand inlarobib
hat i
sA eueplied sLne u Ha emmmawd ogot And omalhmeod Onlu

moH aboud_poHHCulaH Oxmmand

 C ATIRIA+R2
Sunax BLOS-Bassc Tnpud ubpud doucs el
Syt
ATIIATA-R
C ATTRTe tH
N2
C
ATTRTB
ATIRIB
H
+SEtey Raomey
Cankain

odk Hho
pDgora Loadsa2 hap
C'SATIRTB Ocda bor
-S
30 l o.ays his 2yien
contaun2
QpaDgHam Oamcd SYSTNTI
Baating ncos campldles thoyOst Jihidh
pHachA dboohng
Bcotingis o tesu hat mearns gtnulng
DOC
LystemDunaha pHacosAmany aMD
Suslem E
Uaxisk Alem osA wd duxuno
pabgHamg aHo Hun and mony
a aadedin memaHY HUhhaxdhha H
es boot pHocRA CommaneDoE_ 2usle
aHD Conamond Com Cono
an hAkems condihadsohat loutneebat
Sus

Syulem on stat K uathicq uu0

Command Com A assmad to bo Hh2

BonHngLh tmis dans in tuu

h uslemis boated is lmde a Esamand promp
Luayuhon and allsuo aiuLO nws thi Stocdaxd

Cald boatng boot

Do Cmmandn AarndoaHd iaputoulu
pDCORA3
Th onothai uuoy o bsaHhg tho Corp
is uiaHm boat hin-a sulemis Canig gusis anathox
hu-
uhalu DoS
olod Cm bdhon9 up Suemtpai Jil cannins
canioLxaHcm_sengay-husien and
Th Campuley aruts uunHking bu peom 0X tho seina dumag otym
hjnktnal compenont analu uhan boot pmCA
IOSinds aButabl
nhis us 3ecoris
diSK ntt
Calld h autoexe bat isabath
Osrormondto heecu
Jib uuhleh

ot rLakd ond Comtuns 2em2 Dog

boot Baaploadey.
Lb Juoymiboat pmmoasho
auuornaHCMy execuued
ao 212
QA20paHt

alild Cauod
Sasouy 8ills
Lulila
CbHd choM0cle aHDpcLay chaHo
Enmpluan OEfics
unich aHOuK@N to Areja aHaupa
DYdirechmitshone ax0 kua uld
COsh Manto

OHd Nat Seoth

chaxocley uLodhogo ox 2
C: md Zalou
2AigD iA LLAd to Hol dto 2ing
C: cd kolo
'chatbcex CLkalauu2 md
C\alaiy ad Empauan
offi

C:\8alay
hooctey and mulH chaHacleyi Simlau
cdAala
pac fny la
pmmaxy nam uo and1to 3
ohauatle h eiienhem ham o

s utd CoHdg aHO uAo uuhun thi

UseH
uonopeda
CpunQ dwoHEM m uIaHkuc
dxetoies
ntho ls Land
 12 and ElauwehaxE
Chap-Alon
Bn algonHam dezcibeo Aduanitages)Ttpruidos lepby 2QsiL4
Alep
A.loanthm o askL
accamplih pHOcdiu undaLtond
b uhh giuh

Aloanihm iL9 200anto p0ciai a

Soluung
and 2 AlqanthmisSmplo to
3.Scluetbase problim hot a
wii
Lampli
inLtuctian
umbuH QPapoMo and zE ra &duod LuAimplo m2hod
LunambiguRus
in a unit
PAam
iindapeadat aany
pHeblom h dirertly cadad aA
had 4AgDLin genoamay
Janguag
apagammig
Noui ooo2kil
Chaxoclenis-hc& Hho agic oho pHsac Di&aduantagos)T+
in ovdoiin tndovkand
undousood beLa
T YopHP321At&
0OMAKL oinstauch froDblam must bo
ito beponlamad WApodcood aloa in pictnadal
phocoss he
llaun h sepuLLint
must 3)IHCanlt
bo

Each and euey unuctianshauld

ond pHeCIAL FoK examplo Walkan alanla
Loa Colculatinq hi ALOHag

)Eachnsbuuctian 2heuld
bopeylatmedkhik 2 numbeNS
R aiablo&E
/Hml ho
Sepl Jako
Sep2- Coleulaie
aug
mat
n0 paaA instaucHen shauld Sep.3pnnt_Ag
roaeakdhielu Sep4- ait
d)Afeypopomino unstucHam
hl doalrsd

Houut bust bo_akain

 Flaw chant Alaochant ds apit
HOpHLSekatian n alao uAe
adpexont ghapes6donati dilleubove BoAic
sup ainsnchms H acua ENauchatAupabals.
AOAumbols axo odod toindicat lho
miuuctiang aHA LOmten uuhn hos.
ba
boxeg a
s
Ang loaHStademant hx
oanocled l Aolid lin
ucesastypoxaien.jn dholaunchayut hs
bai loucha Aunbals hauw baon
ztandad

naunq aHHaLA oks1ta undi.cale tho ÄNSL Aumnco Naiemaf Inshtuh

JlaLoa @poHaian laat l&ne%ac
Zouund h
uuhch ho instaulion4aau Tezana) Tis sad to indican
e bo ex0cuked ta and end
bagmnung
iat hpangsoam Ingi oa
uthu u wkD au chayt ? oAt 2umba) in por Qkom
dkat)
olao ehav i AhauLsHilad ol
loair CElauo

QpLHaHem
n Anpickomay any eo 2TD9umbol i usad t
lgic pacrdu Can br diecked undhen
darate
el an inpud
laupd
anu
ma Pakily
o3 2 dALuce in hi pnatam
fe flow chaxt symbol
Need
A flaochaut useA boxes aolleuont ahepe
Ihoaisa hopmgnam
mput hat
inktaichien
Ho donok dilleXont ype ain&taucHems
step uil hi rdicato n
Shi pDOXOm_Wagie
The Cammwniahiem_a LoLo chavt_uitb an
Hhmug ao
eha is madeasie bu
a wl agunbalk uhich has Standauled
Io 2umbal

maingExA diamand ahapR aluaya aCemnocos

bHiak nloco
emp aDITAHY
choht
isud to Cemnacpak
dutontpad ltuthand.
OT
a)Phocessing His usad-ta xepHukrt tha e

pocassingIlb goruual

ct pacially
haumEal
dtkimbed Deaoping o
Odulapa adchat
h_CanAdanad
chast
adlouura pank hau a
BDecsiem T issod to HopAAQnt Dedning pioblom
Compaxiseo H dociA EmM th
TdantH
anuJkp&
claleununus
pah to eallod
an Allknalu Raqured
Plan h
to aXa a aia
Is
2aluthem
Outlund hi Ayskeca bu dhauung hi sizm
6 EleLolunos used to Connact ouo chast
N)Chack
thA Aumballst imlo
AltmJo dhat
HhoAeoonco apoHalia
ii)DxaDa ditailed puogam lachot ay
eoch pagHaa
diechan oaoaalc wny Chock he pMonamlauchart
rpAsAdaa_-Hasnoy
Lbp aa puntHn, Aduontng& using lacchasd
80He Canmuioim
pos oubhaui EJaLo chant ax hadet uuoo Caraunioten
Iai3uen and pangHammoY ote
dosihoH i laguo tap usikea tnall carault
w oLu p
a wchaHh lEikul analuai
dilexiat uiths ho help olaaichasdp:blum an
bronalytedio eai QlleckHw way hlxa
iSustem lauo ohat
makinghings maH ellidend
iPngzam au dhoxd a)Euerd Cadng9
iApplatalhon Jhnchoxt Th a chaut Oct as gud aH blua pmct
dumng dhiaAem onalyaiA ond pmmgkam
duaapmant akas
 a)Paope
dibugnq
odobugung
Tulaua.ckafholpa mauotounad Jel cl di
5).Eicient papgam 2aagiuoalau
maintain hi cansistend
chat
datail ahaH ha a
pHagsan
h maintancaapAMaHngalp
uuh sHh
aJ 3Do notchaxt euoyagoplaicol
becama Lasiy
chouilh epAiAH
6 Patgtam DocumutaHem

pulaanm dacumotaiEm
ouan18us puHPOSe1
ukich s ud
em_sepbyAep
cin holau
be Camonan AtaEna
ngOm
dhout umbal
uuhich á
2baula
20syo-
522 undastand
Limitaiems auD chaxt
Cemplaz Lgic
SOnmebimj0 patoxam_ looic q Quut Caynllcale
in ha- Cokolauo eauE hicomy larnplon 6Kop thl ouo chavt as gimplo as pascib

ho Jhuolins should he
2 Reponadu.cHem Nasimg
auaida
AAlawchaut Aumbals Cant hitupp
pnductian a auw ohaut hecamik a
poblom
aAlhaktem
I
and madpicatian
noct
h kad
pag
nk
chaten dilexent
ik naicledCannechar
ha pauhnn
pa
a zhauld

olleuatian is tr9Lied inau

Chantmay HLQurRo daauung lamplokely 8BanoCansisteat in Lusa napas and
Has may be uasle a a ibles m la chaxdi
RoA to Elouo Ohautino ulo
Somoa Hal uules Qmd quclolinoi QHO

Hastohaut tao main lines

unnacespHy dekoy agi tsay
 Diaoax
>Sumuo
mull
nubeus
Stnat
Cnaadex_ualueox 3ualu

Tnpt o.b abc

1Sum-a+b b2C
/t Surm
Pnd m Siat
Tpd Q,bc

3humbous frea alnecleg

N No
Aug q
tp obic
Area= 1xb| nd th 9T-RPT
1CO
aug
Drauo a aochaxt ta
Pmmt abC
/ Pmnt frea Stat
exit RAT
Gxalea val
(Stavt) SI:RRT
gat ob
NO
yes

rdara
 Colciuu to Fabrein hed
ECK Dmos a chaxt to
gnokesk
a 35
id.
(Stardt

alis 32 ZEe Fouken

lsio/

Fauheok Hem Pagp

ACcoun sheue

So cdd umbaA
Fabonicce SemeP&
Fna pmtand
Staut
Loss
Euon ladd
it an alga to(anueHtAcaL
ACQHId by atudent in
DEEiLE) Quktonding tua
-1co)
aades A
(o sqHho
a B.Cg

olauina pHacadux
Godos SCRH
O L00-90
No 89-20
69-80
59- O

xlt
ALLa doauo HaPlauo.chau

Algo
TapuutBCaH,oMade
gCaH 90
paintOutstanding
SCaHe 220
phintA gtadLo
phunt 8 quad
No

Sint cgxodo
Na
puat D qxedlo
prant C axod ND
SCaHZ35
piuattalled " No

No