MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER-2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors

Subject Name: Renewable Energy Technology Subject Code: 22661

Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

1 a Enlist different alternative energy sources. 2 Marks

The alternating energy sources are : (1/2 mark for
a) Solar energy. (b)Wind energy. (c) Hydro energy. each point)
d) Biomass. (e) Tidal energy. (f) Nuclear energy,
g) Geothermal energy. (h) Natural gas (i) crude oil, coal.
b Write down advantages of biogas plant. 2 Marks
1. Biogas is renewable energy source. (1/2 mark for
2. Reduces greenhouse gases emission. each point)
3. Organic waste converts into useful energy. any 4 points
4. It converts waste into fertilizer.
5. Less water used than other biofuels.
6. Non polluting.

c List out various components of off-grid solar PV system. 2 Marks

(1/2 mark for
Basic components of off-grid solar PV are: each point)
1. Solar PV array/panel. any 4 points
2. Charge controller.
3. Battery.
4. Inverter.
5. Load.
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d Write down advantages of HAWT over VAWT.

Advantages of HAWT over VAWT are: 2 Marks

1. High efficiency.
(1/2 mark for
2. Rotor blade bending stress is low.
each point)
3. Less noise production.
4. Much lower cyclic stress.
5. High output power.
6. Consistent power output.

e Write functions of forebay and penstock in micro-hydro power plant.

(1) Forebay- 1. It is temporary storage of water to supply the turbine. 1 Mark for
2. Protects penstocks by preventing entry of debris. one
3. Distributes water evenly among the penstock. function

(2) Penstock- 1. Maintain flow of water between forebay and turbine. 1 Mark for
2. Converting potential energy water into kinetic energy at the turbine. one
function.

f Define the term Battery rating.

A battery rating is measure of a battery’s capacity to store and deliver electrical energy. 2 Marks
It is measured in KW. OR
For
A battery rating is measurement of a battery’s capacity, voltage or other characteristics.
definition
Or
The rated capacity of any battery express the average amount of current it release over a
period of time under normal use.
It is measured in Ah.
g Explain the need of hybrid system.
Needs of hybrid system are:
1. To ensure continuous power supply in varying natural condition. 2 Marks
2. Increase the system efficiency.
(1/2 mark for
3. To provide a more consistent energy supply by combining energy sources.
each point)
4. To supply energy in remote areas without the need for expensive transmission.
5. Hybrid system helps to reduce carbon emission by continuous use of renewable
energy sources.
Q.2 a Explain parabolic dish collector with neat sketch.

2 Marks for
Fig with
label
&

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A parabolic dish collector has a dish of parabolic shape which tracks the sun and
reflect the sunlight to a single focal point. A dish having is constructed from highly 2 marks for
explanation
polished curved mirror segments arranging in parabolic shape or attach over the parabolic
surface

This surface can concentrated all radiations parallel to it’s axis to a point focus,
where the reciever tube is positioned.

The absorber made up of zirconium-copper with a selective coating of black

chrome. The reciever absorb the energy and convert it into thermal energy. This thermal
energy can be used directly as a process heat or to generate the electricity.

For proper incidence of radiations, The collector is provided with Two-axis

tracking system. Horizontal axis is for elevation tracking and vertical axis is for tracking
sun rotation.

2 b Explain stand-alone P-V system.

Stand-alone system generally used with and without batteries.

Stand-alone system without batteries

PV Array DC Load Detailed
explanation
Above fig shows simplest type of stand-alone system without storage system, which is
2 Marks
called as direct coupled PV system. Here, PV array is directly connected to a D.C. load. In
this case no batteries are used. Hence, electricity only produced when there is a solar
radiation. To overcome this difficulty, this system may combined with auxiliary power
sources like windmill, Diesel engine generator.
Stand-alone system with batteries

This system also used batteries to store electricity produced during sun radiations and used
in the absence of radiations i.e. in night. Which is called Stand-alone system with
batteries. This system consist of PV array, batteries and controller as shown in below fig.
Detailed
explanation
2Marks

An inverter may also include to convert D.C. current produced by PV array into A.C. to
use in appliances. The system can satisfy both A.C. and D.C. load simultaneously.

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2 c Explain construction and working of small vertical axis wind turbines.
- A vertical axis machine has its blades rotating on an axis perpendicular to the ground.
Very few vertical axis machines are available commercially.
- The Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is a wind power generation design that puts the
main rotor shaft transverse to the wind.
- The main components of the system are located at the base of the tower on which
the vertical blades sit. This differs from the more common Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbine (HAWT), where the blades attached at the horizontal rotor shaft. The gear
box and other pointing equipment are at the top of the pole hundreds of feet off the
ground.
Small vertical axis wind turbine is of Savonius rotor type and Darrieus rotor type.
1. Darrieus rotor type small vertical axis wind turbine.
Construction-
- It consists of two or three curved blade made up of flexible metal strip.
- The blades having air foil cross section. 02 Marks
- Tower is a hollow vertical rotor shaft, rotates freely about the vertical axis.
- Generator, gear box are grounded on bottom structure.
- Sometimes used guy wires to support upper part of turbine.
Working-
- The torque is zero when rotor is stationary. It develops positive torque only when
it is rotating. Hence it required some external means to get start.
- When air stream flows in any direction, this turbine have ability to rotate, not 02 Marks
required yaw control.
- Airflow cause rotation of blades and hence of rotor with high starting torque.
- This mechanical energy converted into electrical energy using gear box, generator.
Note- Consider if students write construction & working of Savonius rotor type wind
turbine.

2 D Draw the layout of micro hydropower system.

Layout with
labels
4 Marks

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SUMMER-2024 EXAMINATION

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

3 a
Explain rooftop solar water heater system.

Neat Sketch
1 Mraks

- Schematic diagram of a simple, small capacity (up to 200 liters) capacity solar water
heating system using natural circulation is shown in Fig. Detailed
- The main components of natural circulation roof top solar water heating system are : explanation
1. Flat plate collector 3 Marks
2. Hot water storage tank
3. Overhead tank.
4. Supporting structure, piping and valves.
- A flat plate collector is installed facing south at an inclination equal to the latitude of
the place of installation.
- A well insulated hot water storage tank with pipes having thick insulation are
connected at the two ends of the flat plate collector as shown in Fig.
- Storage tank is placed 30cm to 60cm height relative to top of solar collector. It has an
overhead tank to supply cold water as make up water to hot water storage tank. The
system is well supported on a structure.
- As the water is heated in the flat plate collector due to incident solar radiations, the
hot water rises up and flows naturally to the storage tank due to decrease in its
density.
- The colder water from the bottom of storage tank having higher density replaces the
hot water.
- Thus the density difference of hot and cold water provides a driving force to set up
the natural convection for circulation of water through the storage tank and the solar
collector. Therefore, such a system is a passive system since it does not need any
pump to circulate the water in the system.
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- Hot water for use is withdrawn from the top of storage tank as shown. Whenever, it is
done, the makeup cold water flows automatically from the overhead tank to the
storage tank at its bottom.
- In order to provide hot water during long cloudy periods or during rainy days an
electrical heating system is provided as backup system. It is more necessary
particularly in places having cold climates where solar radiations are low.

b DeDefine Net metering in Solar PV system.

 Net metering is a electricity policy for consumers who own renewable energy systems,
such as wind or solar power.
 Definition Net metering Defination
 Net metering can be defined as a billing mechanism which gives credits to owners of
solar energy system for the electricity, they add to the utility grid network. 2 Marks
 or
 Net metering is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for the
electricity they add to the grid.
 For electric customers who generate their own electricity, net metering allows for the
flow of electricity both to and from the customer – typically through a single, bi-
directional meter. Detailed
explanation
 When a customer’s generation exceeds the customer’s use, electricity from the customer
flows back to the grid, offsetting electricity consumed by the customer at a different time 2 Marks
during the same billing cycle.
 In effect, the customer uses excess generation to offset electricity that the customer
otherwise would have to purchase at the utility’s full retail rate.

c Define gasifier.explain any one type gasifier

Gasification is the process of heating a solid biomass for conversion into gas in presence
of limited /deficient O2 / air the equipment used for the purpose is called gasifier (Define 2
Or marks)
Gasification is defined as the process of converting a solid or liquid into gaseous fuel
without any solid carbonaceous residue.
TYPES OF GASIFIER &
a) Fixed bed ( Up draught , downdraught & cross draft)
b) Fluidized bed
1) Up draught fixed bed type-

(any one
type explain
2 marks)

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- In this gasifier biomass feed at top & air intake at bottom

- Gas leaves at the top
- Biomass & gas flows in opposite direction.
- Internal heat exchange, so low exit temperature
- High gas efficiency
- Fuel biomass with high moisture up to 60% can be used
d Explain Smokeless Chulha with neat Sketch.

(2 Marks
for Fig with
label)
&

The traditional method of cooking in rural areas is on Chulha.

The fuel is burnt under cooking pot. The thermal efficiency of this chulha is about 5 to 15
(2 marks for
percent. It requires large quantity of fuel. The smoke makes the cooking ports dirty and
explanation)
increases the work load of women.
The smokes also create the problem of eye and chest diseases in women take more time to
cook. Smoke entering into the kitchen room leads to Indoor Air Pollution. Smokless chulha
does not mean that without smoke.
It generate smoke but is vented out of the room using pipe. The idea of smokeless chulha
is not let all of the smoke come out and get on your face while cooking.
11

4 a Explain maintenance procedure of micro hydropower system.

To operate micro hydro power plants in good condition for a long period, water way
facilities ,electric equipment, transmission and distribution lines should be maintained
properly.
Preventive maintenance-
 Preventive maintenance is planned maintenance of plant and equipment. Detailed
 Improves equipment life & avoid unplanned maintenance activities. explaination
 PM is inspection, replacement, repair of any component based on time & set parameter.
 It includes painting, lubrication , cleaning, adjusting and minor component replacement 4 Marks
to extend the life of equipment & facility.
 Main purpose is to minimize break down & excessive deterioration
Predictive maintenance-
 This ensures ability to judge when a piece of equipment is going to fail & replace the
same before it does.
 It requires some form of testing &analysis which help in predicting a failure.
 These include vibration monitoring, oil analysis, temperature system ampere reading,
resistance reading of motors, efficiency in power generation output, leakage of oil &
water.
 All these things can be captured and tracked by computer system. This analysis can
predict the failure.
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b List types of hybrid system, Write commercial assessment for any one hybrid system. 4 marks
Types of renewable hybrid system
 Wind – Solar system (2 Marks
 Wind – biogas system for types )
 Solar – biogas system
&
 Wind – hydro system
 Solar – hydro system
To obtain a realistic and environment friendly energy solution, available renewable
energy sources need to examine on the basis of technical and commercial or economical (2 marks for
aspects. explanation)
Depending upon the geographical location and availability of renewable resources a
combination of different renewable energy sources is possible.
Write commercial assessment for any one hybrid system-

c Explain Costing of hybrid renewable energy system along with application of hybrid
system.
Cost Calculation of HRES
The KWh cost of power produced is used for comparing the different HRES with each
other. This depends on factors, both physical (Configuration, strategy, subsystem size,
load power & energy, site implantation, renewable energy potential) and economics 4 Marks for
detail
(inflation rate, subsidy & discount rate). explanation
Life cycle cost (LCC) is the sum of initial installment cost (material and installation), of costing
of HRES
operating & maintenance costs , replacement cost, and fuel costs if an auxiliary generator with any
one Hybrid
is present.
system.
a) Hardware cost-
It includes price of each subsystem i.e. PV array, wind turbine, battery, electrical
converters etc. It depends on the size of the subsystem.
b) Installation cost – It includes cost of installation of subsystem and system. It is
estimated as a percentage of material cost.
c) Hardware and installation cost-
d) Annual operating and maintenance cost (O & M)-
It is calculated as a percentage of investment cost or a cost with fixed and variable
parts . (1% per year for PV and 3% per year for wind)
e) Total O & M cost-
System maintenance is required each year and the cost of this maintenance
increases over time, as the system age increases.
f) System life time and subsystem life time cost-
Life time of PV- wind hybrid system is 25 years however inverters, batteries and
regulators have shorter life time & must be changed several times. This replacement cost
must also be taken into account. To calculate this cost lifetime of each device must be
known.
g) Inflation Cost –
Annual increase of the cost is inflation cost.

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h) Replacement cost –
To calculate this cost the years of replacement are determined and then each
replacement cost is calculated.
i) The total cost –
The total cost or KWh cost of a hybrid system is the sum of investment costs,
replacement cost, O&M costs and fuel costs.

d Comapre horizonatl axis wind turbine and vertical axis turbine.

Any four
comparative
points.
(1 marks
for Each
points)

E List of diff. components micro hydro power plant and explain operating procedure of
micro hydropower system.

Diff .components micro hydro power plants

2 Marks
1) Diversion structure (1/2 mark for
2) Desilting tank each
3) Water Channel or conductor system- component)
4) Forebay tank
5) Penstock
6) Turbine
7) Generator
8) Power House

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Operating procedure of micro hydropower system-
General ways of operations are as follows:
(explanation
1) Basic operations ( Check points before starting operations) for any two
Operator must check and confirm whether facilities are in good condition for operating
operation. procedure
After long term suspension of operation check
a) Transmission and distribution line 2 Marks)
b) Waterways facilities
c) Turbine, generator and controller
2) Starting operation :
After checking above items, turbine & generator are okay for operation. The
procedure for operation is as follows-
a) Preparation –
- Close flushing gate of intake weir
- Open intake gate and allow water to flow in forebay
b) Starting Operation-
- Open inlet valve gradually and allow water to hit turbine blades.
- Confirm that voltage and frequency or rotating speed are within regulated range.
3) Stopping operation:
To avoid runaway of turbine and generator for long time follow stopping
operation as follows:
a) Close inlet valve
b) Decouple the load
c) Close the intake gate
d) When load is suddenly cut to avoid accident operator must close inlet valve
immediately to avoid runway of turbine & generator for a long time.
In case of emergency :
a. In case of flood
b. In case of earthquake
c. In case of shortage of water
d. In case of an accident
4) Other operations :
a) Filling water in waterways
b) Flushing sand in front of intake
c) Control of intake water

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5 a Explain solar dyer with neat sketch 6 marks

The various types of solar dryers are:

1. Natural convection or direct type solar dryers (cabinet dryers)
2. Forced circulation solar dryers-
These are further classified as:
(i) Direct gain type
(ii) Indirect gain type

(3 Marks
for Fig with
label )
&

(3 marks for
- These are passive type solar dryers which do not use any external power for running a fan or explanation)
blower. These are suitable for drying the food products on small scale e.g. conversion of
grapes into resins, drying of chilies, apricot, dates etc.
- A cabinet solar dryer is shown in Fig. which is natural convection type.
- It has an enclosed cabinet having transparent glass covers at the top and insulation is
provided at the bottom. The perforated tray is provided for keeping the food as shown.
- The inner surface of the cabinet is coated black and a door is provided at the rear of the
cabinet. Ventilation holes are provided at the bottom for fresh air to enter.
- The ventilation holes are also provided on the upper side of the dryer for hot moist air to
escape by natural convection.
- When the hot air leaves on the upper holes, a partial vacuum is created. It draws the fresh air
from bottom holes thus setting up the natural convection.
- Temperatures 50° C to 80° C are usually attained in the dryer and the drying time ranges
from 2 days to 7 days depending on the type of food product is to be dried.

Note- Consider any one type of solar dryer.

b Explain Maintenance procedure of large horizontal axis Wind Turbines.

Wind turbine maintenance refers to the process of keeping wind turbines running smoothly. 6 Marks
It includes routine inspections, cleaning, lubrication, and repairs.
Wind turbine maintenance tasks include turbine inspection, turbine cleaning, turbine lubrication,
and turbine repair.

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Maintenance of HAWT

Wind turbine maintenance activities are wide-ranging, with technicians working

through extensive checklists.
1) In general, the work carried out will include : Inspection of the electrical cabinet,
gearbox, generators, yaw system, and brake (1 mark for
2) Assessing the blades and blade pitching each point)
3) Examining and tightening bolts
4) Surveying the tower foundation
5) Measuring oil and lubrication levels, sampling, and if necessary, replacing
6) Alignment of the drive train
7) Evaluating the nacelle
8) Checking ventilation, air filters, and shock absorbers
9) Repairing cracks and corrosion
10) Inspecting bearing and connections.

c Write down installation and Maintenance procedure of Solar Roof Top PV Systems. 6 marks

Installation Procedure-

1) Laying out the frame work-

a) Basic layout of footers and rails

b) Locating trusses for footers (3 marks
c) Create reference line & Marking pilot holes installation
2) Installing footers and rails ( mounting base for modules) and
3)Assembling pre-fabricated parts of PV module
4) Installing micro-inverters and ground wire
5)Install junction box
6) Installing the modules
7) Connect module to micro inverter
8)Installing wiring between junction box at array and system component at ground level (
inside house)
9) Installing ground level components

Maintenance of Solar Roof Top Systems

3 marks
A) Regular inspection by the Owner- maintenanc
1. Cleaning and inspection of array e
2. Frequency of cleaning is depend upon local weather condition. procedure)
3. Visual inspection of modules , wiring and other hardware essentials
4. Cleaning of modules should done by using plain water and a non abrasive sponge.
5. Visual inspection of battery terminal
6. Battery maintenance schedule and procedures are specified by manufacturer.
7. Routine task include watering ,equalization charges and testing of specific gravity and
voltage.
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B) Regular maintenance by Manufacturer or Service provider is done Twice or thrice per

year during warranty period / AMC.
1) System meters and readouts – Check and record reading of battery voltage, array
current, load current & any LED or other system status indicators.
2) Charge controllers- Check operations of Charge controller.
3) System wiring-Visually inspect all system wiring.
4) Batteries ( battery bank) - a) Watering b) Equalization charging
5) PV array – Check glass covers and frames of modules for any damage.
6) Inverters – Check the operation of inverter during maintenance operations, check all
wirings loose or broken or burnt
6 a Explain installation and maintenance procedure of commercial solar water heating system. 6 Marks
Installation Procedure-
1) Location (3marks
installation
2) Design & sized to suit requirement of the building and
3) Initiation of installation when all material delivered on site
4) Layout finalizing – collector position & piping route
5) Assembly of mounting frame
6) Fastening the collector on mounting frame
7) Storage tank Installation
8) Installation of connection pipes & insulation
9) Installation of fittings – Valves, controllers & electric fittings if any.
10) After fasting mounting frame – filling storage tank
11) Check entire water flowing pipes
Maintenance of solar water heating system
Types of maintenance –
1)Routine Maintenance marks
maintenanc
2)Failure Maintenance e
procedure)
1)Routine Maintenance-
Procedure- In manufacturer’s catalogue procedure of maintenance activity is described.
Regular Inspection by owner- Quarterly / Six monthly / Annually
Regular maintenance by Authorized Dealer-
- Inspection & maintenance task recommended after every 5 year.
- If water supplied is hard then inspection & maintenance task recommended 2 or 3
year depending on quality of water
- Maintenance consist of Inspection , Possible repairs and replacement of some parts

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b Explain solar -Wind hybrid power system

Sketch 2
Marks

- Both solar and wind energy based solution are having drawbacks of their unpredictable
nature and dependence on changes in atmospheric condition.
- Due to this unpredictable nature of generating solar and wind energy, they may not
Detailed
match the load demand individually. explanation
- The problem cause by the variable nature of these resources can be overcome by
4 Marks
integrating both of them in a proper combination, so that the strength of one source can
overcome the weakness of the other.
- In various locations, wind speed is low in the summer and the sun shines brightest and
longest, whereas the wind is strong in winter and less sunlight available.
- The peak operating times for wind and PV occur at different times of the day and year
so hybrid systems are more likely to produce more power as compared to individual
system.
- Therefore the solar wind hybrid power system ensures the continuous supply of power
at remote locations where grid is not available.

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c Explain with neat sketch Floating drum type Biogas plant

(3 Marks
for Fig with
label )
&

These are small scale gas production plant. It consists of slurry inlet tank, gas valve,
dome, outlet tank ac inlet pipe, digester, partition wall.
The plant consist of digester made of masonry construction in the form a well below the (3 marks for
ground level and the floating gas holder also called as dome, made of mild steel. explanation)

Working :-

From the above, in the inlet tank animal waste slurry is prepared containing cow
dung and waste in the ratio as 1:1 to 1:1.25 the feeding of animal waste slurry is usually
done once in a day.
The sludge comes out with the built up of gas pressure in the dome above the
partition wall & flows out to the outlet tank the through A C outlet pipe.
This sludge is an excellent fertilizer which can be again fed to the soil. At the top of the
gas holder, the accumulated gas is drawn from the pipe through gas value.
The bifurcation of digestion chamber through a partition wall providers optimum
conditions for growth of acid formers & methane forms as the PH valve requirement for
these bacteria are different.
Therefore, this gives a good yield of biogas.
It operates naturally under constant pressure.
The diameter of the digester of a gas plant ranges from 1.2 to 6m & its height varies from
3m to 6m.
The mild steel gas holders are prone to corrosion thus needs painting at regular
intervals. This problem can be overcome by using fiber glass reinforced plastic (FRP)
material for construction of gasholders.

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