MAHARAS HTRA S TATE BOARD OF TECHNIC AL EDUC ATION

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(IS O/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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- WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Theory of Machines Subject Code: 22438

Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess
the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure.
The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and
Bilingual (English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from
academic year 2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language
(English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching
of concepts with model answer.

Q. Su Answer Marking
No b Scheme
. Q.
N

1 Attempt any FIVE of the following 10 m

a Define higher pair with example. Definition

1 mark
Ans: When the two elements of the pair have line or point contact when relative motion takes
place and the motion between the two elements is partly turning a nd partly sliding. Example 1
Example: Toothed gearing, Belt and rope drives, Ball and roller bearings, cam and follower. mark.

b List any four inve rsions of single slider crank chain mechanis m. 1/2 mark
each
Ans: 1. First Inversion. Reciprocating engine or compressor.
inversion.
2.Second Inversion. Whitworth quick return mechanism, Rotary engine etc.
3.Third Inversion. Slotted crank mechanism, Oscillating cylinder engine.
4.Fourth Inversion. Hand pump, Pendulum pump or Bull engine.

c Define (i) angular velocity (ii) angular acceleration. 1 mark

each
Ans:

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(i) Angular velocity: rate of change of angular displacement with respect to time.
(ii) Angular acceleration: The rate of change of angular velocity with respect to time.

d List any four types of followers. 1/2 mark

Ans: The different types of followers are: each
(i) Oscillating or Rotating follower
(ii) Translating or Reciprocating follower inversion.
(iii) Knife Edge Follower
(iv) Roller Follower
(v) Flat Faced or Mushroom Follower
(vi) Spherical faced Follower

e Define (i) Prime circle (ii) cam profile. 1 mark

(i) Prime circle: the smallest circle which can be drawn from center of the cam and tangent to each
the pitch curve.

(ii) Cam profile: It is the actual shape of cam, to which the surface of follower is always in
contact and it transmits the required motion of the follower.

f Enlist four types of brakes. 1/2 mark

Foot brake , hand brake Each

Mechanical, hydraulic, vacuum brake, air brake, electric brake. Any four

Disk brake , drum brake

Radial and axial brake

Internal expanding and external contracting brake.

g State function of flywheel. 1 mark

(i) It acts as an energy storage device in engine. each

(ii) It controls energy fluctuations in engine.

Or
The flywheel's function is
(i) To control the fluctuation in the rotating element.

(ii) The flywheel has a high mass moment of inertia, due to this, it has the ability to
absorb and release a high amount of energy whenever required.

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2 Explain any THREE of the following 12

a Explain any two types of constrained motions. Any two

Types of constrained motion Motions.

1. Completely Constrained Motion

2. Incompletely Constrained Motion 2 marks

3. Successfully Constrained Motion figure

1. Co mple te ly cons traine d motio n:

2 marks
When the motion between a pair is limited to a definite direction irrespective of
the direction of force applied, then the motion is said to be a completely constrained explain
motion.

E.g. The piston and cylinder (in a steam engine) form a pair and the motion of the piston
is limited to a definite direction (i.e. it will only reciprocate) relative to the
cylinder irrespective of the direction of motion of the crank. The motion of a square bar in
a square hole is an example of Completely constrained motion.

2. Incompletely Constrained Motion

When the motion between a pair can take place in more than one direction, then the motion
is called an incompletely constrained motion. The change in the direction of the impressed
force may alter the direction of relative motion between the pair.

A circular bar or shaft in a circular hole is an example of an incompletely constrained

motion as it may either rotate or slide in a hole. Both motions have no relationship with
the other.

Examples of Incompletely Constrained Motion:

Circular shaft in a circular hole may either rotate or slide in the hole

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3. Successfully Constrained Motion

 When the motion between the elements, forming a pair, is such that the constrained
motion is not completed by itself, but by some other means, then the motion is said to be
successfully constrained motion.
 Consider a shaft in a foot-step bearing as shown in Fig. The shaft may rotate in a bearing
or it may move upwards. This is a case of incompletely constrained motion. But if the
load is placed on the shaft to prevent axial upward movement of the shaft, then the motion
of the pair is said to be successfully constrained motion.
 The motion of an I.C. engine Mechanisms valve (these are kept on their seat by a
spring) and the piston reciprocating inside an engine cylinder are also the examples of
successfully constrained motion.
Examples Successfully constrained motion:

1. The motion of an I.C. engine valve (these are kept on their seat by a spring)
2. The piston reciprocating inside an engine cylinder
3. Shaft in a footstep bearing

b Differentiate between belt drive and chain drive (any four points.)
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Characte ris tics Chain Drive Belt Drive

When compared to belt drive, the When compared to chain drive, the
Noise 1 mark
noise level is higher. noise level is lower.
each any
Installation The installation cost is moderate. The cost of installation is lower.
four
Cost

Regular maintenance needs to be The minimum maintenance that

Maintenance
done. needs to be done

Metal is used to make chain drives. Belt drives are made using
Material
synthetic materials.

Life It has a reasonable lifespan. It has a shorter lifespan.

Usage Uses the sprockets Uses the sheaves

Durability Chain drive durability is high Belt drive durability is reduced.

not appropriate for applications Appropriate for applications where

Cleanliness
where cleanliness is a priority. cleanliness is important

Lubrication is required for chain Belt drive doesn't require

Lubrication
drive. lubrication.

Slip No Slip Slip occurs

Chain drive requires a moderate Belt drive requires more space

Space
amount of space. compared to chain drive.
c Explain with neat sketch any two types of follower motions. Any two

The followe r during its travel may have one of the following motions: types.

1. Uniform velocity, 2 marks

2. Simple harmonic motion,
3. Uniform acceleration and retardation, sketch
4. Cycloidal motion 2 marks

descriptio
1. Follower moves with Uniform velocity: n
 Since the follower moves with uniform velocity during its rise and return stroke,
therefore the slope of the displacement curves must be constant. In other

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words, AB1 and C1D must be straight lines.

 A little consideration will show that the follower remains at rest during part of the cam
rotation. The periods during which the follower remains at rest are known as dwell
periods, Shown by lines B1C1 and DE.

 We see that the acceleration or retardation of the follower at the beginning and at the
end of each stroke is infinite. This is due to the fact that the follower is required to
start from rest and has to gain a velocity within no time. This is only possible if the
acceleration or retardation at the beginning and at the end of each stroke is infinite.
These conditions are however, impracticable.

( modified diagram)

In order to have the acceleration and retardation within the finite limits, it is necessary to
modify the conditions which govern the motion of the follower. This may be done by
rounding off the sharp corners of the displacement diagram at the beginning and at the
end of each stroke.

The round corners of the displacement diagram are usually parabolic curves because
the parabolic motion results in a very low acceleration of the follower for a given stroke
and cam speed

2. Follower moves with Simple harmonic motion:

Since the follower moves with a simple harmonic motion, therefore velocity diagram
consists of a sine curve and the acceleration diagram is a cosine curve.

Velocity of the follower is zero at the beginning and at the end of its stroke and increases
gradually to a maximum at mid-stroke. On the other hand, the acceleration of the follower is
maximum at the beginning and at the ends of the stroke and diminishes to zero at mid-stroke

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3. Follower moves with uniform acceleration and retardation:

Here, the displacement of the follower varies parabolically with respect to angular
displacement of cam. Accordingly, the velocity of the follower varies uniformly with respect
to angular displacement of cam. The acceleration/retardation of the follower becomes
constant accordingly. The displacement, velocity and acceleration patterns are as

Shown below

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4. Follower moves with cycloidal motion.

Cycloid is the path generated by a point on the circumference of a circle, as the circle rolls
without slipping, on a straight/flat surface. The motion executed by the follower here, is
similar to that of the projection of a point moving along a cyloidal curve on a vertical line.

The construction of displacement diagram and the standard patterns of velocity

and acceleration diagrams are shown

The expressions for maximum values of velocity and acceleration of the follower are
shown below.
s = Stroke or displacement of the follower.
d = dia. of cycloid generating circle
θo = Angular displacement during outstroke.
θr = Angular displacement during return stroke
ω = Angular velocity of cam.
to = Time taken for outstroke
tr = Time taken for return stroke

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vomax = Max. velocity of follower during outstroke

vrmax = Max. velocity of follower during return stroke

aomax = Max. acceleration during outstroke
armax = Max. acceleration during return stroke

d Explain construction of compound gear train using suitable sketch. 2M

A compound gear arrangement is a mechanism that employs multiple gears on a single shaft Explan
or compound gears to obtain a higher gear ratio. Sometimes, in this gear train type, compound
gears are also placed on more than one intermediate shaft. A compound gear has two or more
gears of different sizes fixed together to spin at the same speed.
2M
The main aim of this gear train type is to transfer power over short central distances.
Therefore, this gear train has idler components that help to reduce the distance between the Sketch
driving and driven gears.

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Compound Gear Train

A compound gear train has four components that help in the functioning of this arrangement.
These are as follows:
Input Gear: An input gear is a primary component that receives power from the
input shaft in the arrangement.
Output Gear: As the output gears sit on the output shaft in the arrangement, this
is where the power is transmitted efficiently.
Compound Gear: Compound gear means using one or more components on a
similar shaft to allow them to spin in the same direction.
Idler Gears: Idler gears are a significant part of compound gear train arrangement.
These components help to transmit power over a certain centre distance or obtain a
certain rotational direction at the output shaft between the output and inp ut shafts.
Working of a compound gear train:
Firstly, the first gear sits on an input shaft where the input power is transferred. In this
arrangement, the second gear sits on the same shaft on which the third gear is placed.
It is to comply with the short distance available for power transmission. So, this
second and third gear on the same gear is compound.
A compound gear might be more than two. It all depends on its final application or
the requirements of a manufacturer. It continues until the number of gears is adequate
for the necessary gear ratio output. However, idler gears can also be compound gears
like other components.
Lastly, the power through these gears comes from the sixth gear.

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3 Attempt any THREE of the following 12

a Explain with neat sketch working of beam engine. 2M

Ans: Explan
Construction –

This mechanism is an inversion of four bar chain. It has four turning pair. It consists of frame 2M
which is fixed and on which all other elements are fitted. The Crank is fixed at frame. The
crank is free rotates. Other end of crank is connected to connecting rod. Other end of Sketch
connecting rod is linked to one end of lever. The lever is pivoted and other end of lever is
attached to piston cylinder mechanism as shown.

Working of beam engine: A part of the mechanism of a beam engine which consists of four
links is shown in Fig. In this mechanism, when the crank rotates about the fixed centre A, the
lever oscillates about a fixed centre D. The end E of the lever CDE is connected to a piston rod
which reciprocates due to the rotation of the crank. In other words, the purpose of this
mechanism is to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion.

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b Draw a neat sketch of crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism and label the 2M
details.
Sketch

2M

Label

Fig. Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism

c Explain with neat sketch principle of working of single plate clutch. 2 marks
Ans: The principle of working of single plate clutch: Sketch

Figure shows a neat labeled sketch of a single plate clutch. When the clutch pedal is pressed
down, its linkage forces the thrust release bearing to move in towards the flywheel and
pressing the longer ends of the levers inward. The levers are forced to turn on their
suspended pivot and the pressure plate moves away from the flywheel by the knife edges, 2 marks
thereby compressing the clutch springs. This action removes the pressure from the clutch
plate and thus moves back from the flywheel and the driven shaft becomes stationary. On descriptio
the other hand, when the foot is taken off from the clutch pedal, the thrust bearing moves n
back by the levers. This allows the springs to extend and thus the pressure plate pushes the
clutch plate back towards the flywheel.

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d Distinguish between cam and follower. 4M

Ans: 1) Cam is an element which rotates about cam axis whereas follower is an element For
which reciprocates or oscillates.
Difference
2) Input motion is given to the cam whereas follower gives output motion which is used
together for some application.
Each point
3) Cams are mounted on the cam shaft whereas follower moves in the up and down on 1 marks
the guides
4) Cams are used in I C engines and textile machinery

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e Explain with neat sketch turning moment diagram of a flywheel for a single cylinder 4 2M
stroke I.C. engine.
Explain
Ans.

A turning moment diagram for a four stroke cycle internal combustion engine is shown in Fig.
In a four stroke cycle internal combustion engine, there is one working stroke after the crank 2M
has turned through two revolutions, i.e. 720° (or 4 π radians). sketch
Since the pressure inside the engine cylinder is less than the atmospheric pressure during the
suction stroke, therefore a negative loop is formed as shown in Fig. During the compression
stroke, the work is done on the gases, therefore a higher negative loop is obtained. During
the expansion or working stroke, the fuel burns and the gases expand, therefore a large
positive loop is obtained. In this stroke, the work is done by the gases. During exhaust stroke,
the work is done on the gases, therefore a negative loop is formed. It may be noted that the
effect of the inertia forces on the piston is also taken into account in Fig.

4 Attempt any TWO of the following 12

a Draw a neat sketch of elliptical trammel and write down stepwise procedure to draw an 3M
ellipse with the help of elliptical trammel.
procedure
Ans. Figure shows an elliptical trammel in which consists of four links with a bar as one link, 2
sliders and a slotted plate which fixed one.

Stepwise procedure to draw an ellipse: 3M

1. A bar (Link 2) as shown is connected to the two sliders. sketch

2. The links 1 and 3 are sliders which slide along their respective grooves.

3. AS any one of the slider moves in one of the two slots in a particular direction, the
other slider moves in the other slot. Due to this, any point ‘P’ on the link 2 traces out
an ellipse on the surface of link 4, as shown in Fig.

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A little consideration will show that AP and BP are the semi-major axis and semi-minor

b Problem: Single slider crank mechanism

Solution.
Given : NBO = 300 r.p.m.; Crank OB = 150 mm = 0.15 m ;
2 mark
Connecting rod BA = 600 mm = 0.6 m , Crank angle = 45 from IDC,
Velocity and acceleration of Midpoint of C R =?
Ang. Velocity ωBO = 2 π × N/60 =2 π × 300/60 = 31.42 rad/s
Fig (a) shows space diagram,
We know that linear velocity of B with respect to O or velocity of B,

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2 mark

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2 mark

c Problem: Draw profile Cam for a knife edge

follower Cam radius = 50 mm, stroke = 30 mm

Outstroke = 90 , dwell = 60 , Return = 90 , Remaining part of rotation = 120

Both outstroke and return motion with uniform velocity.

Take Scale for both displacement diagram and cam. Then draw the diagrams as
shown below.

2 mark

Displacement diagram

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4 mark

Cam profile

5 Attempt any TWO of the following 12

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a

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b

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c Centrifugal Governor (Labelled diagram 3M, Procedure 3M)

Labelled
diagram
3M,

Stepwise procedure to control fuel supply

1. The working principle of a governor is based on the equilibrium between the

governor spring and flyweights. The selected spring and flyweight combination
Procedure
ensures that centrifugal force and spring force are balanced at the desired 3M)
engine speed.

2. When the engine speed increases, the centrifugal force of the flyweights increases .
This causes flyballs move outward. Through lever mechanism there is a reduction in
fuel supply to engine as the supply valve closes passage.

3. When the engine speed decreases, the centrifugal force of the flyweights also
decreases. This causes flyballs move inward. Through lever mechanism there is more
fuel supply to engine as the supply valve opens passage.

4. If there is no change of engine speed, there will be constant configuration

of governor. So, there is no change position of supply valve.

6 Attempt any TWO of the following 12

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a

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b Internally expanding brake

3M
Labelled
diagram

Working principle :
An internal expanding brake consists of two shoes S1 and S2. The outer surface of the
shoes are lined with some friction material (usually with Ferodo lining) to increase the
coefficient of friction and to prevent wearing away of the metal. Each shoe is pivoted at one end 3M
about a fixed fulcrum O1and O2 and made to contact a cam at the other end.
Principle
When the cam rotates, the shoes are pushed outwards against the rim of the drum.
The friction between the shoes and the drum produces the braking torque and hence
reduces the speed of the drum. The shoes are normally held in off position by a spring.

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c

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