PROJECT REPORT ON

EXPLORING EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE TEXTILE

INDUSTRY IN BHIWANDI: “A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE”

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
FOR PARTIAL COMPLETION OF DEGREE OF
BACHELOR IN COMMERCE
(ACCOUNTING & FINANCE)
UNDER THE FACULTY OF COMMERCE

BY
Mr. SANKALP SACHIN SHINDE
Roll No: 160
Class: TYBAF
Collage PRN: 2215020160

UNDER THE VALUABLE GUIDANCE OF

ASST PROF. SUDAM AHIRRAO

VPM’S K.G. JOSHI COLLEGE OF ARTS & N.G. BEDEKAR COLLEGE

OF COMMERCE, AUTONOMOUS, THANE WEST- 400601

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025

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CERTIFICATE PAGE

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 DECLARATION BY LEARNER

I, the undersigned MR. SANKALP SACHIN SHINDE hereby declare that the work which is
embodied in this project work titled “EXPLORING EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN BHIWANDI: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE” forms
my own contribution to the research work carried out under the guidance of ASSISTANT
PROFFESOR. SUDAM AHIRRAO a result of my own research work and has not been
submitted to any other University for any other Degree/ Diploma to this or any other
University.

Whenever reference has been made to previous works of others, it has been clearly indicated
as such and included in bibliography.

I, hereby further declare that all information of this document has been obtained and Presented
in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct.

Name and Signature of the learner

Mr. Sankalp Sachin Shinde

Certified by,
Name and signature of guiding teacher
Asst. Prof. Sudam Ahirrao

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Listing everyone who has helped me is quite challenging due to the sheer number and the
depth of their contributions.
I want to express my gratitude to those who have served as idealistic channels and provided
fresh perspectives throughout this project.
My heartfelt thanks go to our Principal, Dr. (Mrs.) Suchitra .A. Naik, for her support in this
endeavour.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank our Coordinator Dr. Neelam Sheikh madam
for guiding me on this project
I also want to extend my appreciation to my Project Guide, Asst Prof. Mr. Sudam Ahirrao
for his moral support and guidance, which were instrumental in the success of my project.
I am grateful to my College Library for providing a wealth of reference books and magazines
relevant to my work.
Finally, I want to thank everyone who contributed, directly or indirectly, to the completion of
this project, especially my Parents and Peers, who stood by me throughout this journey.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

SR. NO TOPIC PAGE

NO,

1. CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION.

1.1 Introduction to textile industry. 1

1.2 Evolution of textile industry 2

1.3 Role of Bhiwandi in textile industry 3

1.4 Problems faced by entrepreneurs in textiles 4-5

1.5 Problems faced by employees in textiles 5-8

1.6 Exploring employment opportunities in
textile industry. 8-12

1.7 Salary format of employees in textiles. 13

1.8 Types of employees in textile industry. 14-17

1.8(a) Skilled workers

1.8(b) Unskilled workers 15-16

1.9 How GST affected employment in the textile 17-19

sector in Bhiwandi

2 CHAPTER 2- RESEARCH &

METTHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction 20

2.2 Objective of study 21

2.3 Scope & Need for the study 22-23

2.4 Significance of study 24

2.5 Limitation of study 25

 2.6 Data Collection 26-27

2.7 Graphical Representation of Data 28

2.8 Tabulation of Data 28

3 CHAPTER 3- REVIEW OF LITREATURE

3.1 Introduction 29

3.2 Importance of review of litretaure 29

3.3 Process of review of literature 30-32

3.4 Review of study 33-48

4 CHAPTER 4- PROFILE OF INDUSTRY

4.1 Introduction 49

4.2 Key elements of profile of industry 50-51

4.3 Bhilosa Industry Private Limited 52-55

4.4 KPR Mill Limited 56-59

5 CHAPTER 5- DATA ANALYSIS IN

INTERPRETATION

5.1 Introduction 60

5.2 Personal Questions 61-65

5.3 Questions related to textiles 66-70

5.4 Employment related to Questions 71-75

5.5 Overview on Interpretation 76

5.6 Significance of Interpretation 77-78

6 CHAPTER 6- CONCLUSION, SUGGESTION
& RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusion 79-81

6.2 Suggestion 81-85

6.3 Recommendation 85-88

Gap of study 89

7 CHAPTER 7- REFERENCES

7.1 Reference 90-91

7.2 Bibliography 92

8 ANNEXURE (QUESTIONIRE) 93
 LIST OF CHARTS

Sr No. Title Page No.

1 5.2.1. Chart on age group study. 61
2 5.2.3. Chart on gender study. 62
3 5.2.5. Chart on occupation study. 63
4 5.2.7. Chart on educational qualification of
respondents. 64
5 5.2.9. Chart of income status. 65
6 5.3.1. Chart on people willing to work in textile
industry. 66
7 5.3.3. Chart on responders familiar with different
areas of textile industry. 67
8 5.3.5. Chart on preference of job timings. 68
9 5.3.7. Chart on skills required for job in textile
industry 69
10 5.3.9. Bar graph on rating for job availability in
textile industry in Bhiwandi . 70
11 5.4.1. Chart on work environment preferences. 71
12 5.4.3. Horizontal graph for textile terms used. 72
13 5.4.5. Chart on hindrance to employment in textile
sector. 73
14 5.4.7. Chart on responders willing to pursue career
in textile industry. 74
 LIST OF TABLES

Sr No TITLE PAGE NO.

1 5.2.2. Tabular representation of age group data. 61
2 5.2.4. Tabular representation of gender data. 62
3 5.2.6. Tabular representation of employment 63
data.
4 5.2.8. Tabular representation of educational
qualification data. 64
5 5.2.10. Tabular representation of income data. 65
6 5.3.2. Tabular representation of people who have
worked in textile industry data. 66
7 5.3.4. Tabular representation of people interested
in specific field of textile industry. 67
8 5.3.6. Tabular representation of preference of job
timings in textile in textile industry data. 68
9 5.3.8. Tabular representation of skills required in
textile industry. 69
10 5.3.10. Tabular representation of ratings on job
availability in textile industry data. 70
11 5.4.2. Tabular representation of job preference 71
data.
12 5.4.4. Tabular representation of people familiar
with textile machine names. 72
13 5.4.6. Tabular representation of hindrance to
employment in textile industry. 73
14 5.4.8. Tabular representation of people’s
preference to join textile industry 74
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO TEXTILE

The textile industry has historically followed agriculture as a significant sector in India. It
stands out as a vital source of employment, catering to both skilled and unskilled labor, and is
recognized as the second largest employment-generating sector in the country, following
agriculture. Currently, it provides direct jobs to over 35 million individuals, underscoring its
importance in the Indian economy. India holds the position of the second largest exporter of
textiles and garments globally, with exports reaching an impressive 44.4 billion U.S dollors
during the fiscal year 2022. The textile industry in India is characterized by a robust
manufacturing infrastructure, with around 2,500 textile weaving factories and 4,135 textile
finishing factories operational across the nation in 2010. This extensive network of production
facilities reflects the industry's scale and capacity, enabling it to meet the growing domestic
and global demand for textile products. Furthermore, India's textile industry has gained
recognition on the global stage, with the country being identified as the fourth most promising
market for apparel retailers in 2009, according to a retail apparel index. This underscores the
industry's potential and the opportunities it presents for both domestic and international players
in the textile and apparel sectors.
India ranks as the second largest producer of fibers globally, showcasing its significant role in
the textile industry. The nation holds the distinction of being the foremost producer of cotton
and jute, while also securing the position of the second largest silk producer worldwide. In
addition to these primary fibers, India also manufactures wool and various man-made fibers,
contributing to a diverse textile portfolio. The Indian government has facilitated foreign
investment in this sector by allowing 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) through the
automatic route, which has attracted numerous international brands. Several prominent foreign
textile companies, including Van Heusen, Tommy Hilfiger, Puma, GAP, Marks & Spencer,
Zara, Adidas, Benetton, and Levi’s, have established operations or invested in India, reflecting
the country's growing importance in the global textile market. Between January and July 2021,
India achieved remarkable success in textile exports, amounting to Rs.1.77 lakh crore, which
represents a 52.6% increase compared to the same timeframe in the previous year. The Indian
government has been proactive in shaping the textile landscape, having introduced the National
Textile Policy in 2000, which aims to enhance the sector's growth and competitiveness. The
Ministry of Textiles, led by Piyush Goyal, plays a crucial role in formulating policies and
coordinating various segments of the textile industry, including man-made fibers, cotton, jute,
silk, and wool. The ministry's responsibilities encompass decentralizing the power loom sector,
promoting exports, conducting economic analysis, and advancing the use of information
technology within the industry. The textile industry in India is interconnected with other
sectors, such as transport and warehousing, and operates as a comprehensive chain from
manufacturers to distributors, allowing for diversification and adaptation to market demands.
The evolution of the industry from traditional handlooms to mechanized production following
the Industrial Revolution has significantly transformed its operational landscape.

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1.2 EVOLUTION OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Archaeological studies reveal that around four thousand years ago, the people of the Harappan
civilization had developed skills in weaving and spinning cotton. These textile practices are
also mentioned in Vedic literature. Furthermore, during the early centuries, India had a vibrant
textile trade. Notably, cotton remnants from Gujarat have been found in Egyptian tombs,
suggesting that Indian textiles were exported to Egypt in the medieval period, large amounts of
North Indian silks were traded along the Silk Road to Western countries, often exchanged for
spices. During the late 17th and 18th centuries, the exportation of Indian cotton to Western
countries surged significantly, driven by the increasing demands of European industries that
were evolving during the Industrial Revolution.
This period also saw a notable requirement for cotton textiles within Indian Ordnance Factories,
which further fuelled the production and export of these goods. The interplay between local
needs and international demand created a robust market for Indian cotton, establishing it as a
crucial commodity in global trade. The Mughal Empire, until the 18th century, stood as a
preeminent hub of manufacturing within the global trade landscape. By the mid-18th century,
India was responsible for approximately 25% of the world's industrial output, a testament to its
extensive and sophisticated textile manufacturing sector. From the 16th to the 18th century,
this sector emerged as the largest industry within the empire, producing a diverse array of cotton
textiles, including piece goods, calicos, and muslins, which were available in both unbleached
and dyed forms. The significance of the cotton textile industry to the Mughal Empire's
international trade cannot be overstated, particularly with Bengal contributing a remarkable
25% of the global textile market share in the early 18th century. Bengal was particularly
important, supplying over 50% of the textiles and around 80% of the silks imported by the
Dutch from Asia, which were then distributed worldwide. Furthermore, Bengal calicos
significantly influenced Europe, with Bengal textiles making up 30% of total British trade with
Southern Europe during that period. European fashion increasingly depended on textiles and
silks imported from the Mughal Empire, which made up as much as 95% of Britain's imports
from Asia, facilitated by the East India Company (EIC) during late 17th and early 18th
centuries. Bengali silk and cotton fabrics were extensively traded to Europe, Asia, and Japan,
whereas muslin textiles from Dhaka, referred to as "daka" textiles, were popular in Central
Asia. For centuries, Indian textiles were the primary goods in the Indian Ocean trade, also
participating in the Atlantic trade, and accounted for 38% of the West African trade during the
early 18th century. After the abolition of slavery in the British Empire, British manufacturers
looked for alternative sources of affordable cotton, ultimately turning their attention to the
holdings in India under the East India Company. The EIC encouraged many farmers to shift
from subsistence farming to producing and exporting large quantities of cotton, following a
long period of government protectionism that had been placed on the British textile industry.
The EIC played a pivotal role in this transition by encouraging numerous farmers to abandon
subsistence agriculture in favour of cultivating and exporting substantial quantities of cotton, a
shift that occurred after a prolonged period of government protectionism that had previously
safeguarded the British textile sector. This shift not only altered the farming practices of many
individuals but also had broader implications for the economy and trade dynamics of the region.
By promoting the cultivation of cotton for export, the EIC facilitated a new economic model
that prioritized cash crops over local food production.

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1.3 ROLE OF BHIWANDI IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
The city was called as “Manchester of India” which was Bhiwandi city as it was a prime textile
hub in its past and also in present times. Bhiwandi city is located 30km away from Mumbai in
Thane district, renowned for its powerloom industry. It serves as a significant textile hub in
western India, housing around 1.2 million powerlooms, which account for 33% of the nation’s
total. The annual turnover for this sector is estimated to reach Rs.10,000 Crores. With a
customer base of approximately 160,000, the industry spans an area of 700 square kilometers.
The power-loom sector in Bhiwandi supports the livelihoods of about 2 million workers,
predominantly migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This township contributes nearly 20%
of the national output from the power-loom industry.

Bhiwandi produces 4.2 million meters of fabric daily from 700,000 looms, offering a variety
of products including grey, printed, dyed, and cotton fabrics, as well as blends of cotton,
synthetic, and other fibres. Despite its substantial contribution of nearly 40% to the national
power-loom production and support for over 2 million families, Bhiwandi is currently
experiencing a 20% decline in production due to a shortage of labour. Many workers are
transitioning to other sectors in search of better wages and more predictable working hours,
which is adversely impacting entrepreneurs' ability to meet production targets and delivery
schedules. The majority of power-looms in Bhiwandi are engaged in the production of grey
fabrics, which are subsequently utilized for shirting and dress materials. The textiles
manufactured in Bhiwandi are predominantly consumed within the Indian market, as they do
not meet the standards required for international trade. A significant factor contributing to this
situation is the outdated technology employed in the production process. Many power-looms
in Bhiwandi are antiquated, with manufacturers opting for inexpensive second-hand looms
rather than investing in new machinery. Aside from a few larger enterprises, most of the
operations in Bhiwandi are small-scale and lack the financial capacity to acquire or import
high-cost equipment. Approximately 80 percent of the power-loom units in Bhiwandi full fill
work orders for master weavers or merchants, who act as intermediaries between the unit
owners and the market. The recent industrial recession has led to reduced profit margins within
the textile sector, and the reliance on master weavers has further diminished the earnings of
entrepreneurs. The industry is gradually becoming aware of the competitive threat posed by
imports. For the sector to regain stability, it is essential to liberate it from the dependency on
master weavers. Bhiwandi is a market of raw materials which thereby produce finished goods
and does not totally trade in finished goods like the Surat textile market. Bhiwandi contributes
majorly in exporting fabrics and raw materials which are produced in the city. The employees
working in this field are Skilled as well as Non-Skilled, the requirements for both the types of
employees arise in different levels of production. Thus the demand or workers and the
dependence on workforce is more in the textile Industry as the owner does not possess all the
knowledge in the field and the main reason is that the textile runs for 24hours continuous and
thus there is a need of employees in this field. But if we study the past than the amount of
investment in the Industry is reducing day by day. There are some major reasons behind this
which are Power cut issue, GST issue, ROI period, Excess supply in the market which has
caused abundance of stock in the market.

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1.4 PROBLEMS FACED BY ENTREPRENEURS

Based on discussions with associations, owners, service providers, and stakeholders involved
in both backward and forward linkages, several significant challenges affecting the well-being
of entrepreneurs have been identified:

1. Outdated technology associated with plain looms.

2. Daily fluctuations in yarn prices.
3. The yarn market is dominated by a small number of individuals from other communities.
4. Financial instability among micro-entrepreneurs.
5. Securing financing from banks poses a considerable challenge for Power-loom MSMEs.
6. The benefits of the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) are not being effectively
leveraged by the Power-loom sector in Bhiwandi.
7. Lack of support from both public and private service providers.
8. Reliance on local markets and master weavers exclusively.
9. Shortage of skilled labour and overall labour scarcity in the industry.
10. Labour absenteeism occurring for 1-3 days following each weekly pay period.
11. Many entrepreneurs involved in this study lack comprehensive knowledge of government
schemes and their associated benefits.
12. A lack of financial discipline is prevalent among power-loom entrepreneurs.
13. Banks are not perceived as supportive of the power-loom sector.

Through extensive consultations with various associations, business owners, service providers,
and stakeholders engaged in both upstream and downstream activities, a number of critical
challenges impacting the welfare of entrepreneurs have been recognized. These challenges
include the reliance on outdated technology, particularly with traditional looms, which hampers
productivity and innovation. Additionally, the market experiences daily fluctuations in yarn
prices, creating an unstable economic environment for entrepreneurs. The yarn market is
largely controlled by a limited number of individuals from different communities, which
restricts competition and fair pricing. Furthermore, micro-entrepreneurs face significant
financial instability, and securing loans from banks remains a formidable obstacle for Power-
loom micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The Technology Upgradation Fund
Scheme (TUFS) has not been effectively utilized by the Powerloom sector in Bhiwandi,
indicating a gap in awareness or accessibility.

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 Moreover, there is a noticeable lack of support from both public and private service providers,
which further exacerbates the challenges faced by these entrepreneurs. Many are heavily reliant
on local markets and master weavers, limiting their growth potential. The industry is also
grappling with a shortage of skilled labour, compounded by an overall scarcity of workers.
Additionally, a significant number of entrepreneurs involved in this study demonstrate a lack
of understanding regarding government schemes and the benefits they offer. Financial
discipline appears to be lacking among power-loom entrepreneurs, and there is a widespread
perception that banks do not provide adequate support to the power-loom sector, further
complicating their financial challenges.

1.5 PROBLEMS FACED BY EMPLOYEES IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

1. Employees are compensated on a piece rate basis rather than receiving a monthly salary.
2. The current economic climate is characterized by a high inflation rate.
3. There are inadequate sanitation facilities available for workers at their places of employment
and residence.
4. Workers do not have access to suitable housing.
5. There are no paid holidays provided to employees.
6. A Provident Fund is not available, as the workers are not officially recognized as employees.
7. There is no provision for Employee State Insurance or any form of insurance coverage.
8. Children are not afforded a proper education.
9. There is a lack of awareness regarding government insurance programs.

10. There is ignorance about educational allowances for children.

11. Long working hours and uncertainty of holidays
12. No health insurance or any kind of perks

 Labour Supply and Demand

Variations in Workforce Availability: The textile sector is characterized by its reliance on
labour, making fluctuations in worker availability significantly impactful on production levels.
Are there specific regions or nations experiencing labour shortages? In what ways do factors
such as immigration, demographic trends, or educational attainment influence the pool of
skilled labour. The shifts of labour and there leaves on duty affect the production of the textile
industry

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 Advancements in Automation and Technology: The introduction of automation within the
textile manufacturing industry may reduce the need for manual labour; however, it could
simultaneously shift demand towards more specialized positions, such as technicians or
operators of automated systems.

 Working Conditions and Fair Compensation

Compensation and Workers' Rights: Historically, textile workers in developing countries have
often faced underpayment and excessive workloads, frequently in harsh working environments.
Are there instances where labour strikes, union activities, or government regulations have led
to wage increases for these workers?
Ethical Considerations of Low-Cost Labour: The reliance on inexpensive labour raises
numerous ethical concerns within the textile industry. Investigate how this reliance affects
global employment patterns, particularly in nations such as Bangladesh, India, or China.
Influence of Labour Legislation: Discuss how labour regulations in various countries affect
working conditions within the textile sector. In certain nations, stringent labour laws result in
improved working conditions and compensation, while in others, the absence of such
regulations can lead to worker exploitation.

 Global Supply Chain and Outsourcing

Job Migration through Offshoring: A significant number of textile jobs have transitioned from
higher-wage nations, like the United States or the United Kingdom, to lower-wage countries,
affecting employment dynamics in both high and low-wage regions. What are the implications
of this shift for local economies and communities in both the source and destination countries?
Effects on Local Economies: Examine how the establishment of textile manufacturing plants,
both incoming and outgoing, impacts the economic landscape of regions that rely heavily on
this sector for employment opportunities.

 Sustainability and Development

The focus on sustainability is poised to play a significant role in shaping the future of the textile
industry, particularly in relation to employment opportunities. The adoption of eco-friendly
materials and sustainable production methods is likely to create a demand for a new workforce
skilled in these innovative practices.
As the industry increasingly embraces green technology, it is essential to consider how these
advancements will influence the labour market dynamics within the textile sector. The
integration of sustainable practices not only aims to reduce environmental impact but also on
the working conditions and reduce pollution.

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 Economic and Social Impact
The economic and social ramifications of the textile industry are profound, particularly
concerning income inequality and gender dynamics. Workers in this sector often face
challenges that extend beyond their immediate employment, affecting their families' financial
stability, access to education, and healthcare services.
Furthermore, the textile industry is significant source of employment for women, especially in
developing countries. However, the nature of this employment can be double-edged; while it
may provide job opportunities, it can also perpetuate gender disparities and exploitation.
Understanding the nuanced effects of employment in the textile industry is crucial for
promoting gender equality and empowering women within this vital economic sector.

 Government Initiatives
The textile industry in Bhiwandi plays a pivotal role not only in sustaining the local economy
but also in contributing significantly to India's broader textile and apparel landscape. Despite
facing challenges related to labour welfare and sustainability, addressing these issues with
careful consideration is vital for the industry's continued advancement. By prioritizing these
concerns, stakeholders can ensure that the sector not only thrives in the present but also remains
resilient and adaptable for future growth.
In summary, the textile sector in Bhiwandi plays a vital role not only in supporting the local
economy but also in contributing significantly to India's overall textile and apparel industry.
facing challenges related to labour welfare and sustainability, addressing these issues with
careful consideration is vital for the industry's continued advancement .While the sector faces
challenges related to labour welfare and sustainability, addressing these issues with careful
consideration will be essential for ensuring the continued growth and success of the industry in
the years to come.

 Challenges and Sustainability

The textile industry plays a crucial role in the economy of Bhiwandi; however, it is beset by
significant labour-related challenges. Workers in this sector often endure substandard working
conditions, receive inadequate compensation, and are frequently employed in informal
arrangements that lack legal protections. Many individuals labour for extended hours in
cramped factories, where their rights are not adequately safeguarded. Addressing these labour
issues and ensuring the implementation of equitable wage structures are essential steps that
must be taken to enhance the overall welfare of the workforce in this vital industry.
In addition to labour concerns, the textile sector, particularly in the areas of dyeing and printing,
poses serious environmental threats. The processes involved in textile production are notorious
for contributing to water pollution and generating substantial waste, which can have detrimental
effects on local ecosystems. To secure the long-term viability of the textile industry in
Bhiwandi, it is imperative to adopt sustainable environmental practices. Most of the individuals
labour for extended hours in cramped factories, where their rights are not adequately
safeguarded.

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 Infrastructure and Development
Bhiwandi boasts outstanding transport and connectivity infrastructure, characterized by a well-
developed network of roads and railways, making it a prime location for textile manufacturing
and commerce. Its proximity to Mumbai further enhances its strategic advantage, providing
access to a vast consumer base and essential export routes.
Despite the Bhiwandi textile sector being well-established, there remains significant potential
for growth. By investing in advanced technologies, modernizing factories, and enhancing
working conditions, Bhiwandi can elevate its status as a key textile manufacturing hub within
India, thereby fostering further economic development in the region.

1.6. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE TEXTILE SCTOR OF BHIWANDI

 Sales Associate
A sales associate serves as a retail expert dedicated to assisting customers in recognizing and
acquiring the most suitable products to meet their specific requirements. Within the textile or
apparel sector, these professionals are often engaged in the sale of various items, including
fabrics, upholstery materials, and garments. To effectively fulfil their role, sales associates must
possess a comprehensive understanding of the prevailing trends and developments within the
textile market, enabling them to provide informed recommendations to customers.
In addition to their primary responsibility of guiding customers in their purchasing decisions,
sales associates may also contribute to the overall maintenance of the store environment. This
can involve tasks related to the design and arrangement of product displays, ensuring that items
are presented in an appealing manner to attract potential buyers. Furthermore, they may
participate in marketing initiatives aimed at promoting the store's offerings, thereby enhancing
the overall shopping experience for customers and driving sales growth. The sales associates is
on outdoor work as he has to sale the product or provide free samples to the other purchase
companies. In the finished goods line the sales associate has the indoor work of attending the
client. Thus the job work differs from different line of work control.

 Line Supervisor
A line supervisor serves as a key figure in the manufacturing sector, tasked with overseeing
safety, productivity, and quality within a designated production area. This role encompasses
the daily management of a specific manufacturing line, where the supervisor is responsible for
guiding and coordinating the efforts of line operators and warehouse staff to achieve the
performance targets set forth by the production manager
In addition to their primary responsibilities, line supervisors may also engage in quality control
activities to assess and confirm the standards of finished products. This aspect of their role is
vital, as it ensures that the output not only meets the established performance metrics but also
adheres to the quality benchmarks required by the organization.

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 Textile Machine Operator
The role of a machine operator encompasses the safe and proficient operation of machinery
within various industrial settings. In the textile sector, these operators engage with a range of
machines that are integral to the processing of both natural and synthetic fibers. Their
responsibilities may include tasks such as printing intricate patterns, dyeing fabrics, finishing
textiles, and overseeing other essential processes. The specific duties of a machine operator
can differ markedly based on the level of automation present in the facility and the particular
production line they are assigned to.
In environments where manual or semi-automated machinery is utilized, operators are required
to take a more hands-on approach, actively repositioning materials or executing specific actions
on the textiles. Conversely, in highly automated production lines, the operator's role shifts
primarily to monitoring the machinery's performance and making minor adjustments as
necessary to ensure optimal operation. This distinction highlights the varying demands placed
on machine operators, emphasizing the need for adaptability and a keen understanding of the
machinery they oversee.

 Production Manager

The role of a production manager encompasses the comprehensive oversight of all production-
related operations within an organization. This responsibility entails the formulation and
implementation of production procedures and policies, as well as the continuous monitoring of
safety standards, quality control measures, and the overall capacity of the production
department. In the finished goods line the sales associate has the indoor work of attending the
client. Thus the job work differs from different line of work control.
In addition to these responsibilities, production managers are tasked with the recruitment and
selection of all personnel involved in the production process. They are also responsible for
developing and maintaining the production schedule, which serves as a framework for the
workforce to follow. This scheduling is vital for optimizing efficiency and ensuring that
production targets are met in a timely manner, thereby contributing to the overall success and
productivity of the company. The production manager is considered a very responsible person
as he has to work on production and is at the top of the chain due to his work importance.

 Fashion Merchandiser
A fashion merchandiser plays a crucial role in managing the inventory of a fashion retail
establishment. Their responsibilities include analysing and forecasting trends within the fashion
sector, allowing them to select merchandise that aligns with the store's unique aesthetic. This
involves a keen understanding of consumer preferences and market dynamics, enabling them
to curate a product assortment that appeals to their target audience.
In addition to product selection, fashion merchandisers are tasked with optimizing the store's
layout and implementing effective advertising and interior design strategies. This ensures a
cohesive brand experience that resonates with customers both in-store and through marketing

9
 efforts. By maintaining consistency in visual merchandising and promotional activities, they
enhance the overall shopping experience, ultimately driving sales and fostering customer
loyalty. Fashion merchandiser is recruited in the later stage and not in the power-loom sector
as the power-loom sector deals with production of raw materials which is carried out by the
unskilled labour and the fashion merchandiser is a skilled labour.

 Colour Specialist
A colour specialist, often referred to as a colourist, plays a crucial role in the product
development process by advising on colour combinations that enhance the overall design.
These professionals possess the expertise to create and blend unique colours tailored to specific
projects, ensuring that the visual elements align harmoniously with the intended aesthetic. Their
knowledge extends beyond mere colour selection; they are instrumental in establishing a
cohesive colour palette that resonates throughout a collection, whether it be in clothing, textiles,
or other materials. In the finished goods line the sales associate has the indoor work of attending
the client. Thus the job work differs from different line of work control.
In addition to their creative responsibilities, colour specialists are tasked with maintaining
colour consistency across various products within a line. This involves meticulous attention to
detail and a deep understanding of colour theory, as they work to ensure that each item reflects
the same quality and vibrancy. By overseeing the application of colours in production, they
help to uphold brand identity and consumer expectations, ultimately contributing to the success
of the product in the marketplace. The colour specialist is mostly in the dying sector, where the
fabric undergoes the colouring process. It is also helpful in the Rapier machine where all the
threads combine and make a piece of cloth.

 Cloth inspector / Checker

The inspection of fabric plays a crucial role in the pre-production phase of garment
manufacturing. This process is essential for assessing the quality and suitability of the fabric
intended for use in the creation of apparel and various other textile products. A Fabric Checker
is a designated position within this pre-production framework. In the finished goods line the
sales associate has the indoor work of attending the client. Thus the job work differs from
different line of work control. The responsibilities of a Fabric Checker primarily revolve around
the meticulous examination of fabric, ensuring that any defects or irregularities are detected
prior to the material advancing to the cutting stage.
The Fabric Checker is tasked with the critical responsibility of identifying any fabric
imperfections, which can significantly impact the final product's quality. The skills required for
this position are vital, as they ensure that only fabric meeting the necessary standards is utilized
in production, thereby safeguarding the overall integrity of the garments produced. By
performing thorough inspections, Fabric Checkers contribute to maintaining high-quality
standards within the industry, ultimately enhancing customer satisfaction and brand reputation.

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 Hand Embroiderer Specialist
Embroidery represents a sophisticated craft that involves the embellishment of fabric or various
materials through the meticulous application of a needle to interlace thread or yarn. This artistic
practice can also integrate an array of additional elements, including pearls, beads, quills, and
sequins, enhancing the visual appeal and texture of the finished product. In contemporary
society, embroidery is frequently observed on a diverse range of items such as hats, garments,
blankets, and handbags, showcasing its versatility and enduring popularity. This are generally
perspective work and not a compulsory work as it depends from industry to industry because
of the design they are producing.
The spectrum of colours available for threads and yarns in embroidery is extensive, allowing
for a rich palette that can be tailored to suit individual preferences and styles. This craft is often
employed to add a personal touch to gifts or clothing, making items unique and meaningful.
The ability to customize through embroidery not only elevates the aesthetic value of the objects
but also imbues them with sentimental significance, thereby fostering a deeper connection
between the creator and the recipient. If the cloth needs extra embroidery work than an only
the person is hired or it is not a compulsion for the tetile business.

 Processing Supervisor (Dying and Printing)

Processing Supervisor (Dying & Printing) is responsible for monitoring production, quality and
smooth. Operation of processes beginning with development of recipe to execution of processes
with junior management cadres working as a team. Processing supervisors strategize efficient
techniques to maximize the productivity and performance of the staff. He also ensures
discharge of effluents as per defined statutory norms. The supervisor should be talented person
in the field of clothing as he is the one to deal with the design, colouring and printing
The person should have good interpersonal skills, vigilant and good eye sight to detect defects
or abnormality in the process. He/she should be keen on learning with aptitude in chemistry.
He/she should possess good oral communication skills in vernacular and simple English.
Supervisor to be able to balance time constraints and a heavy workload while managing other
employees and projects. The supervisor has a big responsibility to match the colour as per the
instructions from higher authority and thus any smallest mistake can result into big loss because
the production won’t stop.

 Machine Maintenance Mechanic

The role of a machine maintenance mechanic within the textile industry encompasses a variety
of critical responsibilities aimed at ensuring the seamless operation of production equipment.
This includes the preparation and configuration of machinery to facilitate the work of textile
operators, as well as addressing any mechanical failures that may occur during production runs.
The mechanic is tasked with diagnosing and rectifying issues directly on-site, which is essential
for minimizing downtime and maintaining productivity. Furthermore, the reassembly and
thorough testing of machinery are conducted to guarantee that all equipment meets safety
standards before being reintroduced into the production line.

11
 In addition to these immediate technical duties, the machine maintenance mechanic is also
responsible for planning and executing regular maintenance schedules to prevent future
breakdowns. This proactive approach is vital for sustaining operational efficiency and
prolonging the lifespan of the machinery. Moreover, the mechanic must communicate
effectively with shift managers, providing updates on maintenance progress and any challenges
encountered. This reporting is crucial for ensuring that management is informed and can make
necessary adjustments to production schedules as needed.

 Packaging and Moving Supervisor

This department comes in action in the later stage when the goods are ready to move and sent
to the next production line or the next customer. Additionally, they often utilize chalk markers
to outline patterns on the fabric, facilitating accurate cutting and sewing process. In this
department the supervisor is accountable to re-check the number of goods produced are as same
as the number of goods sent ahead.
If the desired output does not match the actual output than the supervisor is held responsible
for that. Through their creativity, they transform mere fabric into functional attire, skill-fully
considering both aesthetics and practicality. The packaging supervisor also has the task to pack
the product properly so as no harm should be held to the product while transporting the product.

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1.7. SALARY FORMAT OF EMPLOYEES ENGAGED IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
The earnings of individuals employed in the textile industry are influenced by several factors,
including the specific type of facility in which they work, their job roles, the shifts they are
assigned, and their level of experience. Generally, workers in northern plants tend to receive
higher wages compared to their counterparts in the southern regions, reflecting regional
economic disparities.

As of May 2019, the median hourly wages for various positions within the textile sector were
as follows: textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders earned
approximately ₹11.75 per hour, translating to an annual income of around ₹66,520. Those
involved in textile winding, twisting, and drawing out operations received slightly higher
median wages of ₹11.80 per hour, amounting to about ₹26,130 annually. In contrast, operators
and tenders in the bleaching and dyeing segment earned a median of ₹13.33 per hour, or
₹28,670 per year, while cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders had median earnings of
₹13.72 per hour, equating to an annual salary of ₹29,440. Overall, the salary range for textile,
apparel, and furnishing workers varied significantly, with some earning as little as ₹20,180
annually, while others exceeded ₹46,500. Another way of earning in the textile industry is the
broker work. Brokerage work is said as one of the most easy way to earn in the textile industry
as the broker does not have to work at a place or does not have to invest any working capital to
run the business as he just have to trade for fabric from one manufacturer to another and the
commission paid during the deal is the salary of the broker. The salary earned by the broker is
called the brokerage rate of the deal. The brokerage is paid by one business entity in normal
case and by both in some special cases. Thus it is said to be a work with zero investments and
great returns. Even if a broker earns 1₹ against 1 meter of cloth, he can earn upto ₹50,000 to
₹2,50,000.

In addition to base salaries, textile workers in supervisory roles can earn upwards of $50,000
annually. Many employees with over a year of service are entitled to benefits such as paid
vacations and health insurance. Furthermore, numerous companies provide opportunities for
participation in pension plans, profit-sharing arrangements, or year-end bonuses. The process
invites a wealth of imagination, allowing artisans to conceive innovative ideas and explore
captivating methods for designing new apparel. Some organizations also extend discounts on
textile products to their employees, enhancing the overall compensation package and job
satisfaction within the industry. Additionally, inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weavers
in textile finishing and coating mills earned a mean wage of ₹15.04 per hour, equating to
₹31,280 annually. Supervisory roles within the industry can yield salaries exceeding ₹50,000
per year. Most employees with over a year of service are entitled to paid vacations and
insurance benefits, with many also having access to pension plans, profit-sharing opportunities,
or year-end bonuses. Some companies further enhance employee satisfaction by offering
discounts on their textile products. The salaries are not huge enough to spend on luxuries but
the salary are sufficient to meet the house hold need of the employee and its family.

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 1.8. TYPES OF EMPLOYEES IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY.

1.8(a) Skilled Workers :- Skilled professionals within the textile industry are pivotal in the
conversion of raw materials into completed products. Some organizations also extend discounts on
textile products to their employees, enhancing the overall compensation package and job satisfaction
within the industry Their specialized knowledge and craftsmanship are vital for the creation of superior
textiles, clothing, and various fabric-related items. A comprehensive examination of the different
categories of skilled workers in the textile sector reveals their specific functions and contributions to
the overall production process.

 Weavers:- Weavers utilize looms to produce woven textiles from yarn, ensuring accurate
patterns and fabric quality. Essential skills include proficiency in various weaving methods
(plain, twill, satin) and familiarity with diverse fibre types (cotton, wool, silk, synthetics)
Key tools employed are handlooms, automatic looms, and jacquard looms.

 Spinners:- Spinners play a crucial role in transforming raw fibres, including cotton, wool, and
synthetics, into yarns or threads. Essential skills include proficiency in managing the spinning
process to maintain uniform yarn thickness and strength, as well as familiarity with spinning
machinery and its adjustments.
Commonly utilized tools encompass spinning frames, ring spinning machines, and rotor
spinning machines.

 Dyers and Dye Technicians:- Dyers specialize in applying colour to fabrics and fibres through
various dyeing techniques, while dye technicians ensure accurate colour matching and fabric
integrity during the dyeing process. Essential skills include proficiency in diverse dyeing
methods, expertise in dye and chemical mixing for colour creation, and familiarity with dyeing
machinery and processes such as heat-setting and steaming.
Commonly utilized tools encompass dye vats, jet dyeing machines, padding mangles, and
drying chambers.

 Fabric Inspector:- Inspectors verify that fabrics comply with established standards prior to
client shipment or progression in the production process. Essential skills include meticulous
attention to detail for detecting defects like holes, stains, or weaving inconsistencies, along with
proficiency in conducting quality control tests on both raw and finished materials. Fabric
inspector is also known as checker.
Commonly utilized tools encompass magnifying glasses, light tables, and inspection
machinery.

 Knitting Machine Operator:- Operators manage machines that transform yarns into fabrics,
commonly utilized in hosiery, active wear, and stretchable textiles. Proficiency in various
knitting methods (weft and warp knitting) and the capability to modify machine settings for
diverse fabric specifications are essential.
They utilize knitting machines, including circular, flat bed, and double knit types, while
overseeing machine functionality to maintain quality.

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 1.8(b) Unskilled Workers:- Non-skilled workers within the textile industry are individuals
engaged in tasks that necessitate minimal specialized training or technical expertise when
contrasted with their skilled counterparts. These positions, while vital to the comprehensive
functioning of textile manufacturing, typically encompass a greater degree of manual labor,
repetitive activities, or general support roles. Although these workers may not possess
specialized training, their efforts are indispensable for sustaining productivity levels and
facilitating seamless operations throughout the textile production process.

 Machine Operators (Non-Specialized):- Non-skilled machine operators support the operation

of various textile machinery by performing essential tasks. Their responsibilities typically
include loading and unloading raw materials, assisting with basic machine setup, and
overseeing equipment during the production process. Skills Required: A fundamental
understanding of machinery operation, the ability to adhere to instructions, and skills in basic
troubleshooting are necessary. Typical tasks involves feeding materials into machines such as
looms, knitting machines, or dyeing machines, monitoring machine performance while making
minor adjustments, removing completed products for packaging, and cleaning and maintaining
machinery under supervision.
Tools used are basic operational tools, including wrenches, screwdrivers, and gloves, are
utilized.

 Packers and Material Handlers:- These individuals are tasked with the packing of completed
textile goods and raw materials for shipment, in addition to overseeing the internal movement
of materials within the manufacturing facility. Skills required are proficiency in adhering to
packing protocols, manual dexterity, and fundamental organizational abilities. Typical tasks
performed by them includes Packaging fabrics, clothing, and other textile items into boxes or
alternative containers; labelling and tagging finished goods for distribution; facilitating the
transfer of materials among various departments within the factory; and loading and unloading
trucks or containers.
Tools Used for work includes Packing supplies like boxes, plastic wrap, labels, trolleys, and
forklifts, which may require minimal training.

 Cleaners and Janitors:- Cleaners are responsible for upholding cleanliness and hygiene
standards within the factory, which is essential for ensuring safety, optimal machine
performance, and the overall quality of textile products.
Required skills include fundamental cleaning abilities and a keen awareness of safety protocols,
particularly in the safe handling of cleaning agents. Typical responsibilities encompass
sweeping, mopping, and vacuuming floors; cleaning textile machinery and equipment to avoid
the accumulation of dust and fibres; emptying waste receptacles; and maintaining a tidy work
environment to ensure safety for all employees. This part of employment or workers is common
in all sort of business as they known as workers in every field because a place need to be tidy
and thus for this the cleaners and janitors are hired at every workplace from small business to
an multi national company.

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 Assembly Line Workers:- These employees participate in the assembly of textile items, which
includes tasks such as stitching fundamental garment components, preparing materials for
subsequent processing, and conducting basic quality assessments. Required skills include the
capacity to adhere to assembly guidelines and execute repetitive tasks independently. Typical
responsibilities encompass assembling product components, such as sewing hems, affixing
labels, or applying final touches, operating machinery to carry out straightforward production
steps, and conducting regular quality inspections to confirm the absence of visible flaws. They
do not require any specific tools as they are provided with basic stitching tools and gets tools
as per demanded.

 Textile Support Staff:- Support personnel encompass a range of unskilled positions, including
safety officers and junior supervisors, who are responsible for maintaining operational
efficiency, ensuring adherence to health and safety standards, and providing overall supervision
on the factory floor. Essential skills include a fundamental knowledge of workplace safety
regulations, strong communication abilities, and organizational competencies. Common
responsibilities involve monitoring compliance with safety procedures, managing daily
operations to guarantee timely task completion, and serving as a communication bridge
between employees and supervisors to resolve any issues.

 General Labourers:- General labourers engage in a diverse range of activities within the factory
environment that do not necessitate specialized technical expertise. Their roles are
predominantly physical, focusing on the handling and transportation of goods and materials
throughout the facility.
The essential skills for this position include fundamental labour capabilities and a level of
physical fitness adequate for lifting and transporting substantial items. Common
responsibilities encompass the lifting and relocation of heavy materials, such as bales of cotton
and bundles of fabric, as well as facilitating the transfer of textile products between various
departments. Additionally, they are tasked with upholding cleanliness and order within the
workplace, ensuring a safe and efficient operational environment.

 Textile Sorting and Cutting Workers:- Individuals in this role are responsible for the
organization of raw materials and the precise cutting of fabrics into designated dimensions prior
to their transfer to subsequent departments for additional processing, which may include
activities such as dyeing, printing, or stitching. Essential skills for this position include a
fundamental understanding of various fabric types, the capacity to adhere to detailed
instructions, and proficient manual dexterity.
Typical responsibilities encompass the categorization of textiles according to their material
composition, colour, or quality, the accurate cutting of fabrics into predetermined shapes or
sizes, and the verification that the fabric pieces are devoid of any imperfections. The textile
workers are paid a low wage compare to other sectors and are expected to work more than any
other work industry. Thus it is seen to be a major reason for people not preferring to work in
this industry has it lacks in work environment and salaries.

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 Outcome:-
From the above study we can assume that the textile industry is a open market for all and the
one with a slight of talent can dive into textile industry as the employment opportunities in this
sector is wide and open for all i.e. for the skilled as well as non-skilled, for educated and non-
educated, for a group of people or a single individual, for a wealthy person and also for a poor
person. The person with the most of talent and will to do hardwork stands out and become a
successful tycoon in the future.
This study also helps us prove that work ethics are more important and those comes from work
experience and not from bookish knowledge. The industry also holds the power to make a
present labour the future businessman as the hard worker wins the race. The study also educates
us that there are some safety breaches and no work durability as well as no proper work
atmosphere for the, Unskilled employees with low wage rate and on the other hand the Skilled
worker earns a good amount of salary. The expertise are held more important than the unskilled
workforce.
By educating themselves with the latest technologically advanced equipment’s and diving into
the work fully a person can become a Skilled Worker (Employee) by themselves without any
extra burden. The textile industry in Bhiwandi is integral to the local economy, serving as a
major source of employment for a diverse workforce engaged in various aspects of production,
processing, and distribution. Job opportunities within this sector are abundant and cater to a
wide range of skill sets, including positions for machine operators, technicians, designers,
managers, and quality control experts. The increasing demand from both domestic and
international markets is anticipated to further enhance job creation, thereby solidifying the
region's economic foundation. Despite its promising outlook, the sector faces several
challenges that could hinder its growth. Issues such as insufficient infrastructure, a shortage of
skilled labour, and environmental concerns pose significant obstacles. To overcome these
challenges, it is essential to invest in workforce development, embrace technological
innovations, and implement sustainable practices. By focusing on these areas, Bhiwandi can
unlock the full potential of its textile industry, paving the way for a future characterized by
substantial employment growth and enhanced economic resilience.

1.9. HOW GST AFFECTED EMPLOYMENT IN TEXTILE SECTOR OF BHIWANDI

The implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) brought forth numerous benefits,
including the reduction of cascading taxes, improved utilization of input tax credits, and the
encouragement of exports. However, the transition to this new tax regime initially presented
challenges, especially for small enterprises and certain sectors, notably the retail garment
industry. Over time, these initial hurdles have been overcome, resulting in enhanced
transparency, more efficient supply chain management, and a more organized textile sector
within India. While GST introduced various advantages such as minimizing cascading taxes,
enhancing input tax credit usage, and promoting exports, the initial shift posed difficulties,
particularly for small businesses and specific sectors like the retail garment industry.
Nevertheless, as time passed, it has led to increased transparency, better supply chain
management, and a more structured textile industry in India. Workers in this sector often face
challenges that extend beyond their immediate employment, affecting their families' financial
stability, access to education, and healthcare services. The essential skills for this position

17
include fundamental labour capabilities and a level of physical fitness adequate for lifting and
transporting substantial items. Common responsibilities encompass the lifting and relocation
of heavy materials, such as bales of cotton and bundles of fabric, as well as facilitating the
transfer of textile products between various departments. Additionally, they are tasked with
upholding cleanliness and order within the workplace, ensuring a safe and efficient
operational environment.

Significant delays in receiving GST refunds, attributed to the 18 percent GST on textile
products, are a major concern for powerloom units. People of bhiwandi owning as well as
workers stated that they haven't seen any profit since 2014-15, Businessmen owning or
operating many looms of various types stated that Taxes are high, and the penalties are quite
severe. Additionally, the GST refunds are taking an unreasonably long time they also indicated
that they haven't received any refunds in the past many months. The E-way bill process adds to
the frustration; if for any reason the goods aren't transported, they must cancel it immediately,
and there are strict time limits for generating the E-way bill.

18
The business has become unsustainable due to the reduction in loan subsidies for new
powerloom units, which have dropped from 30 percent to 10 percent, "Additionally, those who
purchased looms when the subsidy was at 30 percent have yet to receive this support even after
five years. This situation has compelled some to sell their looms to secure necessary capital."
Another significant issue is the high export duty on their products. Local textile owners
elaborated on how the 25 percent export duty is crippling their businesses, causing them to fall
behind competitors from China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Vietnam, which have more export-
friendly policies," said the president of the Weavers Welfare Association of Bhiwandi. The
government seems to be prioritizing large corporations like Reliance over local businesses. Not
a single new powerloom has been installed in Bhiwandi since 2015. According to information
provided by Torrent Power, a private electricity provider in Bhiwandi, out of 1,380,000
operational looms at that time, more than 400,000 have ceased operations, with 200,000 of
these being sold for scrap. Additional statistics underscore the challenges faced by the textile
industry, not only in Bhiwandi but throughout the nation. For example, India's cotton textile
exports experienced a decline of 24.4 percent during the period from April to July 2019. Data
from the initial three weeks of August 2019 further indicates that this downward trend persisted,
with exports decreasing at a rate of 25 percent month over month. Furthermore, the proposed
budget for the textile sector, which directly employed 51 million individuals and indirectly
supported 68 million, as reported by Association chamber in 2015-2016, was allocated at
5,831.48 crores for the fiscal year 2019-20. This figure represents a reduction of 16.01 percent
compared to the previous year's budget of 6,943.26 crores.
Overall the textile industry in bhiwandi is suffering serious problems due to negligence of the
central as well as state government. The owners are suffering from heavy losses which has
directly impacted in the late payment of salaries to employees and cost cutting. All of this has
indirectly exploited the employees working in the textile industry in bhiwandi. Due to which
people are choosing different source of earnings and city which was famous for textile is
shutting down its market slowly. Government should pay attention to this problem and derive
some plan to stop this exploitation before it getting to worse. Thus a person willing to take risk
should join the textile industry.

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 CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Research represents a methodical and organized endeavour designed to uncover new insights,
affirm existing knowledge, resolve issues, or address particular inquiries. This process
encompasses the collection, examination, and interpretation of data, all aimed at enhancing a
specific academic discipline or addressing practical challenges. Research manifests in various
formats and is applicable across a wide array of fields, including but not limited to the sciences,
healthcare, engineering, social sciences, and the humanities. At the foundation of research lies
the identification of a problem, question, or subject that warrants investigation. This may
involve exploring an uncharted phenomenon, evaluating a prevailing theory, or tackling a
tangible issue that necessitates resolution. Following the formulation of the research question,
scholars engage in an extensive review of existing literature to ascertain the current state of
knowledge on the topic and to identify gaps that require further inquiry. Subsequently,
researchers develop a research design or methodology, which entails selecting suitable methods
tailored to the specific question at hand. Research methodologies are typically divided into two
primary categories: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research seeks to explore
phenomena to grasp the meanings, experiences, and viewpoints of individuals, often employing
techniques such as interviews, focus groups, or case studies. Conversely, quantitative research
emphasizes numerical data and statistical analysis to uncover patterns, correlations, or causal
relationships, frequently utilizing tools like surveys, experiments, or longitudinal studies.

Data collection is a vital step in the research process. Depending on the research design, this
may involve gathering information through observations, experiments, surveys, interviews, or
secondary sources such as historical records or existing databases. The accuracy and reliability
of the data are essential, as they form the basis for any conclusions drawn from the research.
Once data is collected, it is analysed and interpreted. In qualitative research, this often means
coding and identifying themes or patterns within the data. In quantitative research, statistical
methods are employed to analyse numerical data, which can include testing hypotheses,
determining correlations, or establishing causal relationships. This analysis leads to
conclusions and findings that address the original research question. The final step in the
research process is to communicate the results. This typically takes the form of a research paper,
report, or presentation, where the researcher outlines the methodology, data collection process,
analysis, and findings. It is also crucial to discuss the implications of the research and its
contribution to the broader field of knowledge. Often, researchers will provide
recommendations for future research or practical applications based on their findings. In
summary, research is an essential tool for advancing knowledge and understanding across
various domains. It contributes to scientific discoveries, informs policy decisions, shapes
technological innovation, and addresses societal challenges. Through careful investigation and
thorough analysis, research enables us to make informed decisions and solve problems more
effectively, promoting progress in a wide range of fields.

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2.2. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1. The aim is conduct a study on the Textile and Apparel manufacturing cluster located in the
Bhiwandi Municipal Corporation areas. It also has to examine the current status of micro
enterprises engaged in textile and apparel production. Study is conducted to assess the socio-
economic conditions of the entrepreneurs and workforce involved in textile and apparel
manufacturing.

2. Objective of study is to analyse the backward and forward linkages to gain insights into the
business operations of the clusters. Another objective is to evaluate the role of public and
private business development service providers. To identify the critical bottlenecks that hinder
the development of the clusters, particularly regarding inclusive growth.

3. Analyse the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges faced by the clusters and
work on them. To unbiasedly develop a cluster-specific action plan, including a schedule of
activities for the clusters development based on the problem analysis.

4. Conduct a study on the Textile and Apparel manufacturing sector within the Bhiwandi
region. Evaluate the current landscape of micro enterprises involved in textile and apparel
production and assess the socio-economic conditions of entrepreneurs and workers.

5. Identify key challenges to cluster development and formulate a targeted action plan with a
detailed activity schedule based on the analysis. Evaluate the socio-economic status of
entrepreneurs and workers in the textile and apparel industry. Identify key obstacles that impede
the growth of the clusters, focusing on inclusive development.

6. Qualitative research seeks to explore phenomena to grasp the meanings, experiences, and
viewpoints of individuals, often employing techniques such as interviews, focus groups, or
case studies. Conversely, quantitative research emphasizes numerical data and statistical
analysis to uncover patterns, correlations, or causal relationships, frequently utilizing tools
like surveys, experiments, or longitudinal studies.

7. To study the behaviour of owners with respect to the employees and their family about there
wellbeing. To study about the migration caused due to lack of job availability in the textile
sector in bhiwandi. To study the cost of production and the inflation and deflation caused in it
due to the employees working in the industry.

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 2.3 SCOPE & NEED OF STUDY

The objective of this research is to analyse the present conditions of micro enterprises involved
in the textile and apparel manufacturing sector within the jurisdiction of the Bhiwandi
Municipal Corporation. The study will delve into the socio-economic conditions of the
entrepreneurs as well as the employees working in these enterprises. Furthermore, it will assess
the role played by both public and private business development service providers in fostering
growth and sustainability within this industry. In addition to evaluating the socio-economic
status of the stakeholders, the research will also aim to identify significant challenges and
obstacles that hinder the progress of these micro enterprises.

By pinpointing these critical bottlenecks, the study seeks to provide insights that could facilitate
the development of effective strategies to overcome such barriers. This analysis will be
essential for understanding the dynamics that affect the operational efficiency and overall
viability of these businesses. Another important aspect of this research will be to investigate
the inclusive development of minority groups within the textile and apparel manufacturing
landscape of Bhiwandi. By examining how these groups are integrated into the economic fabric
of the region, the study will contribute to a broader understanding of equity and access in
business opportunities. Ultimately, the findings will aim to inform policy recommendations
that promote sustainable growth and inclusivity in the micro enterprise sector.

o Introduction to Bhiwandi and Its Textile Industry.

The textile sector in Bhiwandi involves a multitude of processes, including weaving, spinning,
dyeing, and printing, all of which are essential to its economic framework. The city boasts a
long-standing tradition in textile manufacturing, playing a vital role in bolstering the economic
landscape of the area.

o Current Employment Landscape in Bhiwandi.

It is essential to pinpoint the leading textile mills, factories, and enterprises that operate within
the region, as they play a significant role in the local economy and employment landscape. This
analysis will be essential for understanding the dynamics that affect the operational efficiency
and overall viability of these businesses.

o Types of Jobs Available

An exploration of the diverse employment opportunities present in this sector is warranted,
encompassing a variety of roles such as production workers, machine operators, quality
assurance personnel, designers, and positions in management and administration.

22
o Demographics of the Workforce
A thorough examination of the local labour pool is necessary, emphasizing critical factors such
as age distribution, gender representation, educational backgrounds, and the specific skill sets
required for various positions within the textile industry.

o Labour Rights and Working Conditions

Investigate the working conditions, pay scale, hours, and labour rights in the textile industry in
Bhiwandi. Are workers facing exploitation or are there significant labour union activities. Look
into the prevalence of informal labour in the sector and how this affects employment stability
and wages.

o Economic Impact of the Textile Industry

Assess the economic impact of the textile industry on Bhiwandi and its neighbouring regions.
The export and global market study of bhiwandi helps to explore the significance of the textile
sector in international trade, focusing on exports and their effect on local employment trends.

o Future Prospects and Opportunities

Investigations into the evolving domains of the textile industry reveal a significant expansion
in areas such as sustainable fashion, digital retail, and innovative smart textiles. These sectors
are not only gaining traction but also possess the capacity to generate a variety of new job
prospects, thereby contributing to the overall economic landscape.

o Government Policies and Initiatives

A comprehensive review of the policies implemented by the government to enhance job
creation and support industrial expansion in Bhiwandi is necessary. Furthermore, evaluating
the improvements in infrastructure will provide insights into how these enhancements facilitate
business activities and contribute to the overall economic development of the region.

o Adaptation to Global Trends

The industry in Bhiwandi is actively engaging with global trends that emphasize sustainability
and environmental responsibility. This includes a significant shift towards the utilization of
eco-friendly fabrics, which are increasingly favoured by consumers who are becoming more
conscious of their environmental impact. Manufacturers are exploring innovative materials that
not only reduce ecological footprints but also meet the growing demand for sustainable
products.

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2.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Investigating employment patterns in this area highlights the economic importance of the
industry for local and national economies.
Analysing these trends can identify growth prospects and future development potential in the
region.
This research provides essential insights into the types of jobs available, required skill sets, and
the progression of the local workforce.
Bhiwandi employs a considerable workforce, encompassing both skilled and unskilled labor in
various sectors of textile production.
The study can help identify deficiencies in skill development and training needs within the local
labour market.
Findings from this study can guide policymakers, industry executives, and labour organizations
in formulating strategies to address issues like labour welfare, working conditions, and skill
enhancement.
This methodology may lead to more impactful interventions that benefit both employees and
employers.
Enhanced collaboration among stakeholders can foster improved labour practices and
workforce development initiatives.
The textile sector in Bhiwandi employs a considerable number of women.
Examining employment opportunities can uncover gender-specific trends and emphasize
women's roles in this industry.
This analysis can inform policies aimed at promoting gender equality and empowering female
employees.
The global textile industry is undergoing significant changes driven by automation,
outsourcing, and environmental concerns, necessitating an examination of employment
opportunities in Bhiwandi.
Analysing these opportunities can provide insights into the industry's sustainability while
tackling current challenges.
This analysis may also forecast future job trends and assist the local workforce in adapting to
new roles.
Bhiwandi, a pivotal hub for textile production, is greatly impacted by global market dynamics.
Investigating employment prospects in this area reveals the effects of international trade,
foreign investments, and changing consumer preferences on local job markets.
Understanding these trends is essential for grasping the region's economic landscape and
employment opportunities.

24
2.5 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

Limited Skill Development

A considerable portion of the workforce in textile sector of bhiwandi, especially within the
unorganized segment, is devoid of formal training. This deficiency adversely affects their
productivity and restricts their opportunities for progression into higher-paying, skilled
positions.

Gender Disparities
Although women represent a significant portion of the workforce in the textile industry, they
often occupy low-wage, unskilled jobs. The pathways for women to ascend into leadership
positions are limited, and the persistent issue of gender inequality continues to obstruct their
access to better employment opportunities.

Competition from Global Markets

Bhiwandi is experiencing competition from other global textile manufacturing centers,
particularly in nations where labour costs are lower. This competition can lead to a decrease in
demand for textiles produced locally and may hinder employment growth in the industry.

Environmental Concerns
The city is faces competition from various international textile manufacturing hubs, especially
in countries with lower labour costs. This rivalry may result in reduced demand for locally
produced textiles and could impede employment growth within the sector.

Poor Working Conditions

Numerous textile factories in Bhiwandi face significant challenges related to poor working
conditions, such as extended working hours, insufficient safety protocols, and low pay. These
issues can hinder the industry's capacity to attract and keep skilled workers, ultimately stifling
the development of a more sustainable workforce.

Lack of Technological Upgradation

Numerous small textile enterprises in Bhiwandi persist in utilizing antiquated machinery and
methods. This dependence on outdated technology hampers efficiency, inhibits growth, and
limits the emergence of higher-paying, technology-oriented employment. Consequently,
workers frequently remain in labour-intensive roles with few prospects for career progression.

25
 METHODOLOGY

Methodology refers to the structured framework, strategies, and procedures utilized in

conducting research, solving problems, or achieving specific objectives. Data and information
have been collected from the National institute of micro, small and medium enterprises study
as well as from the ministry of textiles GOI. The secondary study is formulated by taking into
notes the views of local owners and labours of textile sector in bhiwandi city. The research and
the objectives have been tabulated, classified and analysed in the study report. The study has
been adopted the tools likes growth, market behaviour, atmosphere of the field and the annual
report.

2.6 DATA COLLECTION

Data collection refers to the process of gathering information or evidence to address research
questions, test hypotheses, or assess outcomes. This process includes choosing relevant data,
deciding on the method for collection, and ensuring that the information is accurate and reliable.
Common methods for data collection include surveys, interviews, observations, experiments,
and utilizing secondary data sources. The selection of a data collection method is influenced by
the research objectives, the type of data required, and the available resources.

DATA COLLECTION METHOD

A data collection method refers to the specific technique or strategy utilized to obtain
information for research or analytical purposes. Among the frequently employed methods are
mentioned below.
o Primary Data Collection Method
o Secondary Data Collection Method

1.Primary data collection method :-

Primary data collection method is the process of obtaining original data directly from the
source. This can include methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments,
where the researcher gathers data first hand instead of depending on existing information from
secondary sources. The aim is to acquire specific, up-to-date information that aligns with the
research objectives.
(a)Surveys and questionnaires
They are characterized by their structured format, allowing researchers to pose specific
questions to respondents in a consistent manner. By employing this method, researchers can
obtain quantitative data that can be analysed statistically, thereby providing valuable insights
into trends, behaviours, and opinions within the target demographic.

26
(b) Interviews
This involve direct and often in-depth conversations aimed at gathering detailed personal or
qualitative data. Interviews consist of direct and frequently comprehensive discussions that are
designed to collect intricate personal or qualitative information.
(c) Observations and experiments
They involve the systematic recording of behaviours or phenomena occurring in either natural
settings or under controlled conditions
(d)Focus Groups
Focus groups brings together a small group of individuals who discuss specific topics in a
moderate setting. This method helps in understanding opinions, views and experiences shared
by the participants.

2. Secondary data collection method :-

Secondary data collection method refers to the process of gathering information that has already
been compiled and published by other sources. This can encompass a variety of materials such
as books, research papers, government reports, databases, or statistical records. Researchers
utilize this existing data to examine trends, patterns, or insights without the need to collect new
data directly.
(a) Databases and Archives
Databases and Archives encompass a variety of structured collections of information, including
statistical databases such as census data and financial records, which serve as vital resources
for analysis and research.
(b) Published Sources
Literary works, scholarly journals, and research articles. Print media such as newspapers and
magazines, official documents and reports issued by government entities. All of the written
sources like archives are included in this.
(c) Online Sources
The internet serves as a vast repository of information, encompassing a variety of platforms
such as websites, blogs, and digital publications. These online sources provide a wealth of
knowledge on numerous topics, allowing users to access diverse perspectives and insights.
(d) Official Records
Official records encompass a variety of essential documents that serve as formal evidence of
various activities and transactions. These include legal documents, which may consist of
contracts, court filings, and property deeds, as well as census data that provides demographic
information about populations.

27
2.7 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA
Graphical representation of data involves visually displaying information through charts,
graphs, or plots, which simplifies complex data for easier understanding and interpretation.
This approach aids in recognizing patterns, trends, relationships, and outliers within a dataset.
By utilizing visual tools such as bar charts, line graphs, pie charts, and histograms, data can be
presented in a more accessible and meaningful manner, facilitating quicker insights and
improved decision-making.
A major advantage of using graphical representation is that it enables quick and intuitive
comprehension. People tend to process visual information more rapidly than text or numbers,
which makes charts and graphs powerful tools for showcasing important insights at a glance.
Following are the different types of charts used in representing the data.
 Bar Chart: Used to compare quantities of different categories.
 Line Chart: Used to show trends over time or continuous data.
 Scatter Plot: Used to show the relationship between two variables.
 Pie Chart: Used to show proportions or percentages of a whole.
 Treemap: Used to display hierarchical data as a set of nested rectangles.

2.9 TABULATION OF DATA

Tabulation of data is the method of organizing information systematically into a structured
format, usually in tables, to make analysis and interpretation easier. This process involves
arranging raw data into rows and columns, where each row typically represents a single record
or observation, and each column signifies a specific variable or characteristic of that record. By
structuring data in this manner, tabulation condenses large amounts of information into a more
understandable and meaningful format.
In data tabulation, categories or groups within the data are often indicated by labels in the
columns or rows, which helps to clearly distinguish between different variables. Each data point
is placed in the appropriate cell, making it simpler to spot patterns, relationships, or trends. For
instance, when tabulating survey responses, each respondent might occupy a row, with their
answers to various questions filling the corresponding columns.
The main goal of tabulating data is to make it easier to analyse. When raw, unstructured data is
organized into a table, it allows for straightforward calculations of various statistical measures
such as totals, averages, or percentages, which are vital for decision-making and reporting.
Additionally, tabulated data enables comparisons across different categories, leading to a better
grasp of the information.
Tabulation is commonly utilized in research, business, and many academic disciplines. It not
only supports data analysis but also offers a clear visual representation of information, which
is essential for effective communication. In summary, tabulation is an important method for
converting complex data into a more manageable and insightful format

28
 CHAPTER 3
REVIEW OF LITREATURE

3.1 INTRODUCTION
A literature review functions as a comprehensive assessment and critique of the existing body
of research pertaining to a particular subject or issue. It provides a detailed overview of the
current landscape of knowledge, highlighting significant theories, methodologies, findings, and
areas where research is lacking. The primary objective of a literature review is to integrate the
existing literature, uncover patterns, trends, and debates, and lay the groundwork for future
research endeavours. It is commonly included in research papers, dissertations, or theses.
The process involves a thorough search for pertinent academic articles, books, and other
scholarly resources, followed by a careful analysis and synthesis of these materials to construct
a cohesive narrative. An effectively conducted literature review organizes the information in a
logical manner, often grouping studies according to themes, methodologies, or theoretical
perspectives. This structured approach aids researchers in comprehending the interconnections
among various studies, how they have either built upon or challenged previous findings, and
where additional research may be merited.

3.2 IMPORTANCE OF REVIEW OF LITREATURE

A literature review evaluates the methodologies and results of the studies reviewed. This
evaluation may include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the research, an
assessment of the quality of the evidence presented, or an identification of discrepancies within
the literature. The overarching aim is to contextualize new research within the established
knowledge base, emphasizing the importance of the new study and its potential contributions
to the academic field. It plays a crucial role in uncovering deficiencies, discrepancies, or
subjects that require further examination.
In addition, a meticulous review serves to avert unnecessary duplication of efforts by clearly
indicating areas that have already been investigated and identifying where further inquiry is
warranted. By doing so, it streamlines the research process, enabling scholars to build upon
existing findings and contribute meaningfully to the body of knowledge. This strategic
approach fosters a more efficient allocation of resources and time, ultimately leading to more
impactful research outcomes. This process allows researchers to refine their research inquiries,
thereby enhancing the relevance and specificity of their studies. Ultimately, this systematic
approach to reviewing literature is essential for advancing knowledge and fostering innovation.
It empowers researchers to position their work within the broader context of existing studies,
ensuring that their contributions are both meaningful and impactful. In doing so, it enhances
the overall quality of research and promotes a culture of continuous inquiry and improvement
within the academic community. The review of literature is therefore very important part of the
study as it states the sources used to discover or conclude the points of the study.

29
3.3 PROCESS OF REVIEW OF LITREATURE

The process of conducting a literature review includes several important steps, all of which are
crucial for making sure the review is thorough, critical, and well-structured. To achieve a robust
literature review, one must engage in a systematic examination of relevant sources, critically
assess their contributions, and organize the findings in a coherent manner. This structured
methodology not only enhances the credibility of the review but also facilitates a deeper
understanding of the subject matter, ultimately contributing to the advancement of knowledge
in the field. Here’s a detailed overview of the process.

1. Define the Research Topic and Objectives

Prior to initiating the research process, it is essential to articulate the research question or issue
that you intend to address. This step is vital as it will assist in refining the scope of the literature
that requires examination. Establishing precise objectives for the review is also important; these
may include identifying existing gaps in the literature, summarizing prevailing trends, or
evaluating various methodologies employed in the field. By clearly defining the research
question at the outset, you create a focused framework that guides your literature review.
Furthermore, setting specific aims for the review will facilitate a more structured approach,
allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the current state of knowledge and the identification
of areas that warrant further investigation.

2. Conduct a Comprehensive Search

To begin your research, it is advisable to delve into academic databases such as Google Scholar,
JSTOR, PubMed, and other specialized platforms tailored to your field of inquiry. Employ
specific keywords and phrases that are directly related to your research topic to enhance the
relevance of your search results. The objective is to gather a wide-ranging selection of
materials, including books, scholarly articles, theses, reports, and conference proceedings,
which will provide a comprehensive foundation for your study. Additionally, it is beneficial to
engage in citation tracking, a method that allows you to uncover pivotal studies cited within
influential papers or articles.

3. Screen and Select Sources

Upon assembling a comprehensive list of articles, it is essential to assess both their relevance
and quality. This process entails a thorough examination of the abstracts and conclusions
presented in each article, alongside the identification of recent research or notable publications
that have garnered frequent citations within the academic community. Such scrutiny ensures
that the selected materials contribute meaningfully to the topic at hand. It is also crucial to
eliminate any sources that may be considered outdated, irrelevant, or lacking in academic rigor.
This careful curation of sources ultimately enhances the overall quality of the research
endeavour.

30
4. Organize and Categorize the Literature
When reviewing the selected studies, it is essential to categorize them based on themes, trends,
methodologies, or theoretical frameworks. This classification should align with the objectives
of your research. Group the literature into categories that make sense for your research
objectives. You may create an outline or a matrix to map out the main findings of each paper
and how they relate to your research. To enhance clarity and organization, consider developing
an outline or a matrix that illustrates the principal findings of each study and their relevance to
your research focus. By organizing the literature in this manner, you will not only enhance your
understanding of the existing body of work but also identify gaps and opportunities for further
investigation.

5. Analyse and Synthesize the Literature

A critical analysis of the literature should go beyond simple summaries of individual studies
by engaging in a comparative examination of diverse findings. It is essential to identify patterns,
trends, contradictions, strengths, and weaknesses within the research. Assess the methodologies
utilized, the conclusions drawn, and any existing gaps in the studies.
For instance, when multiple studies converge on a similar conclusion, it is beneficial to
consolidate these findings and discuss their collective implications. Conversely, any
inconsistencies or voids in the research warrant attention and should be investigated further.

6. Identify Gaps and Research Questions

In the course of the synthesis process, it is crucial to pinpoint any deficiencies, inconsistencies,
or domains that are inadequately researched. This phase is vital as it can assist in honing your
research question or hypothesis. By acknowledging what has been previously investigated and
what remains ambiguous, you can position your study to effectively tackle these identified
gaps. This is crucial as it can help you refine your own research question or hypothesis. By
understanding what has been studied and what remains unknown, you can position your study
as filling these gaps. Acknowledging existing literature and recognizing the uncertainties within
it enables you to construct a study that not only contributes to the existing body of knowledge
but also addresses the specific voids that have yet to be filled.

7. Write the Review

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on the
specified topic, focusing on the key research question at hand. In the body of the review, the
literature will be organized thematically, methodologically, and chronologically. Each source
will be critically evaluated, highlighting its contributions to the field as well as its limitations.
In conclusion, the main findings will be summarized, gaps in the current research will be
identified, and suggestions for future research directions will be proposed.

31
8. Cite and Reference Properly
It is essential to meticulously document all sources referenced during your literature review.
Adhering to the correct citation format is crucial and should align with the specific guidelines
set forth by your academic discipline or institution.
Incorporating precise citations not only enhances the credibility of your work but also allows
readers to trace the origins of your information. Therefore, it is imperative to familiarize
yourself with the citation style pertinent to your field, ensuring that every source is properly
acknowledged and formatted according to the established conventions.

9. Revise and Edit

After completing the initial draft of your literature review, it is essential to engage in a thorough
process of revision and editing. This stage allows you to enhance the clarity and coherence of
your work, ensuring that it is logically organized and devoid of any grammatical or
typographical errors. It is also crucial to meticulously check that all citations are accurate and
appropriately formatted, as this contributes to the overall credibility of your review. Each
section should seamlessly connect to the next, creating a narrative that guides the reader through
your analysis. By dedicating sufficient time to this revision process, you will not only elevate
the quality of your literature review but also strengthen its impact and effectiveness in
conveying your research findings.

10. Finalize the Review

The concluding phase involves verifying that your literature review adheres to the required
academic standards. It is essential that the review provides a comprehensive summary of the
current body of research, identifies any existing gaps in the literature, and situates your own
research within this framework. It entails gathering, analyzing, synthesizing, and critically
evaluating relevant studies to establish a solid foundation for new research. Prior to
submission or finalization, it is advisable to solicit feedback from colleagues, academic
advisors, or mentors to enhance the quality and rigor of your work.

In conclusion, the undertaking of a literature review is characterized by a methodical and

comprehensive approach. It involves the gathering, examination, integration, and critical
assessment of relevant scholarly works, all of which play a crucial role in forming a solid
groundwork for future research activities. This diligent process not only enhances the
comprehension of the subject matter but also guarantees that new investigations are grounded
in a thoroughly informed context. The literature review process is essential for establishing a
well-structured framework for research. By systematically collecting and analysing existing
studies, researchers can synthesize information and critically evaluate findings, thereby
contributing to a deeper understanding of the topic. Thus while conducting and phrasing the
study of employment opportunities in textile sector of bhiwandi, all of the above points are
taken into consideration and following that the report is being made

32
3.4 REVIEW OF STUDY
Dantwala, M. L. (1937), conducts a comprehensive analysis of the marketing dynamics
surrounding raw cotton within the nation, meticulously detailing its progression from
agricultural production to commercial distribution. The author emphasizes the pivotal role
played by the structure and functioning of the cotton exchange, which directly impacts both
consumer pricing and the financial returns experienced by farmers. Through a critical lens,
Dantwala evaluates these complexities and suggests potential enhancement strategies informed
by international practices. This examination reveals a crucial oversight in agricultural policy,
where the focus on improving crop quality and yield often neglects the economic realities that
can arise from surplus production, such as price depreciation and farmer impoverishment.
Moreover, the study highlights that a considerable fraction of the retail price paid by consumers
is absorbed by various marketing intermediaries, underscoring the need for a more equitable
distribution of financial returns. It becomes imperative to implement measures that ensure
farmers receive the maximum possible income from their harvests, thereby fostering their
economic stability. By addressing these marketing inefficiencies and advocating for a more
farmer-centric approach, Dantwala's work contributes significantly to the discourse on
agricultural economics and the sustainability of rural livelihoods. In the pursuit of improving
the livelihoods of farmers, there is often a predominant focus on increasing both the quality and
quantity of cotton production. However, this approach can inadvertently lead to adverse
outcomes, such as diminished prices or even economic hardship for the farmers themselves,
particularly when crop yields are excessively high. It is imperative to recognize that an
oversupply of cotton can negatively impact market prices, thereby undermining the financial
stability of those who cultivate it. Besides, a considerable fraction of the retail price that
consumers pay for cotton is absorbed by the various stages of the marketing process. This
reality underscores the necessity of implementing strategies that maximize the financial returns
for farmers from their cotton harvests. By addressing the complexities of the marketing system
and ensuring that farmers receive a fair share of the profits, it is possible to foster a more
equitable and sustainable agricultural economy.

Vadilal Lallubhai (1947), In his publication underscored the critical necessity for restructuring
the textile industry to enhance production capabilities. He identified a significant imbalance
within the spinning and weaving segments of composite mills, which has led to an oversupply
of yarn. Lallubhai posited that if this surplus yarn were to be harnessed effectively, it could
lead to a substantial increase in the output of handloom textiles. He emphasized that the focus
should not only be on augmenting the volume of cloth produced but also on elevating its overall
quality. To facilitate this reorganization and to boost the production of both cloth and yarn,
Lallubhai advocated for the standardization of counts across spinning and composite mills. He
believed that establishing uniform standards would streamline operations and enhance
efficiency within the industry. By addressing the discrepancies in production processes, the
Indian textile sector could better align itself with international benchmarks, thereby improving
its competitiveness in the global market. Lallubhai's analysis revealed that the Indian textile
industry, when juxtaposed with foreign cloth standards, exhibits significant imbalances that
hinder its growth potential. His insights call for a comprehensive approach to reforming the
industry, which includes not only optimizing production techniques but also ensuring that the

33
quality of textiles meets or exceeds global expectations. By implementing these changes, the
Indian textile industry could not only increase its output but also enhance its reputation on the
world stage.

Dantwala, M. L. (1948), offers an extensive analysis of the various policies that have played
a crucial role in shaping India's socio-economic landscape, revealing both beneficial and
detrimental impacts. The historical context of trade in India can be traced back to around 300
B.C., when Greek merchants initiated the importation of cotton cloth from the region. This
early engagement in trade not only highlights the significance of Indian textiles but also sets
the stage for a broader understanding of the economic interactions between India and other
civilizations. By 150 B.C., these merchants had made a pivotal discovery regarding the seasonal
trade winds, which allowed for more efficient maritime navigation. They learned that during
the autumn months, ships could sail eastward with the assistance of the Northwest monsoon,
and subsequently return to their home ports laden with cotton by utilizing the southeast
monsoon in late spring. This newfound knowledge revolutionized the cotton cloth trade,
facilitating a more robust exchange of goods and ideas across regions. The implications of this
trade expansion were profound, as it not only enriched the Indian economy but also
significantly benefited Egypt, which emerged as a vital hub for the distribution of Indian
textiles. The flourishing trade routes established during this period laid the groundwork for
future economic relationships and cultural exchanges, underscoring the importance of maritime
commerce in the historical development of both India and its trading partners.

Thakar, N. H (1949), in his study delved into the evolution, output, and obstacles encountered
by the cotton textile industry throughout the twentieth century, with a particular focus on the
wartime period. He offered a succinct historical overview of the industry spanning from 1854
to 1945, highlighting the significant repercussions of war on various aspects of the industry.
This included an analysis of how wartime conditions affected the financial framework, labour
environments, and the availability of cloth, which became increasingly scarce during these
tumultuous times. The cotton textile sector faced numerous challenges, including difficulties
in sourcing dyes and chemicals, securing machinery, obtaining coal, managing transportation
logistics, and navigating labor issues and taxation policies. The nation experienced a critical
shortage of cloth, exacerbated by the suspension of imports and a surge in exports. This
imbalance between production and demand was further intensified by the rising purchasing
power of specific demographic groups, which resulted in escalating prices for textiles. In an
effort to protect consumers from potential exploitation, the government implemented measures
to regulate prices and dismantle black market activities. However, these regulatory efforts
proved largely ineffective, primarily due to insufficient public cooperation. In response to the
ongoing challenges, the government ultimately consented to a proposal that involved waiving
duties on textile machinery and supplies. This culminated in the passage of a bill in 1927, which
aimed to abolish import duties on textile machinery, thereby facilitating the industry's growth
and addressing some of the pressing supply issues. Ultimately, the government consented to a
proposal to eliminate duties on textile machinery and supplies, leading to the passage of a bill
in aimed at abolishing import duties on such machinery.

34
C. T. F. C. (1963), undertook a comprehensive survey examining the distributive trade of
cotton textiles within three distinct project areas: Bombay city, Muzaffarpur, and Dibrugarh.
The organization engaged with a wide array of individual traders and trade associations to
identify tangible solutions to the challenges faced in the sector. The findings of the survey
underscored the necessity for enhanced coordination among textile mills, selling agents, and
wholesalers. It was recommended that mills refrain from frequently altering their production
patterns and quality standards, as such fluctuations can disrupt the supply chain and affect
market stability. Furthermore, the establishment of retail outlets by mills in various districts,
talukas, and significant rural locales was proposed to facilitate consumer access to textiles at
competitive prices. This initiative would not only improve availability but also foster a more
consumer-centric marketing strategy. To effectively align production with market needs, it is
imperative for textile mills to conduct thorough research into consumer demand and
preferences, ensuring that their offerings resonate with the target audience and contribute to
overall market growth.

Pattabhiram, T. K. (1972), In his seminal work "Essential Elements of Practical Cotton

Spinning," delves into the intricate technological dimensions associated with the process of
cotton spinning. Although the designs and models of machinery are subject to continuous
innovation, the core principles that govern these processes have remained relatively stable over
the years. The evolution of technology is deeply rooted in a multitude of scientific theories and
principles that have been meticulously developed by a select cadre of experts in the field. The
interplay between science and technology is pivotal to the industrial advancement of any nation.
It is through the application of scientific knowledge that technological innovations emerge,
driving progress across various sectors. In this context, the textile industry, which plays a vital
role in the economic framework of countries worldwide, is experiencing significant
advancements. These developments are essential to cater to the diverse preferences of
consumers and to address the growing demand for textile products. As the textile sector
continues to evolve, it is imperative to recognize the importance of integrating scientific
research with practical applications in technology. This synergy not only enhances production
efficiency but also fosters innovation that can lead to sustainable practices within the industry.
The ongoing transformation in textile technology underscores its critical role in shaping the
future of industrial practices, ensuring that it remains responsive to the dynamic needs of the
market.

M CER and T F Bombay (1978), In their publication, examined the progress made in cotton
cultivation within India, particularly focusing on the determinants that affect cotton yield in
Maharashtra, as well as the state's procurement strategy for cotton, which operates under a
monopoly framework. Cotton serves as a vital commercial crop, predominantly cultivated in
several Indian states, including Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh. The primary consumers of this raw cotton are the spinning
mills and composite textile mills engaged in both spinning and weaving processes. The process
of transforming raw cotton from the field to the market involves multiple critical stages, such
as collection, classification, ginning, baling, and transportation. The remarkable increase in
cotton production has been a central element of agricultural policy in India since the nation

35
gained independence. With the initiation of the planning phase, comprehensive programs were
established to achieve specific production goals, which included the swift integration of
advanced technologies, the expansion of irrigated areas dedicated to cotton farming, and the
promotion of high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Additionally, a pricing and distribution policy
was implemented to safeguard the interests of both cotton producers and consumers, thereby
ensuring a stable price environment over the long term. The cotton sector in Maharashtra is
particularly dependent on the monsoon rains, which play a crucial role in determining the
success of the crop yield. This intricate relationship between weather patterns and agricultural
output underscores the importance of effective water management and agricultural practices in
sustaining the cotton economy in the region.

Sherry Sabbarwal (1990), In her publication emphasized the importance of examining both
the internal dynamics of textile mills and their external surroundings to gain a comprehensive
understanding of the challenges confronting the cotton textile industry. The performance of
private sector mills has been notably superior to that of their public sector counterparts. This
assertion is substantiated by an analysis of various growth indicators, including installed
capacity, production levels, and profitability. Furthermore, private sector mills not only employ
a significantly larger workforce but also utilize a greater volume of raw materials in comparison
to the National Textile Corporation (NTC) mills, highlighting a stark contrast in operational
scale and efficiency between the two sectors. Despite the apparent advantages of private sector
mills, recent data reveals a troubling trend of declining production and diminishing profit
margins within this segment, indicating a broader downturn affecting the textile industry as a
whole. The Varsahneya study team report from 1975 pinpointed several critical factors
contributing to these challenges, including the prevalence of outdated machinery, an
overreliance on monsoon rains for raw material supply, and governmental favouritism towards
the decentralized sector. Additionally, issues such as stagnant demand, the implementation of
a controlled cloth scheme, escalating cotton prices, power shortages, and a lack of
modernization have compounded the difficulties faced by the industry, alongside persistent
labour unrest. It is noteworthy that many of these challenges are not unique to the textile sector
but are reflective of broader issues within the entire industrial landscape. The relative success
of private sector units suggests that the obstacles they encounter may differ from those affecting
public sector mills. Scholars have posited that the underlying causes of industrial decline and
organizational inefficiency are often rooted in the internal weaknesses of these organizations.
This perspective invites a deeper exploration of the structural issues within the private sector,
which may require targeted interventions to enhance operational effectiveness and ensure
sustainable growth in the face of ongoing industry challenges.

Jakhotiya Girish P. (1991), In his thesis highlighted the historical significance of handloom
weaving as a source of national pride for India. However, he lamented the precarious situation
faced by handloom weavers, who are the custodians of this time-honoured craft. The lack of
effective governance within the cooperative societies has resulted in a scenario where decision-
making is monopolized by the chairman and vice chairman. This centralization has led to a
myriad of challenges affecting production, such as erratic and inadequate yarn supply,

36
diminished productivity among weavers, the deterioration of aging looms, and severe financial
constraints that hinder their operational capabilities.
To address these pressing issues, Jakhotiya recommends the appointment of a skilled
production supervisor to oversee the manufacturing process and to facilitate training in
contemporary handloom production techniques. He emphasizes the necessity for continuous
collaboration between marketing and production sectors, alongside the efficient management
of yarn and dye supplies. Furthermore, the proposed training program should encompass
aspects such as product design, fostering interpersonal relationships within the organization,
enhancing awareness of handloom practices, and developing long-term strategic planning to
ensure the sustainability and growth of the handloom industry.

Ektate Arvind Gangadhar (1992), In his research highlights that the origins of cotton fabrics
can be traced back to the Vedic era, indicating a long-standing tradition of cotton textile
production in India. Prominent literary figures from ancient times, including Kalidas and
Banna, have provided rich and detailed accounts of cotton fabrics in their writings, showcasing
the cultural significance and artistic value of these textiles. The flourishing of the cotton
handloom industry during this period can be attributed to the patronage of local princes, who
played a crucial role in supporting artisans and promoting the craft. These advantages include:
(a) lower capital requirements.
(b) functioning as a cottage industry.
(c) significant employment potential.
(d) minimal energy consumption.
(e) simple mechanisms.
(f) attention to consumer preferences.
(g) the ability to introduce suitable designs.
(h) no formal training needed.
Within the Indian textile landscape, the handloom sector possesses several distinct advantages
when compared to the powerloom and mill industries. One of the primary benefits is the lower
capital investment required to establish and operate handloom units, making it accessible to a
wider range of entrepreneurs. Additionally, the handloom industry operates predominantly as
a cottage industry, which not only fosters local craftsmanship but also contributes to the
preservation of traditional techniques. This sector is characterized by its significant potential
for employment generation, as it can engage a large number of artisans and workers, thereby
supporting livelihoods in rural and semi-urban areas. The handloom industry is also marked by
its minimal energy consumption and the simplicity of its operational mechanisms, which
further enhance its sustainability. Artisans in this sector are adept at responding to consumer
preferences, allowing for the customization of designs that cater to specific market demands.
This combination of factors not only underscores the resilience of the handloom industry but
also highlights its vital role in the socio-economic fabric of India.

37
Dhaneshwar. B. B. (1993), conducts an in-depth analysis of the challenges encountered by
decentralized small-scale powerloom operations. He observes that the powerloom industry is
currently undergoing a transitional period, characterized by its lower capital requirements
compared to traditional textile mills and its reduced reliance on labour when juxtaposed with
handloom production. Predominantly located in rural regions of India, powerlooms offer
employment opportunities to a diverse workforce, encompassing both educated and uneducated
individuals. The sector plays a crucial role in contributing to the overall fabric production in
India. Furthermore, he emphasizes that Maharashtra is a key player, possessing a significant
proportion of the nation's powerloom establishments. The inception of powerlooms can be
traced back to Ichalkaranji (Kolhapur) in 1904, where a handloom weaver pioneered this shift.
This transition from handloom to powerloom technology has alleviated the physically
strenuous aspects of traditional weaving, allowing an average handloom weaver to swiftly
adapt to the powerloom process within a brief period.

Supriya Roy Chowdhury (1995), she highlighted that fluctuations in yarn prices are
frequently influenced by the near monopolistic dominance exerted by yarn traders over the
supply chain. At present, the government seems to be promoting the development and
consolidation of a significant number of large-scale producers within the mill industry,
emphasizing advancements in high-tech and large-scale manufacturing processes. This
examination reveals that the promise of a modernized and organized sector capable of large-
scale production is often eclipsed by the more straightforward profitability linked to powerloom
operations. Moreover, the state's ambition to cultivate a strong, modernized, and large-scale
organized sector is complicated by its continued support for a segment of smaller producers.
This dual focus creates a tension that may impede the growth of a more efficient and
technologically advanced production landscape, as the resources and attention devoted to
smaller entities could detract from the potential benefits of investing in larger, more modern
facilities. Consequently, the challenge lies in balancing these competing interests to foster a
more sustainable and profitable yarn industry.

Barua, S. (1997), conducted an extensive research study focusing on six ailing textile mills
located in the state of Maharashtra. The investigation aimed to analyze the growth patterns and
prevailing trends within the cotton textile industry, while also identifying the various
weaknesses that contributed to the decline of these mills. The study delved into multiple facets
of functional management, including finance, marketing, human resources, and production,
thereby providing a comprehensive overview of the factors leading to the industry's struggles.
The research not only examined the causes of distress within the cotton textile sector but also
shed light on the characteristics and operational strategies of successful textile units. By
juxtaposing the failing mills with their more prosperous counterparts, Barua was able to
highlight critical insights into effective management practices that could potentially reverse the
fortunes of the struggling entities. Furthermore, the study addressed the broader implications
of textile policies and their effects on the industry, offering a nuanced understanding of the
regulatory environment impacting these mills. In conclusion, Barua proposed several strategic
remedies aimed at revitalizing the cotton textile industry, emphasizing the importance of
enhanced coordination and effective management practices.

38
Dikshita Padalkar (1997), The Maharashtra government's decision to restrict textile mills in
Mumbai from selling their land ostensibly aligns with the interests of mill workers. This action
is perceived as a gesture of support for their cause. However, a closer examination reveals that
this position may be more influenced by the interests of real estate developers rather than a
genuine commitment to the welfare of the workers. The government's ambiguous stance raises
questions about its true motivations, suggesting a complex interplay between various
stakeholders. Despite the current indecisiveness exhibited by the state government, it does not
necessarily indicate a lack of potential for future changes. While immediate transformations
may not be evident, it is plausible that developments will occur, albeit in a gradual and perhaps
covert manner. The political landscape is often subject to shifts that can lead to significant
alterations in policy and practice, even if these changes are not immediately visible to the public
eye. Recent events have hinted at multiple scenarios that could emerge from this situation. The
dynamics between the government, mill owners, and builders are intricate, and the outcomes
will likely depend on how these relationships evolve over time. As the situation unfolds,
stakeholders must remain vigilant, as the implications of these developments could have far-
reaching consequences for both the textile industry and the workforce it employs.

Tirthankar Roy (1998), has argued that the received view among textile scholars that
powerlooms represent a particular form of government failure is wrong, and that their growth
owes to the expansion of a general pattern of industrialization. The policy changes in India have
strengthened this pattern as well as exposed some of its critical weaknesses. The reforms
strengthened it by (a) enabling exports, (b) encouraging cotton garment production and
consumption, and (c) bringing a range of affordable technologies within reach of the small scale
producer. In the first half of the 1990, the market for Indian powerlooms cloth was buoyant,
and capability was not felt to be a constraint. In the second half, the market fell, and excess
capacity built up. Between the 1950 and the 1980, the industry was shaped by several long-
term trends. The most important were: (a) steady dilution of the handloom root in
entrepreneurship (b) at the same time, the major sites of powerloom weaving attracted capital,
labour and services oriented to powerloom production, in other words, they acquired significant
agglomeration economies, (c) decline of composite mills in Bombay and Ahmedabad, (d) rise
of manmade fibres, (e) signs of organisational change such as extension of wage-labour, and
(f) the rise of cotton exports, which began from the mid 1980 but gathered force after the
reforms in 1992.

Pradosh Nath, N. Mrinalini & G. D. Sandhyal (2001) contend that both governmental and
industrial sectors have failed to establish a suitable strategy for Research and Development
within the textile research framework. Their findings are derived from a comprehensive study
titled 'Evaluation of Textile Research Association' (TRA), which received financial backing
from the Ministry of Textiles. The authors emphasize the critical need for a strategic overhaul
to enhance the effectiveness of the TRA in fostering technological advancements within the
Indian textile sector. The authors highlight the urgency of revitalizing the TRA to facilitate the
modernization of technology in the Indian textile industry. In the context of the post-GATT
environment, the ability to compete technologically is poised to play a pivotal role in
determining the industry's future. However, the current state of India's technological

39
capabilities remains inadequate, raising concerns about the industry's long-term viability. The
study underscores that without a proactive approach to upgrading technology, the TRA will fall
short of meeting market demands and achieving its objectives. The findings of this study
suggest that a prompt and effective revival plan for the TRA is imperative to address the
challenges faced by the Indian textile industry. The authors argue that merely maintaining the
status quo will not suffice; instead, a strategic initiative is required to align the TRA's efforts
with the evolving market landscape. By implementing a robust revival strategy, the TRA can
play a crucial role in enhancing the technological competitiveness of the industry, thereby
securing its future in an increasingly globalized market.

Project Team of (SINET) 18 Asia Pro Eco Programme (2007), represents a comprehensive
five-year project aimed at fostering a sustainable industrial network. This initiative emphasizes
the integration of sustainable practices within micro-regional environmental planning, thereby
addressing the multifaceted challenges associated with industrial development. A significant
output of this program is the "Indian Cotton Textile Sector Network Report (Draft) Scoping &
Sustainability Analysis," which provides an in-depth examination of the cotton textile industry
in India. The report meticulously explores a range of critical components within the cotton
supply chain, including the cultivation of cotton, the labour dynamics involved, and the
logistics of transporting cotton from farms to markets. It also delves into the operations of
cotton ginning and spinning mills, assessing the human resources engaged in these processes.
Additionally, the study addresses the cotton seed oil industry and the broader textile and dyeing
sectors, highlighting their interconnections and the implications for sustainability. The findings
of the project team underscore the cotton textile sector's considerable potential for fostering
economic, environmental, and social sustainability within the network. This sector not only
serves as a vital source of employment but also plays a crucial role in enhancing living
standards and contributing to the infrastructure development of local communities. The report
advocates for the adoption of environmentally sustainable practices in cotton cultivation and
emphasizes the importance of promoting cotton seed oil, a valuable by-product, to bolster bio-
diesel production and further support the local economy.

Paul Kornelius (2006), evaluates the textile sector through the lens of the eco-friendly
paradigm that was established in 1996. The textile industry is confronted with considerable
environmental challenges that adversely affect land, water, and air quality as a direct
consequence of its manufacturing processes. Furthermore, there is a notable rise in consumer
awareness regarding the necessity for textile products that prioritize human health and safety.
This heightened awareness among consumers has catalysed the development of eco-friendly
textiles, which aim to mitigate both health risks and the environmental issues that plague the
industry. The demand for sustainable alternatives has prompted manufacturers to innovate and
adopt practices that align with eco-conscious principles. Consequently, the emergence of eco-
friendly textile mills has become a pivotal factor in fostering sustainable development within
the textile sector. The integration of eco-friendly practices not only addresses the pressing
environmental concerns but also responds to the evolving expectations of consumers who are
increasingly prioritizing health and sustainability in their purchasing decisions. As the industry

40
adapts to these changes, the establishment of eco-friendly textile mills is proving to be crucial
for ensuring the long-term viability and responsible growth of the textile industry.

Gunja Saluja (2008), The analysis delves into the global competitiveness of the Indian textile
industry, focusing on its export potential to major markets such as Europe and the United States.
It identifies various strengths and opportunities that the sector possesses, notably a workforce
characterized by low labour costs and a rich availability of raw materials. Despite these
advantages, the report underscores critical challenges that the industry faces, particularly the
fragmented nature of its infrastructure, which poses significant barriers to growth and
expansion. Essential competitive elements for the Indian textile sector include the quality of
products, cost efficiency, effective supply chain management, and a commitment to innovative
design practices. To address the challenges and leverage the opportunities within the textile
industry, it is imperative that substantial investments are made in modern technology to bolster
overall production capacity. The Indian government plays a crucial role in this transformation
by fostering partnerships between large international manufacturers and local small-scale
producers. Such collaborations can yield considerable benefits, enhancing the industry's
competitiveness on a global scale. Furthermore, the government must prioritize increased
investment in infrastructure, which is vital for supporting the sector's growth trajectory. In
addition to infrastructure improvements, there is a pressing need for the government to provide
special financial assistance, such as targeted loans, to facilitate the expansion of the textile
industry. Enhancing the capabilities of Indian ports and transportation networks is also
essential, as these improvements will streamline logistics and reduce operational costs. By
focusing on these strategic areas, the Indian textile industry can position itself more favourably
in the international market, ultimately leading to sustainable growth and increased export
opportunities.

Mohanty B. B." (2009), The examination of regional inequalities within Maharashtra's

agricultural sector uncovers notable patterns. Historically, during the colonial era, the Vidarbha
region experienced significant growth, primarily driven by the proliferation of cotton farming.
Conversely, Marathwada fell behind in agricultural advancement when compared to western
Maharashtra, largely due to its neglect by the Nizam's Hyderabad state. Despite both Vidarbha
and Marathwada relying heavily on cotton as a vital cash crop, the lack of adequate irrigation
facilities has rendered cotton cultivation highly susceptible to the erratic nature of monsoon
rainfall. Over the last three decades, the trajectory of agricultural progress in Maharashtra has
been markedly uneven, with western Maharashtra emerging as a leader in various
developmental indicators. This disparity highlights the challenges faced by regions like
Marathwada and Vidarbha, which struggle to secure a more equitable distribution of the state's
agricultural resources. The underlying issues contributing to this imbalance include insufficient
organized representation and the absence of cohesive alliances that could advocate for the needs
and interests of these regions. The persistent regional disparities in Maharashtra's agricultural
landscape underscore the need for targeted interventions to address the unique challenges faced
by Marathwada and Vidarbha. Enhancing irrigation infrastructure, fostering cooperative
movements, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices could play a crucial role in
revitalizing these areas. By strengthening the organizational capacity of farmers and

41
encouraging collaborative efforts, it may be possible to create a more balanced agricultural
framework that benefits all regions of Maharashtra, ultimately leading to improved livelihoods
and economic stability. However, with minimal irrigation infrastructure, cotton farming has
largely depended on the unpredictable monsoon rains.

Virambhai S. Zala (2010), Based on financial analysis, the following recommendations are
made to improve the performance of the selected textile group of companies:
1. To enhance financial efficiency, it is advisable to manage the cost of goods sold and
operating expenses effectively.
2. Management should consider implementing cost reduction strategies.
3. To lower power and fuel expenses, the company should explore alternative energy sources.
4. Management should aim to fully utilize production capacity to decrease factory overheads
and make better use of fixed assets.
5. Inadequate planning and project delays can lead to increased costs, so thorough planning is
essential.
6. Labour productivity can be improved by adopting modern manufacturing processes, and
wage policies should be linked to productivity.
7. To optimize cash balance usage, effective planning and control techniques should be
implemented.
8. The government should reduce subsidies and promote the capital market for textile
companies.
Moreover, maximizing production capacity is essential for reducing factory overheads and
optimizing the use of fixed assets. This can be achieved through careful planning and
scheduling of production runs to ensure that resources are utilized efficiently. It is also
imperative to address the challenges posed by inadequate planning and project delays, as these
can result in escalated costs. By implementing robust planning methodologies, the company
can enhance labour productivity through the integration of modern manufacturing processes,
while also aligning wage policies with productivity metrics. Lastly, effective cash management
practices should be established to optimize the use of cash balances, and it is recommended
that the government consider reducing subsidies while fostering a more vibrant capital market
for textile enterprises.

Ramakrishna Nallathiga (2010), highlighted the significant impact of urban industrial land
on the comprehensive land use dynamics within a city. The city of Bombay serves as a prime
example of effectively leveraging the extensive capabilities of industrial production,
establishing itself as a fundamental component of the nation's industrial framework and
economic structure. The strategic release of land previously occupied by textile mills has been
identified as a catalyst for creating a conducive environment for development, which in turn
has mitigated uncertainties within property markets. This shift has resulted in improved

42
performance across local markets, showcasing the interconnectedness of industrial land use and
economic vitality. As a result, the ongoing redevelopment of industrial land is not merely
altering the physical characteristics of the urban landscape but is also instigating profound
transformations in property values, stimulating the local economy, and reshaping community
values. The revitalization efforts are indicative of a broader trend where urban spaces are
reimagined to accommodate new economic activities and social interactions, thereby enhancing
the overall quality of life for residents. This evolution underscores the importance of strategic
land use planning in fostering sustainable urban growth and economic resilience.

Kasi S. (2011), conducted a comprehensive analysis of the effects of trade liberalization and
textile policies on the growth dynamics, sources of productivity, and advancements in
technology within the Indian textile industry, focusing on three distinct periods: pre-reform,
post-reform, and post-MFA. This exploratory research covers a time frame from 1980 to 2010,
delving into theoretical frameworks that pertain to economic growth, partial factor productivity,
total factor productivity, and the evolution of technical progress in the textile sector of India.
The cotton textile industry in India is confronted with numerous challenges, among which the
prevalence of industrial sickness stands out as a critical concern. Notably, this sector ranks
second in terms of the sickness rate, following the engineering industry. The traditional nature
of the Indian textile sector has been subject to significant policy transformations in recent years,
which are designed to enhance both production output and employment opportunities within
the industry. These policy shifts aim to address the underlying issues that have historically
plagued the cotton textile industry, fostering an environment conducive to growth and
innovation. By examining the interplay between trade policies and industry performance, the
study seeks to provide insights into how these changes can lead to improved productivity and
technological advancements, ultimately contributing to the revitalization of the Indian textile
sector.

P. Tirumala Rao (2011), undertook a comprehensive examination of the trends, composition,

and trajectory of imports and exports within the textile industry. His study delved into the
implications of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements, specifically during the
timeframe of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) from 1995 to 2004, and continued
to analyse the developments in the post-ATC era from 2005 to 2010. This analysis provided
valuable insights into how international trade policies have shaped the textile sector's dynamics.
To bolster the competitiveness of Indian textile industries, particularly in the cotton segment,
Rao put forth several strategic recommendations.
To enhance the competitiveness of Indian textile industries, particularly in cotton, several
recommendations were proposed:
1. Upgrading technology and promoting both horizontal and vertical integration within the
textile sector.
2. Addressing the skill gap in the textiles and clothing industry while focusing on emerging
areas.
3. Promoting brands and implementing eco-labelling.

43
These included the modernization of technology and the encouragement of both horizontal and
vertical integration within the textile supply chain. Additionally, he emphasized the importance
of addressing the existing skill gaps in the textiles and clothing sector, while also highlighting
the need to focus on emerging areas that could drive future growth and innovation.
Furthermore, Rao advocated for the promotion of brand development and the implementation
of eco-labelling initiatives to enhance market appeal and sustainability. He also underscored
the significance of attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to stimulate growth and
innovation within the industry.

Dr. N. Rajasekar & M. Gurusamy 2 (2011), The structure of the Textile Industry in India
was analysed, focusing on the organizational patterns of exporters and the motivational factors
that drive discussions about their challenges. Infrastructure plays a crucial role in the production
process, and it is essential to address the current labour shortages. The Commerce Ministry
should actively support efforts to resolve export-related issues. Recommendations include:
1. Reducing yarn prices to meet client demands.
2. Banning the export of raw materials to ensure a steady supply.
3. The government should set annual prices for raw materials based on availability.
4. Implementing measures to lower transportation costs.
5. Providing proper training for employees.
6. Ensuring timely and accurate stitching by trainers.

Dr.Ashiya Chaudhary(2011), in her study investigated the implications of the Multi fiber
Agreement (MFA) phase-out on the textile and clothing production landscape, with a particular
focus on the export dynamics of Indian textiles. Her research also delved into the roles played
by foreign direct investment (FDI) and governmental support mechanisms in fostering growth
within this vital industry. By examining these elements, Dr.Chaudhary aimed to provide a
comprehensive understanding of how the MFA's conclusion has reshaped the sector. The
findings further revealed a stark contrast in the performance of various firms within the
industry. Larger enterprises have managed to flourish, leveraging their competitive edge to
navigate the evolving market landscape effectively. In contrast, medium and small-sized
businesses are facing significant difficulties in maintaining their market presence. To bolster
their competitiveness, these smaller firms may need to consider strategic expansions through
mergers or partnerships, thereby enhancing their operational capabilities and market reach in
an increasingly competitive global environment.

Arif Anjum and D. V. Thakor (2011) , The objective of this research is to conduct an in-depth
analysis of the operational dynamics and obstacles faced by the Powerloom sector in
Maharashtra, with a specific emphasis on the city of Malegaon. Observations indicate a
significant deficiency in effective marketing strategies within the powerloom industry in this
region. The market is characterized by frequent price volatility, where fluctuations in yarn

44
prices often occur simultaneously with declines in fabric prices. To address these issues, it has
been proposed that a detailed survey encompassing various clusters of the powerloom industry
be undertaken, which would provide valuable insights for informed policy development. This
census would be instrumental in collecting vital data regarding the industry's requirements, the
types of raw materials utilized, and the overall growth trajectory of the sector. Such systematic
data collection would significantly improve the design and execution of relevant governmental
schemes aimed at supporting the industry. By understanding the specific needs and challenges
faced by powerloom operators, policymakers can create more targeted interventions that foster
growth and sustainability.
Moreover, there is a pressing need for modernization within the powerloom industry to keep
pace with contemporary demands. Upgrading traditional looms by incorporating electrical or
mechanical enhancements, such as warp stop motion, weft stop motion, and positive let-off
motion, can greatly improve efficiency and productivity. The current landscape of the
powerloom industry necessitates these advancements to remain competitive and to meet the
evolving market requirements. Therefore, a strategic focus on modernization and technological
integration is essential for the future viability of the powerloom sector in Maharashtra.

Marimuthu K. N. & Dr.Mary Jessica (2012),

The emphasis was placed on the expansion and evolution of the textile sector within the
Coimbatore area. Furthermore, the discussion encompassed the various opportunities and
obstacles that the South Indian textile industry currently faces. In recent times, countries such
as Japan, India, Hong Kong, and China have established themselves as prominent players in
textile production, largely attributable to their cost-effective labour and readily available raw
materials, which are essential components in this industry. The Indian textile sector holds the
distinction of being the second largest globally, trailing only behind China. This industry is
marked by its self-sufficiency, autonomy, and considerable diversification, which contribute to
its resilience and adaptability in a competitive market. The significance of this sector is
underscored by the fact that a substantial portion of India's textile output is generated in specific
regions, highlighting the geographical concentration of textile manufacturing capabilities.
Specifically, Erode, often referred to as the Tex-City or Loom-City of India, accounts for an
impressive 76% of the nation's total textile market. Additionally, Bhiwandi plays a crucial role
in the knitwear segment, contributing to 56% of the country's exports in this category. These
statistics not only illustrate the regional strengths within the Indian textile industry but also
emphasize the importance of these areas in sustaining the overall growth and competitiveness
of the sector on a global scale.

Jeyaraj, K. L, C. Muralidharan, T. Senthilvelan (2012),

A research paper has been developed on quantitative SWOT analysis for a prominent textile
firm.
The objective is to aid management in crafting both long-term and short-term strategies.
Understanding internal strengths and weaknesses, along with external opportunities and threats,
is vital for managers.

45
The SWOT analysis is an essential instrument for strategic planning in a competitive
environment.
Managers should concentrate on reducing critical variables to clearly define their strategies.
This approach ensures an efficient strategic planning process, minimizing resource waste.
Future initiatives should emphasize the quantification of SWOT variables.
Following quantification, ranking and implementing strategies should be prioritized.
Effective strategic planning relies on a thorough understanding of SWOT components.

V. Srinivas (Dec. 10, 2012), delivered a speech on "The Indian Growth Story of Cotton and
the Textile Sector," wherein he examined the various obstacles confronting the Indian textiles
industry. He highlighted critical issues such as the pervasive obsolescence of technology and
recurring financial difficulties that have adversely impacted productivity, quality, and cost
efficiency. Despite the sector's inherent strengths, including abundant raw materials and a
proficient workforce, these challenges have hindered its overall growth and competitiveness in
the global market. In his address, he emphasized the urgent need to broaden the scope of
collaboration, extending beyond agricultural research and extension initiatives to encompass
the downstream segments of the textile industry. This strategic expansion is essential for
fostering significant value addition within the sector. By integrating efforts across various
stages of production, the industry can enhance its manufacturing capabilities, thereby
addressing the current inefficiencies and elevating the overall quality of its output. Furthermore,
the speaker underscored the potential for job creation that could arise from such collaborative
efforts. By strengthening the manufacturing base and improving operational efficiencies, the
Indian textiles industry can not only revitalize its economic standing but also contribute to the
broader goal of employment generation. This holistic approach is vital for ensuring sustainable
growth and positioning the sector as a key player in the global textile market.

Vivek Subramaniam® (2012) conducted an investigation into the elements that affect the
capital structure of textile enterprises, they are mentioned below.
Indian textile companies have faced considerable difficulties in obtaining long-term financing
options.
A significant number of these firms have struggled to enhance their earnings per share (EPS)
and attain elevated earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) as a result of the high production
costs they encounter.
The substantial expenses associated with production have hindered these companies from
achieving stable profit margins over time.
As a consequence, maintaining consistent profitability has proven to be a persistent challenge
for these textile firms.
The issues surrounding profitability have further impacted their short-term liquidity positions.

46
Additionally, the ability of these companies to effectively manage their short-term debt
obligations has been insufficiently addressed.
The financial constraints faced by these firms have led to a cycle of instability in their
operational performance.
The struggle for long-term funding has created barriers to growth and expansion within the
industry.
Overall, the interplay of high production costs and inadequate financial management has
significantly affected the sustainability of profit levels in Indian textile companies.

Dr. P. komarsamy & Dr. L. Maniyannan (2013), emphasized the critical importance of both
the organized cotton mill sector and the decentralized powerloom sector within the Indian
textile industry. They highlighted that the powerloom sector is particularly vital, accounting for
approximately 71 percent of the nation's total textile production. This statistic underscores a
significant trend: the share of the organized mill sector in overall cloth production is
experiencing a rapid decline, indicating a shift in the dynamics of textile manufacturing in
India. This holistic approach is vital for ensuring sustainable growth and positioning the sector as a
key player in the global textile market. Furthermore, the Indian textile sector has successfully
carved out a significant niche in the global market, navigating various challenges, including
intense competition from domestic producers. This resilience has allowed textiles to emerge as
a crucial source of foreign exchange for the country, reinforcing its status as a vital component
of India's export economy. The sector's ability to adapt and thrive amidst these challenges
highlights its importance not only for domestic consumption but also for international trade,
making it a cornerstone of India's economic landscape.
The authors suggested that government initiatives, such as subsidies aimed at facilitating the
acquisition of new powerlooms, could provide substantial support to powerloom operators.
Such financial assistance would not only enhance the operational capabilities of these small-
scale manufacturers but also potentially lead to increased productivity and competitiveness in
the market. By investing in modern technology and equipment, powerloom owners could
improve the quality of their output, thereby positioning themselves more favourably within the
industry.

Sangeetha, B. M., M. Rajeswari, S. Atharsha, and colleagues (2013), in their study

emphasized the critical need for increased awareness regarding environmental challenges,
specifically air, water, and noise pollution, associated with the cotton fiber to cloth production
process. Furthermore, the speaker underscored the potential for job creation that could arise
from such collaborative efforts
The authors proposed a series of recommendations aimed at reducing the incidence of
occupational lung diseases linked to cotton dust exposure.
Regular health assessments for workers are vital to identify and address potential health issues
early on.

47
It is imperative to provide adequate medical care and support for workers who are adversely
affected by cotton dust exposure.
The implementation of robust dust control strategies is necessary to minimize airborne
contaminants in the workplace.
The promotion and mandatory use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among workers is
crucial for their safety and health.
Management must ensure that effective control technologies and protective measures are not
only provided but also strictly followed by all employees.
Workers should receive comprehensive education regarding the health impacts of cotton dust,
enabling them to understand the risks involved.
Employers have the ability to reduce dust levels by optimizing dust control systems, such as
improving ventilation and ensuring regular maintenance and cleaning of equipment.
The substantial expenses associated with production have hindered these companies from
achieving stable profit margins over time

48
 CHAPTER 4
PROFILE OF THE INDUSTRY

4.1 INTRODUCTION

An industry profile serves as a comprehensive document that delineates the fundamental

attributes, organizational structure, and operational functions of a particular industry. It offers
an in-depth examination of the industry's activities, market conditions, competitive
environment, and its overall economic impact. A meticulously developed industry profile
encompasses various elements, including the scope of the industry, the range of products or
services it provides, and the key players or stakeholders involved in the sector. The construction
of an industry profile typically commences with an overview of the sector, detailing its primary
functions and the market it caters to. This section often includes quantitative data regarding the
industry's size, such as the number of enterprises, workforce statistics, and total revenue
generated. Additionally, it is essential to consider the geographical scope of the industry,
whether it operates on a local, national, or international level, as this information is vital for
grasping the industry's overall scale and reach.

A thorough industry profile frequently incorporates an assessment of prevailing trends,

challenges, opportunities, and innovations that characterize the sector. Factors such as the
advent of automation, advancements in digital technology, sustainability initiatives, and
evolving consumer preferences can significantly shape the industry's landscape. Moreover, a
comprehensive understanding of the regulatory framework, including relevant government
policies and industry standards, is imperative for evaluating both the growth potential and the
challenges that the industry may encounter. The profile also addresses supply chain intricacies,
encompassing the procurement of raw materials, manufacturing processes, distribution
strategies, and consumer behaviour, thereby equipping businesses and investors with the
insights necessary to navigate the industry's complexities effectively. An industry profile
constitutes a comprehensive and in-depth examination that delineates the essential
characteristics, framework, and functioning of a specific sector or business domain. It provides
critical insights into the breadth of activities, prevailing market trends, competitive dynamics,
and potential avenues for growth within that industry. This type of analysis is instrumental in
understanding the complexities of the sector, thereby equipping stakeholders with the
knowledge necessary to navigate the landscape effectively. By presenting a detailed account of
the industry, such profiles illuminate the various components that contribute to its overall
performance and viability. They encompass a range of factors, including economic indicators,
regulatory influences, and technological advancements that shape the operational environment.
As a result, industry profiles not only highlight current conditions but also forecast future
developments, enabling stakeholders to anticipate changes and adapt their strategies
accordingly. The utility of an industry profile extends to a diverse audience, including
businesses seeking to refine their strategies, investors evaluating potential opportunities, and
policymakers aiming to understand the implications of their decisions.

49
4.2 KEY ELEMENTS OF PROFILE OF THE INDUSTRY

1.Industry Overview
This segment offers a comprehensive overview of the industry, delineating its extent and
pinpointing the principal entities that operate within it. It serves to establish a foundational
understanding of the various components that constitute the industry landscape, thereby
facilitating a clearer perspective on its dynamics and interactions among key stakeholders. In
this section, we delve into the historical development of the industry, emphasizing notable
achievements and the evolution of trends that have shaped its current state.

2. Market Structure
Market Structure encompasses several critical components that define the competitive
environment of an industry. The Type of Industry refers to the classification of the market,
determining whether it functions as a monopoly, oligopoly, perfect competition, or
monopolistic competition. This classification is essential for understanding the level of
competition and pricing power within the market. Key Players are the major companies or
entities that hold significant influence and control over the industry, shaping its direction and
performance.

3. Market Segmentation
Target audience pertains to the unique attributes of consumers, which may include
demographic, geographic, or psychographic factors. Product segments denote the various
classifications of goods or services present in the industry. Market needs and trends involve the
requirements and preferences of consumers, as well as the new trends and innovations
influencing the market landscape.

4. Regulatory Environment
Government Regulations: The impact of governmental laws, regulations, and standards on the
sector.
Compliance Obligations: Essential industry standards, certifications, and licenses required for
functioning.
Trade Policies: Import and export regulations, tariffs, and international trade agreements that
affect the sector.

5. Supply Chain & Distribution

The procurement of raw materials and inputs is a critical aspect of operations, encompassing
key suppliers, strategies for sourcing essential materials, and the various methods employed in

50
procurement. The strategies implemented to deliver products or services to customers include
direct sales, retail, and online platforms.

6. Technology & Innovation

Emerging technologies, including automation, artificial intelligence, and sustainable practices,
are transforming the industry landscape. Investment in research and development, coupled with
innovative efforts, drives the creation of future products and improvements. The rate at which
new technologies and innovations are accepted and implemented across the industry varies
significantly.

7. Financial Metrics
A summary of financial outcomes, emphasizing revenue streams, profit margins, and growth
trajectories. An examination of investment patterns, funding sources such as private equity and
venture capital, and the overall financial stability within the sector. A review of significant
costs and approaches to cost control, encompassing raw materials, labour, and technological
investments.

8. Human Resources
Human Resources encompasses several critical areas. The labour market focuses on identifying
essential skills, workforce size, and the availability of labour. Employee roles and
responsibilities detail common job titles along with their respective duties within the industry.
Additionally, talent development highlights the importance of training, education, and the
acquisition of skilled personnel in the sector.

9. Economic Impact
The economic impact of the industry encompasses several key aspects. Firstly, its contribution
to GDP reflects its role in shaping the national or global economy. Secondly, the industry plays
a crucial role in job creation, offering employment opportunities that are vital for reducing
unemployment rates. Lastly, the industry's engagement in international trade is significant, as
it facilitates the exchange of goods and services and integrates into global supply chains.

10. Challenges & Risks

The impact of inflation, economic downturns, and other significant economic trends. Obstacles
stemming from market oversaturation, intense rivalry, and pricing challenges. Risks linked to
changing regulations, compliance requirements, and potential legal disputes. Difficulties
concerning sustainability, corporate social responsibility, and the necessity to meet consumer
social demands.

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 4.3 BHILOSA INDUSTRIES PRIVATE LIMITED.

 OVERVIEW
Established in 1989, Bhilosa has leveraged nearly a century of expertise in the textile sector to
revolutionize the Indian Polyester Industry. The unwavering dedication to providing superior
quality products, coupled with a commitment to operational transparency, has propelled us
forward on this remarkable journey. This vision has not only shaped the identity but has also
set a benchmark for excellence within the industry. As the company navigate this path, they
remain steadfast in their adherence to the values of accountability and integrity, consistently
placing the interests of the nation at the forefront of our endeavours. This principled approach
has facilitated significant growth, enabling them to effectively double our production capacity
over the years. The achievements are a testament to the collective efforts and steadfast support
of our Employees, Vendors, Customers, Bankers, and Institutions, all of whom have played a
crucial role in our journey. Today, Bhilosa stands as a distinguished name in the realm of
Polyester Yarn manufacturing in India, synonymous with quality and reliability. The
commitment to excellence is not merely a goal but a continuous pursuit, driven by the
collaborative spirit of all stakeholders involved. As we look to the future, company shall remain
focused on innovation and sustainability, ensuring that we not only meet but exceed the
expectations of our clients and contribute positively to the industry and society at large. The
contributions of the team have been essential; however, the role of the infrastructure cannot be
overlooked in overall journey towards success. The manufacturing facilities situated in Rakholi
and Naroli, within the region of Silvassa, have played a crucial role in the production processes,
helping to establish Bhilosa as a reputable entity within the industry. The company is
committed to cultivating an environment that supports growth, nurtures talent, and promotes a
rewarding experience for our employees. This philosophy has propelled us to integrate quality
practices and advanced technology as fundamental components of our operational framework.

52
 VISION AND MSSION
The Make in India initiative, which was introduced by the Government of India, seeks to
encourage both international and domestic enterprises to engage in manufacturing within the
nation. Launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, this initiative aims to stimulate
local production, thereby creating a multitude of job opportunities and enhancing employment
prospects for the local workforce. By fostering a conducive environment for manufacturing,
the initiative not only aims to boost the economy but also to empower local communities
through increased participation in the industrial sector. The overarching goal of the Make in
India campaign is to transform India into a global manufacturing hub, thereby enhancing the
country's competitiveness on the world stage. By incentivizing companies to establish their
manufacturing bases in India, the initiative seeks to attract foreign investment and promote
innovation. This strategic approach not only aims to elevate the manufacturing sector but also
to ensure sustainable economic growth, ultimately benefiting the nation as a whole. The
initiative has been a great success and at Bhilosa, and the company is proud to be a part of it.

 Visions:
1. The company aims to position itself as a leading entity in the global Polyester yarn market
through comprehensive in-house turnkey solutions.
2. Their offerings encompass the entire process, from raw material production to the delivery
of finished products.
3. Company provides all essential technical support to their customers throughout this process.
4. The objective is to make Bhilosa the preferred option for clients in the industry.
5. They are committed to excellence and innovation in every aspect of their operations in this
field.
6. By focusing on these comprehensive services, they aim to build long-lasting relationships
with the customers and solidify their reputation in the market.
7.Company’s vision is to create a brand synonymous with excellence and trust in the Polyester
yarn sector, fostering loyalty among our clientele.
8. The company is dedicated to sustainability, ensuring that their production methods are
environmentally friendly and socially responsible.
9. They invest in advanced technology and skilled personnel to uphold the highest standards in
product development and customer service
10. Ultimately, they strive to achieve a significant market share while consistently exceeding
customer expectations through our comprehensive service offerings.
11. The primary objective of the company is to position itself as a leading entity within the
global Polyester yarn industry by providing all-encompassing in-house turnkey solutions.
12. Their strategy focuses on building long-term relationships with clients, making Bhilosa the
go-to choice for their Polyester yarn requirements

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 Bhilosa has consistently prioritized the creation of job opportunities and the empowerment of
individuals to lead successful lives. This dedication is exemplified through the 'Make in India'
initiative, which has significantly enhanced employment prospects within the community. In
addition to generating jobs, Bhilosa has invested in the development of essential infrastructure,
including the establishment of new manufacturing plants, thereby facilitating sustainable
growth and progress. As a result of these efforts, the working environment and conditions for
employees at Bhilosa have remained exceptionally favourable. The organization places a strong
emphasis on ensuring that its facilities are conducive to both productivity and employee well-
being. This commitment to a positive workplace culture has fostered an atmosphere where
employees feel valued and supported in their professional endeavours. At Bhilosa, the
experience of working transcends the traditional notion of employment; it evolves into a series
of enriching experiences shared among colleagues. The collaborative spirit and camaraderie
among the workforce contribute to a vibrant community, making each day at Bhilosa not just a
job, but a fulfilling journey marked by shared achievements and collective joy.

 Missions:
1.Innovative and Value-Added Products
Meaning- The organization is dedicated to developing products that are not just innovative and
original, but also offer greater value to customers than current options. Innovation in this
context can refer to aspects such as design, functionality, quality, or the overall customer
experience.
Impact- This approach can distinguish the company in a highly competitive marketplace, attract
new clientele, and cultivate customer loyalty. It reflects a strong commitment to research and
development (R&D), aimed at consistently improving existing products or innovating new ones
that meet the evolving demands of the market.

2. Optimisation of All Types of Resources

Meaning- The organization is committed to maximizing the efficiency of its resources, which
encompass human capital, materials, financial assets, time, and technological tools. This
commitment may involve the adoption of cost-reduction measures, the enhancement of
operational processes, the increase of overall productivity, and the reduction of waste.
Impact- Optimizing resources enhances efficiency, lowers overhead costs, and boosts
profitability. This approach promotes sustainability, ensuring the organization's long-term
success by enhancing operational performance in all areas. Currently the company is working
extensively and exporting its product to more than 15 states which includes thousands of
powerloom which are operated and earning because of the raw material provided by Bhilosa
industries

54
 3. Use of Latest and Modern Technology
Meaning- This underscores the organization's commitment to staying at the leading edge by
incorporating cutting-edge technological innovations aimed at improving product quality,
optimizing production workflows, and enhancing the efficiency of service delivery. As of this
the company promises to upgrade with the latest technologies.
Impact- The integration of contemporary technology has the potential to significantly boost
operational efficiency, shorten the timelines for product launches, and elevate the overall
customer experience. Furthermore, it positions the organization as a leader in innovation,
thereby drawing the attention of both tech-oriented consumers and industry professionals.

 MILESTONES

o 1989- Establishing a business under the name Bhilosa Textile-N-Twisting Private Limited to
produce Draw Texturized Yarn.

o 2004- Backward integration project aimed at producing Partially Oriented Yarn (POY), which
is essential for the manufacturing of Draw Texturized Yarn (DTY), at the current facility
located in Village Rakholi.

o 2008- Setting up a new plant for Continuous Polymerization (CP) at Rakholi

o 2011- Setting up a new manufacturing plant for Air Textured Yarn (ATY) at Rakholi.

o 2012- Setting up a new plant at Naroli to double the manufacturing capacity of Draw Texturized
Yarn, Partially Oriented Yarn , Fully Drawn yarn and CP.

o 2012- ISO 9001 : 2008 Certification

o 2013- Inauguration of a new plant at Naroli for Warp Knitted Grieg Fabrics

o 2014- Oeko-Textile, standard 100 certification

o 2015- Increased capacity of Warp Knitted Greige Fabrics, Air Textured Yarn (ATY) and Draw
Texturized Yarn (DTY)

o 2017- Inauguration of a new plant at Naroli for Circular Knitted Fabric & Master batch.

o 2018- The company have set up a plant for PSF (Polyester Staple Fibre). ISO
9001: 2015 & OHSAS 18001:2007 Certification

o 2019- Doubled the capacity of Warp knitted Grieg Fabric

o 2020- ISO 45001:2018 Certification

55
 4.4 KPR MILL LIMITED.

 OVERVIEW
K.P. Ramasamy, commonly referred to as ‘KPR’, hails from a farming lineage and embarked
on his entrepreneurial journey in 1971 as a manufacturer of power loom textiles. With the
unwavering support of his younger siblings, he established the KPR Group, which has evolved
into a formidable textile conglomerate rooted in strong ethical principles. His dedication to
environmental sustainability is evident in his initiatives to install numerous windmills and to
set up a co-generation sugar plant along with solar power facilities, thereby ensuring that a
significant portion of KPR’s energy requirements is fulfilled through renewable resources. In
addition to his entrepreneurial achievements, KPR has made remarkable contributions to
society, driven by his relentless work ethic and commitment to community development. He
has pioneered the establishment of industry-leading ‘Five Star rated HR facilities’ that
empower employees by offering exceptional educational opportunities and innovative
amenities. To date, more than 31,000 employees have reaped the benefits of educational
initiatives developed in partnership with universities and advanced infrastructure, with many
excelling in government examinations and receiving prestigious accolades, including gold
medals and high ranks. Furthermore, his initiatives aimed at career development have enabled
numerous employees to secure positions in esteemed organizations throughout the nation. As
a fervent environmentalist and proponent of sustainable business practices, he founded ‘KPR
Charities’, a public trust focused on social welfare and education, which encompasses high-
quality collegiate education and the KPR IAS Academy, serving the wider community. His
active involvement with Rotary has led to the sponsorship of various projects dedicated to
societal betterment. KPR's strategic foresight and dynamic leadership have garnered him
accolades as one of the ‘Top 100 CEOs of India’, while KPR Mill Limited has consistently
been recognized among the Top 500 Listed Companies by numerous business publications.
KPR has received numerous accolades, including the prestigious ‘Star of India’ Award
presented by former Prime Minister Shri Deva Gowda, as well as an honorary Doctorate, D.Litt.
(Honoris Causa) from the esteemed Kalinga University in Odisha. Additionally, he serves as a
Director for several companies, including K.P.R. Sugar Mill Limited, KPR Sugar and Apparels
Limited, Jahnvi Motor Private Limited, Quantum Knits Private Limited, Galaxy Knits Limited,
K.P.R. Developers Limited, K P R Holdings Private Limited, K P R Agro Farms Private
Limited, K P R Cements Private Limited, and KPR Info Solution Private Limited.

56
 VISION AND MISSION
The company takes immense pride in our facility's designation as a 'Model Factory,' which has
garnered attention from a multitude of industry leaders, high-ranking executives, government
representatives, and international delegates visiting KPR. This recognition underscores our
commitment to excellence and innovation within the manufacturing sector, positioning us as a
benchmark for best practices and operational efficiency. The unwavering dedication to quality
is evident in our meticulous approach to sourcing premium raw materials, employing a
workforce of highly skilled professionals, and integrating cutting-edge machinery throughout
all operational departments. The adaptability of company’s infrastructure enables us to meet
diverse customer demands, ensuring shorter lead times and the capability to handle orders of
varying sizes with ease and precision. The entire operations of the Company are strategically
situated within a 50km radius of Tirupur and Coimbatore, which are among Asia’s largest
apparel manufacturing hubs. This close proximity to buyers minimizes material handling costs
and allows for immediate feedback on product quality. The company have implemented both
modern and advanced machines in all departments. The high-speed imported machines
guarantee precision and efficiency. Their state-of-the-art machinery enables them to produce
garments that meet international standards. KPR Mill is one of the largest vertically integrated
textile companies in Asia. Their thoughtful vertical integration strategy has ensured a smooth
and seamless flow of operations throughout the company.

 Visions
1. Establish a strong foothold in the international textile industry by emphasizing quality.
2.Aim is to exceed the expectations of both customers and stakeholders.
3. Position quality as the fundamental principle guiding KPR's operations.
4. Automation with advanced machines has enabled them to achieve precision, high quality,
and timely delivery.
5. Shift towards eco-friendly materials, sustainable production methods, and practices that
promote a circular economy, such as recycling fabrics and minimizing waste.
6. Technological Integration: Utilizing AI, automation, and smart textiles to enhance efficiency,
customization, and speed of production.
7. Global Supply Chain Resilience: Creating adaptable and diverse supply chains to reduce the
impact of disruptions, whether from pandemics or geopolitical challenges.
8. Ethical Labour Practices: Committing to fair wages, safe working environments, and the
protection of workers' rights in textile manufacturing worldwide.
9. Digital Fashion: The rise of digital fashion, including virtual try-ons and clothing design
facilitated by augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).
10. Collaboration with Other Industries: Merging textiles with sectors such as automotive (for
innovative car interiors), medical for wearable devices, and technology for intelligent clothing.

57
 The Yarn division operates with 370,000 spindles, boasting a production capacity of 100,000
MT per year. Utilizing state-of-the-art machinery that meets international standards, KPR
manufactures Combed, Grey Melange, Carded, and Compact yarns for leading global apparel
brands. Additionally, we have expanded our production capacity to include 10,500 MT of
Vortex Viscose Yarn. Our Fabric division features high-speed automatic circular knitting
machines capable of producing 40,000 MT of various fabric types annually. The Fabric
Processing unit can handle 25,000 MT per year, equipped with a cutting-edge Effluent
Treatment Plant (ETP). The vertical integration of our manufacturing process allows us to tailor
products to meet client specifications while ensuring consistent quality and cost-effectiveness.
In terms of sustainability, the company has invested in Wind Mills, a Co-Generation plant, and
rooftop Solar installations, achieving a total generation capacity of 163.92 MW of green power
for our own consumption, making us self-reliant in our energy needs.

 Missions
1. Innovative and Value-Added Products
Meaning- The company is committed in delivering unique, customized, and value-driven
services that cater specifically to the needs of our clients. Their focus is on ensuring that each
service which provide not only meets but exceeds customer expectations, thereby fostering
long-term relationships built on trust and satisfaction. Maximum innovation would help to get
more effective and fast result which eventually will help the company to extract more profits
Impact- the automations won’t hurt the interest of the work force as they are taken into
consideration prior to automation. In the pursuit of excellence, the company prioritize the
ongoing improvement of our technological capabilities and the development of their
workforce's skills. This dedication enables them to adapt to the dynamic requirements of the
Apparel and Textile sector, ensuring that they remain at the forefront of industry advancements
and can effectively respond to the changing landscape.

2. Optimisation of All Types of Resources.

Meaning- To evolve into a process-oriented organization, it is essential to implement
systematic methodologies that enhance efficiency and productivity across all operations. This
transformation involves analysing current workflows, identifying areas for improvement, and
integrating best practices that streamline processes. By fostering a culture that prioritizes
continuous improvement and accountability, the organization can ensure that every team
member is aligned with the overarching goals, ultimately leading to a more cohesive and
effective operational framework.
Impact- This refers to that the objective is to position ourselves as the premier provider of
ready-made knitted garments, fabric, and yarn in the market. Achieving this status requires a
commitment to quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction. By leveraging advanced
technologies and sustainable practices, we can enhance our product offerings while meeting
the evolving needs of our clientele. This strategic focus will not only solidify our reputation but
also drive growth and profitability, ensuring that we remain the preferred choice for consumers
seeking high-quality knitted products.

58
 3. Increase Customer Satisfaction.
Meaning- Enhance the overall value proposition for customers, shareholders, employees, and
the broader community. Strive to function as a global entity that upholds ethical standards,
maintains transparency, and demonstrates a commitment to responsible practices. To build a
better mutual trust and relation with the customers.
Impact- Foster an environment that generates increased benefits for all stakeholders, including
customers, investors, staff, and society at large. Aim to conduct business as a principled and
accountable organization on a global scale, ensuring that ethical considerations and
transparency are at the forefront of all operations.

 MILESTONES

o 1984- Maiden business at Coimbatore, India and started knitted garment plant in Coimbatore.

o 1999- First spinning unit at Sathyamangalam with 6,000 spindles. Increased to 30,240 spindels.

o 2005- Global Majors Investments, Private Equity participation by leading US Corporate

‘Brandot Investments’ and Two others

o 2007- Public listing in share market with IPO at a premium. Shares Listed at Bombay &
National Stock Exchanges, India.

o 2015- KPR Mill features on Business World magazine’s 500 Definitive Ranking of India’s
Largest Companies.

o 2016- The Chairman of company K.P. Ramasamy features as one of the India’s Best CEOs in
a survey published on 1 January 2016

o 2016- KPR Mill find place in Financial Express Magazine’s India’s Finest 500 Companies List
published in February 2016.

o 2020- K.P.Ramasamy, Chairman has been honoured by the renowned Kalinga University,
Odisha with ‘Doctorate, D.Litt. (Honoris Causa)’ on 25.01.2020 at the Kalinga University,
Odisha.

o 2022- The Chairman has been conferred with the award ‘Champion of Humanity’ by the
Hindustan Chamber of Commerce, Chennai for Business Excellence.

All this achievements helped the company to make a significant place in the hearts of their
customers and an inspiration to the new generation who are willing to join this field about how
a person created a company worth 30,000 crores from scratch. The company still has a lot on
their bucket list which they are dedicated to complete with every step forward in the business.

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 CHAPTER 5
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Data Analysis is the organized approach to examining, cleaning, transforming, and

modelling data to reveal valuable information, draw conclusions, and aid in decision-
making. It encompasses various techniques designed to interpret raw data and deliver
insights that address specific questions or resolve issues. The process usually begins with
data collection and organization, followed by exploratory analysis, where the data is
scrutinized to uncover patterns, trends, and anomalies. This can involve both qualitative
and quantitative methods, depending on the nature of the data and the objectives of the
analysis. The initial phase of data analysis typically focuses on data cleaning, a crucial step
to guarantee that the data is accurate, complete, and devoid of errors. This process may
involve eliminating duplicates, addressing missing values, and rectifying inconsistencies.
After the data has been cleaned, the next step is data transformation, where raw data is
reshaped into a more useful format, such as summarizing data into statistics or normalizing
values for easier comparison.

 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)- It represents an essential step in the analytical process,
allowing analysts to identify and understand the underlying patterns present in the dataset.
This phase often involves the use of various visualization techniques, including graphs,
charts, and histograms, which serve to reveal trends, distributions, and correlations among
different variables. In cases where the data exhibits a higher level of complexity, analysts
may also resort to more sophisticated techniques such as regression analysis, clustering, or
the application of machine learning models to gain deeper insights

 Data interpretation- It is the process of deriving meaning from the outcomes of data
analysis. It involves drawing conclusions, recognizing relationships, and offering insights
based on the analysed data. This process acts as a bridge between raw data and practical
knowledge, converting intricate data sets into comprehensible patterns that inform decision-
making.

 The Relationship Between Data Analysis and Interpretation

The processes of data analysis and interpretation are intrinsically linked, each playing
crucial role in the overall understanding of information. Data analysis serves as the
groundwork, providing essential insights that form the basis for further examination.
However, it is the act of interpretation that infuses these insights with significance and
contextual relevance. If the analysis is conducted inadequately, the resulting interpretations
may lead to erroneous conclusions or lack depth. Conversely, without the interpretative
layer, the analysis itself may fail to convey any substantial meaning or practical application.

60
 5.2 THE AGE GROUP OF THE RESPONDENTS.

5.2.1 Pie chart elaboration of the study.

Age group Percentage

Below 18 9.4%
18-25 87.5%
25-50 0%
Above 50 3.1%

5.2.2 Tabular representation of age group data

 Interpretation
It can highlight the specific needs of different groups, such as healthcare for seniors or
educational priorities for children. The data collected shows us that a large number of people
out of 100% the youth in with almost 88%. The second highest in the study is the age group of
below 18, individual with 9.4% in the format which considerably shows that youth is
participating in this and showing their response for the study with their likely topic.

61
 5.2 The gender of the common masses

5.2.3 Pie chart elaboration of the study

Gender Percentage

Male 59.4%

Female 40.6%

5.2.4 Tabular representation of gender data

 Interpretation
Gender data offers valuable insights into how individuals identify across various gender
categories, usually classified as male, female, and non-binary. This information is crucial for
understanding demographic trends, social equality, and representation in areas like education,
employment, and healthcare. By analysing gender data, we can uncover disparities or
imbalances, such as wage gaps or underrepresentation in leadership roles, and inform policies
aimed at advancing gender equity, Thereby guiding the development of policies designed to
foster gender equity. 60% of the informants are male whereas the rest 40% are females. This
shows a mere dominance of males in this study.

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 5.2 What is there occupation

5.2.5 Pie chart elaboration of the study

Occupation Percentage

Student 71.9%
Employed in private sector 12.5%
Self employed 12.5%

Retired 3.1%

5.2.6 Tabular representation of employment data.

 Interpretation
Employment data provides essential insights into the labour market, showcasing trends in job
availability, unemployment rates, and workforce participation. It indicates the ratio of
employed to unemployed individuals, which can signal economic health or instability.
Additionally, employment data aids in identifying sectors experiencing growth or decline,
influencing both career choices and policy decisions. Analysts often examine demographic
factors such as age, gender, and education level within employment data to evaluate disparities
or opportunities for improvement. The students have contributed the most in the study with
about 72% followed by employed and self-employed sector with 12.5% each and the least
comes the unemployed people with 3.1% and 0% or null participation by retired.

63
 5.2 Educational qualification of the respondents.

5.2.7 Pie chart elaboration of the study

Qualification Percentage

High school 3.1%

Under graduate 75%
Post graduate 18.8%
Others 3.1%

5.2.8 Tabular representation of educational qualification data.

 Interpretation
Educational qualification data provides insights into the education levels attained by
individuals within a specific population. This information is usually divided into categories
such as no formal education, primary, secondary, and tertiary qualifications. By analysing this
data, we can evaluate the overall educational attainment of a society and pinpoint areas where
access to education may be lacking. Furthermore, examining educational qualification data can
guide policies designed to enhance education systems, promote workforce readiness, and tackle
inequalities in educational access. Understanding this data is also essential for exploring the
relationship between education and economic mobility. The study tells us that the maximum
people taking part in this are from under graduate field with 75% of contribution and the high
school and others have contributed with 3.1% each and the post graduate with about 19% of
contribution for the study conducted.

64
 5.2 What is the income of the responder

5.2.9 elaboration of the study

Income Percentage

Below 3,00,000 68.8%

3,00,0000 – 5,00,000 12.5%
5,00,000 – 10,00,000 12.5%
Above 10,00,000 6.2%

5.2.10 Tabular representation of income data

 Interpretation
Interpreting income data involves analysing and understanding information related to income,
with the aim of drawing meaningful conclusions or insights. This process includes examining
various types of income data. Majority of population is below 3,00,000 with 68.8% and the
3,00,000 to 10,00,000 responders are each 12.5%.

65
 5.3 Have you ever worked in a textile industry.

5.3.1 Pie chart elaboration of the study

Worked in textile ever before Percentage

Yes 28.1%

No 71.9%

5.3.2 Tabular representation of the people who have worked or not in textile industry data

 Interpretation
The analysis of data collected from individuals in the textile industry, whether they are currently
employed or not, involves examining information related to employment in this sector. This
data can encompass various elements, including the number of individuals working, the specific
roles they occupy, the reasons behind unemployment, demographic details, and the economic
factors that affect participation in the textile workforce. The data states that about 71.9% of
people have never worked in the textile industry before this and about only 29.1% of responders
have worked or they are still working the textile industry, this shows a concern as people are
shifting to jobs from business.

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 5.3 Which areas of textile are the responders interested to pursue the carrier in.

5.3.3 Pie chart elaboration of the study

Interested field in textile industry Percentage

Manufacturing 43.8%
Design 28.1%
Quality Control 9.4%
Sales and Marketing 6.2%
Supply chain management 12.5%

5.3.4 Tabular representation of the people who are interested in a specific field of Textile
Industry data

 Interpretation
The responders are asked if they are interested in a specific field of textile industry which turns
out to the answers reporting of about 43.8% in manufacturing. Design department follows that
with 28.1% of votes and the supply chain management follows the design with 12.5% of shares.
Responders are least interested in quality control with about 9.4% of shares and the least chosen
is the sales and marketing sector with only 6.2% of votes. This shows us that people are less
interested in the ground duty on a duty with lot of physical work required.

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 5.3 In which way would the responders get employed in textile industry.

5.3.5 Pie chart elaboration of the study

Preference of time Percentage

Part time 65.6%
Full time 18.8%
Broker work 6.2%

Salesman job 9.4%

5.3.6 Tabular representation of the preference of timings of job in textile Industry data

 Interpretation
The process through which individuals seek employment opportunities in the textile industry,
whether on a part-time or full-time basis, necessitates a thorough analysis of relevant data to
understand the preferred or potential types of employment available to those within the sector.
Such an analysis may uncover significant trends and various factors that influence the choices
made by job seekers in this field. As the study is done with the college students most of the
preferred answer in part time job with a share of 65.6%, then comes the votes share of 18.8%
with the preference of full time job which is followed by salesman job with vote share of 9.4%
and the last and least selected job was the broker job with preference of around 6% of
responders. The broker work is least selected because people don’t find any guarantee of job in
this field nor they get any fixed monthly income which feels threat to them.

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 5.3 Skills required for a job in textile industry

5.3.7 Pie chart elaboration of the study

Skills required Percentage

Technical skills 31.2%
Creativity skills 34.4%
Project management skills 18.8%
Communication skills 12.5%
Analytical skills 3.1%

5.3.8 Tabular representation of the skills required in textile Industry data

 Interpretation
The data you provided shows the percentage of skills required in the textile industry for
employment, broken down into specific categories. Here's an interpretation of the
representation of these skills. Creativity Skills (34.4%) High demand for creativity. Technical
Skills (31.2%) Essential for production, Project Management Skills (18.8%) Organizational
needs, Communication Skills (12.5%) Importance for collaboration and negotiation, Analytical
Skills (3.1%) Relatively lower demand, Overall Interpretation Creative and Technical Balance
31.2%.

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 5.3 Rating for the job availability in textile industry in bhiwandi

5.3.9 Bar graph on elaboration of the study

Rating for the job availability Percentage

1. 0%
2. 0%
3. 3.2%
4. 9.7%
5. 16.1%
6. 9.7%
7. 29%
8. 9.7%
9. 12.9%
10. 9.7%

5.3.10 Tabular representation of the ratings for job availability in textile Industry data

 Interpretation
Ratings 3 and 4 (3.2% and 9.7%): A very small percentage (3.2%) of respondent rate job
availability as low, 16.1% of respondent rate job availability as average (neutral). Ratings 6
and 8 (9.7% each): These mid-range ratings suggest that a portion of respondents feel that the
job availability is slightly above average, but not excellent. Rating 7 (29%): The highest
percentage (29%) is for rating 7, which indicates that a significant proportion of respondents
perceive job availability in Bhiwandi to be relatively good, whereas rating 9 is given by around
12% which is comparatively good rating. Rating 10 (9.7%): This percentage shows that some
respondents think the job availability is excellent.

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 5.4 What type of work environment do people prefer.

5.4.1.Pie chart elaboration of the study

Job preference percentage

Corporate job 53.1%

Factory work 25%

Outdoor work 15.6%

Transport work 6.2%

5.4.2 Tabular representation of job preference data

 Interpretation
The data provided shows job preferences within the workforce, broken down by job type and
the percentage of respondents choosing each. Here's an interpretation of the results, Corporate
Job (53.1%) Dominant Preference the largest group of respondents (53.1%) prefer corporate
jobs. Factory Work a significant portion (25%) of respondents prefers factory work. 15.6% of
respondents indicate that they prefer working outdoors.

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 5.4 problems faced by the responders on seeking employment in the textile industry.

 Interpretation
The textile industry, especially in areas like Bhiwandi, faces significant challenges due to
labour issues, a male-dominated culture, and language barriers that hinder job seekers.

 Labour Issues:
Poor working conditions and job insecurity often discourage individuals from entering or
remaining in the textile sector. To attract and keep a motivated workforce, it's essential to tackle
these labour concerns. This could mean improving wages, enhancing working conditions, and
fostering awareness of fair treatment and labour rights.

 Male-Dominated Culture:
The gender disparity in the workforce can create a tough environment for women, leading to
potential gender discrimination, fewer opportunities, and limited chances for career growth. It's
important to implement gender equality initiatives, support women in leadership positions, and
cultivate inclusive workplaces where both men and women can succeed equally.

 Language Barriers:
Language challenges can restrict access to job opportunities, complicate communication, and
diminish overall job satisfaction. Providing language training programs, multilingual job
postings, and inclusive on boarding processes can break down these barriers, ensuring that
everyone has equal access to job opportunities and can contribute effectively in the industry.
The challenges of labour issues, gender imbalance, and language barriers are closely linked and
can deter people from pursuing or staying in jobs in the textile industry. To tackle these
obstacles, a comprehensive strategy is needed.

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 5.4 The responders are familiar with the textile machinery terms.

5.4.3 horizontal graph for textile terms.

Textile machine names Percentage of vote

Power loom 76.7%
Hand loom 20%
Rewinding machine 9%
TFO machine 11%
Twisting machine 8%

5.4.4 Tabular representation of people familiar with textile machine names

 Interpretation
Power looms are the most widely used machines in the textile industry, garnering 76.7% of the
votes. Hand Loom (20%): Less Common but Significant: Hand looms garnered 20% of the
votes, showing that although they are much less prevalent than power looms, they still play an
important role in specific sectors of the textile industry. The rewinding machine garnered 9%
of the votes, indicating its application in the textile industry, though its function is more
specialized and not as commonly utilized. The TFO (Two-for-One) machine garnered 11% of
the votes, reflecting a moderate level of usage. This relatively low percentage implies that TFO
machines are likely utilized in more specialized areas of textile production. The twisting
machine garnered 8% of the votes, suggesting that it is among the less frequently utilized
machines.

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 5.4 What are the main hindrance to employment in the textile sector.

5.4.5 Pie chart elaboration of the study

Hindrance to employment Votes received

Lack of skills 13.3%

Limited job openings 13.3%
Low wages 33.3%
Working conditions 36.7%
Other 3.3%

5.4.6 Tabular presentation of hindrance to employment in textile industry.

 Interpretation
Lack of Skills (13.3%) of respondents pointed out that a lack of skills is a barrier to
employment. This indicates that some individuals may not possess the necessary qualifications
or specialized skills. Limited Job Openings (13.3%), a further 13.3% of respondents pointed
out that the scarcity of job openings is a significant barrier. This indicates that there are fewer
available positions compared to the number of job seekers looking for work. Low Wages
(33.3%) Significant Concern: A considerable 33.3% of respondents identified low wages as a
significant barrier. This suggests that the compensation provided in the textile industry may fall
short of the expectations or requirements of numerous workers. The biggest obstacle to
employment, according to 36.7% of respondents, is the working conditions. A small percentage
of respondents (3.3%) pointed out other factors as obstacles which includes, survey, including
limited access to transportation, cultural or regional challenges, or experiences of
discrimination.

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 5.4 Are the responders willing to pursue career in textile field.

5.4.7 Pie chart on elaboration of the study

Pursue their career in textile

industry field Votes received

Yes 44.8%

No 55.2%

5.4.8 Tabular representation of the people’s view on pursuing their career in textile industry
filed.

 Interpretation
Moderate Interest: 44.8% of respondents expressed an interest in pursuing a career in the textile
industry in Bhiwandi. This indicates a moderate level of interest, suggesting that a significant
portion of the population recognizes potential job opportunities in the textile sector.
Opportunities Seen: For those who answered "Yes," it may indicate that they see job prospects
in the industry or are keen on acquiring relevant skills. This could reflect a sense of confidence
in the local textile industry or a desire for stable employment within the sector.
Greater Hesitation: The 55.2% of respondents who answered "No" indicates that more than half
of the population is not on pursuing a career in the textile industry in city. This could be
attributed to various factors such as perceived low wages, unfavourable working conditions, or
limited opportunities for advancement. Barriers to Employment: The reasons behind this lack
of interest may arise from the challenges present in the industry, as highlighted in previous data
(e.g., low wages, poor working conditions, and limited job openings).

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 5.5 OVERVIEW ON INTERPRETATION

 OVERVIEW
The discourse concerning employment prospects within the textile industry of Bhiwandi holds
significant relevance, as it provides insights into the local economic landscape, the dynamics
of the job market, and the attractiveness of this sector for potential employees. By examining
various elements such as the quality of working conditions, remuneration levels, the availability
of job openings, and the potential for career advancement, a comprehensive analysis can be
conducted to better understand the implications for both workers and the broader community.

An in-depth exploration of these factors reveals critical information about the sustainability and
viability of employment in Bhiwandi's textile sector. The working conditions, which
encompass safety standards, hours of labour, and overall employee welfare, play a pivotal role
in determining the desirability of these jobs. Furthermore, the wage structure is essential, as it
directly influences the living standards of workers and their families, thereby impacting the
local economy. The availability of jobs and the potential for professional growth are equally
important, as they dictate the long-term prospects for individuals seeking stable and rewarding
careers in this industry. Ultimately, understanding the interplay of these factors is crucial for
stakeholders, including policymakers, business owners, and labour organizations, as they seek
to enhance the employment landscape in Bhiwandi's textile sector. By addressing the
challenges and leveraging the opportunities present within this industry, it is possible to foster
a more robust job market that not only benefits the workforce but also contributes to the overall
economic development of the region. This analysis serves as a foundation for informed
decision-making and strategic planning aimed at improving employment conditions and
promoting sustainable growth in the textile sector.

The textile industry in Bhiwandi presents a significant number of job opportunities; however,
it is confronted with several pressing challenges. These include inadequate wages, substandard
working environments, restricted prospects for career progression, and a lack of effective skill
development initiatives. Addressing these concerns is essential for making the sector more
appealing, attracting a larger pool of skilled labour, and improving overall job satisfaction
among employees. To foster a more favourable employment landscape within the textile sector,
it is crucial to implement comprehensive training programs, promote inclusive hiring practices,
and enhance the conditions under which workers operate. Such measures would not only
improve the immediate work environment but also contribute to a more skilled workforce,
ultimately leading to better employment outcomes. By prioritizing these initiatives, the industry
can create a more supportive atmosphere that encourages retention and growth among its
workforce. For the textile sector in Bhiwandi to achieve sustainable growth, it is imperative to
embrace modern technological advancements while simultaneously development.

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 5.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERPRETATION

 Introduction

The role of interpretation in comprehending data related to employment opportunities within

Bhiwandi's textile sector is crucial, as it provides significant insights that can shape decision-
making processes, inform policy formulation, and foster advancements within the industry. By
analysing and interpreting this data, stakeholders can identify trends, assess the current labour
market conditions, and understand the skills required for various roles, thereby enabling them
to make informed choices that can enhance workforce development and economic growth.
Furthermore, effective interpretation of employment data not only aids in recognizing the
existing challenges faced by the textile sector but also highlights potential areas for
improvement and innovation. This understanding can lead to the establishment of targeted
training programs, the implementation of supportive policies, and the attraction of investments
that are essential for the sector's sustainability and competitiveness. Ultimately, the ability to
interpret data accurately is fundamental for driving strategic initiatives that can elevate
Bhiwandi's textile industry and create a more robust employment landscape

1. Identifying Key Barriers and Opportunities

Recognizing the primary obstacles that hinder employment within the sector is of paramount
importance. These obstacles may manifest as inadequate compensation, substandard working
environments, a lack of necessary skills among the workforce, or a limited availability of job
positions. By identifying these issues, stakeholders including employers, policymakers, and
educational institutions can devise and execute targeted strategies to address these challenges
effectively. On the other hand, identifying potential avenues for growth within the industry,
such as enhancing skill development programs or increasing the number of available job
opportunities, can significantly inform initiatives designed to improve employment outcomes.
By focusing on these growth areas, stakeholders can create a more robust framework that not
only addresses existing barriers but also fosters a more dynamic and inclusive job market.

2. Improving Industry Practices:

Enhancing practices within the textile industry necessitates a comprehensive understanding of
the various challenges faced by workers, including substandard working conditions and
insufficient wages. By acknowledging these issues, the industry can initiate systematic reforms
aimed at improving the overall workplace environment. Such reforms may encompass the
establishment of more rigorous safety standards, the promotion of worker welfare initiatives,
and the provision of competitive remuneration packages. Recognizing the existing skill gaps
within the workforce can facilitate the creation of specialized training programs designed to
equip workers with the necessary skills that align with the evolving demands of the industry,
thereby improving their readiness for employment

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3. Informed Decision-Making:
Analysing employment data equips both employers and job seekers with the necessary
information to make informed decisions. Employers can utilize these insights to optimize their
recruitment strategies, adjust compensation packages, and improve the overall work
environment. By understanding the trends and patterns within the data, they can better align
their practices with the needs of the labour market, ultimately leading to more effective hiring
processes. On the other hand, job seekers benefit from a comprehensive understanding of the
employment landscape, particularly within the textile industry. This knowledge allows them to
assess the pros and cons associated with various career paths, taking into account factors such
as job availability, salary expectations, and working conditions. Consequently, they are
empowered to make choices that align with their personal and professional goals, ensuring a
more strategic approach to their career development

4. Policy Formulation and Economic Planning:

Local government officials and policymakers have the opportunity to utilize the analyzed data
to formulate policies that foster the development and sustainability of the textile industry. By
implementing initiatives that promote investment in areas such as worker safety, education,
skill enhancement, and infrastructure, they can effectively address several of the challenges that
have been identified. This understanding of the data not only clarifies economic trends but also
provides a foundation for strategies aimed at bolstering growth within Bhiwandi's textile sector,
which is crucial to the region's economic landscape. By focusing on comprehensive support
systems that include training programs and improved working conditions, local authorities can
create a more resilient and competitive textile sector. Such strategic interventions are essential
for ensuring that Bhiwandi remains a significant player in the textile market, thereby
contributing to the overall economic vitality of the area.

5. Empowering Workforce Development:

Enhancing workforce development involves a thorough examination of employment-related
data, which encompasses job preferences, necessary skills, and the challenges faced in the
workplace. By engaging in this analysis, employees can cultivate a deeper comprehension of
the dynamics within their industry. Such understanding is crucial as it equips individuals with
the knowledge to navigate their career trajectories more effectively. Furthermore, this
analytical approach assists in setting pragmatic expectations regarding various career paths and
job functions within the sector. By clarifying the skills required and the potential obstacles that
may arise, workers are better prepared to make informed decisions about their professional
journeys. This proactive stance not only fosters individual growth but also contributes to a more
skilled and adaptable workforce overall. Ultimately, the empowerment of workforce
development through data analysis serves to bridge the gap between employee aspirations and
industry requirements. By providing a clearer picture of what to expect in terms of job roles
and career advancement, workers are better positioned to make informed decisions about their
professional paths.

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION, SUGGESTION & RECOMMENDATION

6.1 CONCLUSION

 Conclusion
The textile sector in Bhiwandi serves as a crucial pillar of employment, playing a vital role in
bolstering the local economy. Recognized as one of the largest textile hubs in India, Bhiwandi
presents a wide array of job opportunities across various domains, including weaving, garment
manufacturing, and textile processing. This industry accommodates a diverse workforce,
providing positions for both skilled artisans and unskilled labourers, thereby enhancing the
economic landscape of the region.

The significance of the textile industry in Bhiwandi extends beyond mere employment; it is a
key driver of economic vitality for the local populace. The region's status as a prominent textile
centre facilitates a multitude of career paths, which not only support individual livelihoods but
also contribute to the overall economic development of the surrounding communities. The
availability of jobs in this sector is particularly beneficial, as it fosters income generation and
promotes financial stability among residents. Furthermore, the textile industry in Bhiwandi is
poised for continued growth, offering substantial potential for future employment
opportunities. As demand for textiles remains robust, the sector is likely to expand, attracting
more workers and enhancing the economic prospects of the area. This growth trajectory
underscores the importance of the textile industry as a sustainable source of income and
employment, reinforcing its role as a cornerstone of the local economy and a vital resource for
community development.

While the future appears optimistic, several obstacles remain that must be addressed, such as
labour conditions, skill deficiencies, and the imperative for modernization. To enhance the
prospects for sustainable job growth within Bhiwandi's textile industry, it is essential to allocate
resources towards infrastructure development, implement comprehensive training initiatives,
and enhance the overall working environment. These strategic investments can play a crucial
role in unlocking the sector's full potential. The textile sector in Bhiwandi holds significant
promise for employment opportunities, yet it is imperative to tackle the existing challenges
head-on. By focusing on improving labour conditions and bridging the skill gaps through
targeted training programs, stakeholders can create a more competent workforce that meets the
evolving demands of the industry, thereby fostering a more robust economic landscape. In
conclusion, the outlook for employment within Bhiwandi's textile sector is indeed favourable,
provided that appropriate reforms are implemented. The combination of enhanced
infrastructure, effective training, and improved working conditions can lead to substantial
growth and development opportunities. By prioritizing these areas, the industry can pave the
way for a sustainable future, ensuring that it remains competitive and capable of adapting to

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 the changing market dynamics. The textile industry in Bhiwandi is characterized by its ability
to draw from a substantial labour pool. This includes not only the local workforce but also
migrant labourers from different regions of India, who meet the needs for both manual and
semi-skilled positions. The presence of labour willing to work for comparatively lower wages
has contributed to Bhiwandi's appeal as a hub for textile production. Additionally, the
affordability of labour supports the growth of small-scale industries in the area, resulting in
numerous employment opportunities within these smaller manufacturing units.

 Key points derived from the study.

1. The textile sector in Bhiwandi is confronted with considerable obstacles, particularly in
relation to the conditions under which labour is performed.
2. Numerous employees are subjected to inadequate working environments, characterized by
insufficient wages and a lack of essential rights.
3. Workers frequently endure extended hours in factories that are poorly ventilated, which
poses health risks.
4. The hazardous conditions prevalent in dyeing and printing facilities further exacerbate the
risks faced by these labourers.
5. These issues raise critical concerns regarding the welfare of workers, which must be
addressed to ensure the sustainable growth of the industry.
6. Furthermore, the issue of child labour continues to be a significant challenge, despite the
ongoing initiatives by governmental bodies and non-governmental organizations aimed at its
eradication.
7. The lack of enforcement of labour laws contributes to the persistence of these challenges
within the textile industry.
8. Many workers are unaware of their rights, which further complicates efforts to improve
labour conditions.
9. The need for comprehensive reforms in labour policies is essential to enhance the working
environment and protect workers' rights.
10. Collaborative efforts between various stakeholders are crucial to effectively tackle these
pressing issues and promote a more equitable textile industry.
11. The outlook for employment within Bhiwandi's textile sector remains optimistic, despite
existing obstacles that the industry faces.
12. Numerous initiatives are available that have the potential to elevate the industry's reputation
and foster sustainable employment opportunities for the workforce.
13. One potential strategy involves the government offering incentives aimed at improving
workplace conditions, thereby ensuring that employees receive equitable compensation for
their labour.

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 14. Another critical area for development is the investment in skill enhancement programs,
which could be effectively implemented through partnerships with educational institutions and
industry organizations.
15. The need for comprehensive reforms in labour policies is essential to enhance the working
environment and protect workers' rights. Ultimately, these efforts will not only benefit the
industry but also enhance the overall economic landscape of Bhiwandi, leading to long-term
growth and stability.

Significance of conclusions.
Importance of a Conclusion: The conclusion serves as a vital component of any discourse,
encapsulating the essence of the argument or discussion presented throughout the work.
Recapitulation of Main Ideas: It succinctly reiterates the fundamental aspects of the argument,
ensuring that the audience retains the most significant insights from the discussion.
Reinforcement of Objectives: The conclusion clarifies the primary aim or thesis of the work,
aiding the audience in comprehending the central argument or findings effectively.
Promotion of Contemplation: It often encourages the audience to reflect on the subject matter,
potentially inspiring them to take action or engage in further contemplation regarding the topic.
Summary of Implications: It highlights the broader consequences or applications of the
findings, encouraging the audience to think about the practical implications of the discussion.
Final Thoughts: The conclusion provides an opportunity for the writer to leave the audience
with a memorable statement or insight, reinforcing the overall message of the work.

6.2 SUGGESTION

 Significance of suggestion.
Significance of suggestion: Encourages Creative Thinking and Problem-Solving: Suggestions
frequently introduce novel concepts or methods that individuals may not have previously
considered.
Guides Decision-Making: Suggestions are essential in decision-making processes. When
someone feels uncertain or lacks information, suggestions can provide a helpful push toward a
possible solution
Strengthens Relationships and Builds Trust: Suggestions play a crucial role in building trust
and fostering positive communication in relationships. Making a suggestion is often perceived
as a caring and supportive gesture, reflecting a desire to help without being overbearing
Aids in Conflict Resolution: In challenging or contentious situations, making suggestions can
be a gentle approach to resolving conflicts. By offering suggestions rather than commands.

81
 Promotes Personal Growth and Development: When suggestions are made with the intent to
help, they can spark personal growth. For instance, a teacher or mentor might recommend ways
for someone to enhance a specific skill or area of knowledge. By offering resources, strategies,
or different approaches, others contribute valuable insights that aid in developing new abilities
or improving existing one

 Suggestion for the study

Investigating the employment opportunities within Bhiwandi's textile sector in Maharashtra
presents a fascinating endeavour, as this town stands as one of the prominent textile hubs in
India. Renowned for its extensive textile manufacturing and vibrant wholesale markets,
Bhiwandi plays a crucial role in the country's textile landscape. To conduct thorough research,
one might explore various strategies and approaches that can yield valuable insights into the
dynamics of this industry. The textile industry in Bhiwandi is characterized by a rich tapestry
of production activities and a robust network of wholesale operations, making it an essential
focal point for job seekers and researchers alike. Understanding the intricacies of this sector
involves delving into the various facets of employment, including the types of jobs available,
the skills required, and the overall economic impact of the industry on the local community.
Engaging with industry stakeholders, such as manufacturers, retailers, and labour
organizations, can provide a comprehensive view of the current job market. Furthermore,
analysing the trends and challenges faced by Bhiwandi's textile industry can enhance one's
understanding of its job prospects. Factors such as technological advancements, shifts in
consumer preferences, and global market influences play a significant role in shaping
employment opportunities. By examining these elements, researchers can identify potential
growth areas and the skills that will be in demand, thereby equipping job seekers with the
knowledge necessary to navigate this dynamic industry effectively.

1. Overview of the Textile Industry in Bhiwandi:

Historical Development: Explore the transformation of Bhiwandi into a prominent textile
centre. This should cover the expansion of the weaving sector, the impact of power looms, and
the development of local markets. Additionally, the emergence of local markets has played a
crucial role in supporting this industry, facilitating the distribution of textiles and fostering
economic development within the region
Current Landscape: Examine the present scale of operations, the variety of textile products
manufactured, and Bhiwandi's significance in both the national and global textile supply chain.
The scale of production has expanded considerably, positioning Bhiwandi as a vital player in
both the national and international textile supply chains.

2. Types of Employment in the Textile Sector

Skilled and Unskilled Labour: Explore the various employment types in the textile industry,
including skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers. What roles do these individuals play in
the production process.

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Roles and Responsibilities: Investigate common job positions like machine operators, weavers,
fabric designers, technicians, managers, supervisors, and administrative personnel. The textile
sector encompasses a diverse range of employment types, categorized primarily into skilled,
semi-skilled, and unskilled labour. The labours are provided with the job as per their expertise.
Gender and Age Demographics: Examine the gender and age distribution of workers in the
textile sector. Are there noticeable trends, such as a higher number of women in specific roles
or younger individuals in manual labour.

3. Training and Skill Development

Skill Gaps: Examine the existing skill gaps in the industry and investigate how workers receive
training. Delve into the contributions of local training centres, vocational schools, and industry-
led skill development initiatives.
Technological Advancements: Assess the impact of automation and technology, including
advancements in digital printing and upgrades in textile machinery, on the demand for skilled
workers and job opportunities.
Government Programs: Look into government initiatives designed to enhance training and
boost employability within the textile sector. Additionally, an investigation into government
programs aimed at improving training opportunities and increasing employability within the
textile industry is warranted

4. Employment Challenges
Labour Conditions: Explore the working conditions in Bhiwandi’s textile units. Are there
concerns related to wages, working hours, or safety standards, It is essential to assess whether
these factors contribute to a challenging work environment for employees.
Job Insecurity: Look into the prevalence of temporary or contract-based employment. Is there
a significant lack of long-term job security, and what impact does this have on workers,
Additionally, examine the extent of job insecurity prevalent in the region, particularly
concerning the reliance on temporary or contract employment
Migration for Work: Research whether workers from other regions of India move to Bhiwandi
in search of jobs. What challenges do they encounter, and how does this migration influence
the local labour market.

5. Influence of Globalization on Employment

Export Market: Examine the extent to which the global demand for textiles affects job prospects
in Bhiwandi. Are there fluctuations in international trade that influence the stability of
employment within this industry this has caused to instability in the textile market of the city.
As it need needs new reforms to fight in the global competition of the textile manufacturers.

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 Competition with Other Hubs: Evaluate the competitive landscape between Bhiwandi and other
textile manufacturing centres, both within India and internationally. What strategies does
Bhiwandi employ to maintain its significance in the face of this competition.

6. Socioeconomic Impact of Employment in Bhiwandi

Economic Contribution: Assess the significance of the textile sector in Bhiwandi's economy.
In what ways does it support local livelihoods, contribute to the local GDP, and impact other
sectors like transportation, retail, and services.
Living Standards: Examine how employment in the textile industry affects the living standards
of workers. Are these jobs sufficient to provide economic stability for workers and their
families. Also check whether there are proper medical care taken of the employees and their
family by the textile owners.

7. Sustainability and Future Employment Trends

Sustainable Practices: Take into account the increasing focus on sustainability within the textile
industry. In what ways does the implementation of eco-friendly practices, like recycling and
utilizing organic fabrics, influence job opportunities in Bhiwandi.
Future Trends: Investigate possible shifts in the demand for textile workers due to emerging
technologies, consumer preferences for sustainable products, and any changes in global supply
chains.

 Methodology for Study

Primary Research: Conduct interviews with factory owners, workers, labor unions, and industry
experts. Distribute surveys among workers in the textile units to gain insights into their
employment conditions, wages, and job satisfaction.
Secondary Research: Examine government reports, industry analyses, academic papers, and
news articles related to Bhiwandi's textile sector.
Case Studies: Investigate specific factories or businesses in Bhiwandi and their employment
strategies.
Field Visits: If feasible, visit Bhiwandi’s textile units to observe operations, engage with
workers, and gain a first-hand understanding of the challenges they face.

The textile industry is experiencing a growing emphasis on sustainability, prompting a

revaluation of traditional practices. The adoption of environmentally friendly methods, such as
recycling materials and the use of organic fabrics, significantly impacts employment
opportunities in Bhiwandi. This shift not only creates new roles focused on sustainable
production processes but also necessitates a workforce skilled in these innovative practices,
thereby transforming the job landscape in the region. Future Trends: It is essential to explore

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 the potential changes in the demand for textile workers as a result of advancements in
technology, evolving consumer preferences towards sustainable products, and modifications in
global supply chains. These factors are likely to reshape the workforce requirements, leading
to a need for adaptability and new skill sets among workers in the textile sector. As the industry
evolves, understanding these trends will be crucial for both employers and employees in
navigating the future of work in textiles. Investigating the employment opportunities within the
textile sector of Bhiwandi offers a comprehensive understanding of labour economics, while
simultaneously delivering critical data that can contribute to the improvement of the industry
and the welfare of its workforce. This exploration not only sheds light on the dynamics of job
availability and economic conditions but also highlights the potential for growth and
development within this vital sector. A thorough examination of the job market in Bhiwandi's
textile industry will yield significant insights into the principles of labour economics.
Furthermore, this analysis can serve as a foundation for strategies aimed at enhancing the
industry's overall performance and bolstering the support systems available for its employees.
By understanding the intricacies of employment trends and workforce needs, stakeholders can
make informed decisions that promote sustainability and prosperity in this essential economic
domain

6.3 Recommendation

 Examples of Recommendations:
A research paper's conclusion may recommend improvements to a process derived from the
findings.
In the business realm, a consultant could recommend modifications to increase efficiency or
profitability.
A manager might suggest further training for an employee during a performance review to
improve their competencies.
Conclusions in research can highlight strategies for process enhancement based on outcomes.
Consultants in business may identify changes to optimize operational efficiency or financial
returns.
Performance evaluations may lead managers to propose skill development opportunities for
employees.
Research findings can inform recommendations for refining processes.
Business consultants often advocate for strategic adjustments to enhance overall performance.
Managers may recognize the need for additional training during employee assessments to foster
growth.
Recommendations for improvement can stem from both research conclusions and managerial
evaluations.

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 Recommendations
To improve employment opportunities within the textile industry of Bhiwandi, it is essential to
consider the common challenges and potential advantages observed in similar regions' textile
sectors. The recommendations are suggested on the basis of the personal study, analysis,
interpretation, and after interviews with several common mases related to the field and the
views are personal and not static. The recommendations are made with a view to help the textile
sector of bhiwandi and help the labours and the owners with their problems. The people of
bhiwandi should adopt the study in view to expand their business and for the labours to know
their right and for the common people to know the broader scope of employment opportunities
in the textile sector of Bhiwandi.

1. Improve Skill Development and Training Programs

Recommendation: Create targeted skill development initiatives for employees in the textile
industry, emphasizing advanced techniques, machine operation, design, and quality control.
Collaborating with vocational training institutes, local government, and textile industry
associations can effectively address the skill gap.
Significance: Workers who receive proper training are more productive and better equipped to
adapt to technological changes, enhancing the overall competitiveness of Bhiwandi’s textile
sector. This approach will also offer workers greater job security and opportunities for career
growth.

2. Promote Technological Upgradation

Recommendation: Advocate for the integration of cutting-edge technologies like automated
looms, digital printing, and artificial intelligence in textile manufacturing. This can be
facilitated through government incentives, subsidies, or collaborations with technology
providers.
Significance: Embracing technological advancements will enhance productivity, lower
operational costs, and generate a need for skilled workers capable of operating and maintaining
sophisticated machinery. This approach will support the sustainability and growth of
employment opportunities in the region.

3. Create a Supportive Infrastructure for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

Recommendation: Provide assistance to small and medium textile businesses in Bhiwandi by
improving access to financing, offering training in business management, and developing
effective marketing strategies. Enhancing funding opportunities and improving supply chain
connections can also support the growth of SMEs.
Significance: SMEs represent a vital part of the textile sector in Bhiwandi, and by supporting
them, we can foster job creation and strengthen local businesses. Increasing their capabilities
can lead to more employment opportunities.

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4. Raise Awareness of Sustainable Textile Practices
Recommendation: Motivate local textile manufacturers to embrace sustainable production
techniques, such as using eco-friendly fabrics, implementing energy-efficient processes, and
managing waste effectively. Providing training for workers on these sustainable practices will
enhance their ability to adapt to global market trends.
Significance: The global textile market is progressively leaning towards sustainable and eco-
friendly products. By integrating these practices, Bhiwandi’s textile industry can tap into new
markets, resulting in increased demand for workers and fostering long-term job opportunities
and also respecting their place at the work and restore the pride of the workers

5. Enhance Labour Conditions and Worker Rights

Recommendation: Establish clear guidelines for fair wages, reasonable working hours, and
adequate health and safety standards. Collaborating with labour unions and conducting regular
audits can effectively monitor these conditions. Ultimately, the establishment of robust job
placement services will foster a more dynamic and responsive labour market within the textiles.
Significance: Enhancing labour conditions not only improves the well-being of workers but
also supports the long-term stability and reputation of Bhiwandi’s textile industry. Happy
workers are more inclined to remain in their positions, resulting in lower turnover and a more
skilled workforce.

6. Promote Women's Empowerment in the Workforce

Recommendation: Advocate for the increased participation of women in diverse roles within
the textile industry, particularly in leadership positions. Implement gender-sensitive policies,
such as flexible working hours, transportation options, and childcare support, to facilitate
women's entry and success in the workforce.
Significance: Empowering women in the textile industry can unlock a significant yet
underutilized talent pool, fostering more inclusive growth. This approach will also enhance
diversity, creativity, and productivity within the sector.

7. Enhance Job Market Connectivity and Placement Services

Recommendation: Create or improve job placement services that link local textile companies
with skilled workers, including job fairs, apprenticeship programs, and a specialized online
platform for job listings.
Significance: Strengthening the connection between employers and job seekers will assist
textile businesses in locating the right talent while also lowering unemployment rates.
Additionally, it offers workers better access to job opportunities and avenues for career growth.
The importance of enhancing these connections cannot be overstated, as it plays a crucial role
in enabling textile companies to identify and recruit the most suitable candidates for their
workforce

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 8. Encourage Collaboration Among Government, Industry, and Academia
Recommendation: Foster partnerships between the textile sector, educational institutions, and
government agencies to create programs that meet market demands. For instance,
implementing a curriculum focused on textile design and technology at community colleges
could better equip students for careers in the industry.
Significance: Such collaboration guarantees that training initiatives are in sync with industry
requirements, enhancing job prospects for graduates. Additionally, government participation
can facilitate funding, provide tax breaks, or establish policies that support local businesses and
their workforce.

9. Strengthen Export Markets and Global Trade

Recommendation: Create strategies to enhance export opportunities for textile products made
in Bhiwandi. This can include participating in international trade fairs, establishing export
partnerships, and elevating product quality standards.
Significance: Tapping into global markets will boost demand for local textile products,
resulting in higher production levels and more job opportunities. Increased exports can
contribute to job market stability and offer long-term job security for workers.

10. Encourage Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Recommendation: Cultivate an entrepreneurial spirit in Bhiwandi by offering resources and
support for start-ups within the textile industry. This might involve financial incentives,
mentorship initiatives, and connections to industry networks for emerging businesses.
Significance: Fostering entrepreneurship can spark innovation, leading to new business models
and opportunities that enhance the textile sector. Start-ups focused on textile design,
production, or technology can broaden employment options and introduce novel ideas to the
industry.

 Conclusion for recommendation.

To effectively tackle the employment opportunities in Bhiwandi’s textile sector, a
comprehensive strategy is essential. By emphasizing skill development, integrating technology,
improving infrastructure, promoting sustainability, and enhancing labour conditions, we can
not only boost job prospects but also support the industry's long-term growth and
competitiveness. Implementing these measures will help ensure that the textile sector continues
to be a significant source of employment, benefiting both the local community and the national
economy.

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 GAP OF STUDY
A gap in study refers to a research area or question that remains underexplored or unaddressed
in the current literature. Regarding employment opportunities in the textile sector of Bhiwandi,
there are several potential gaps that could be investigated:

1. In-depth Analysis of Job Creation in Emerging Sub-Sectors

While many studies focus on the general growth of the textile sector, there may be limited
analysis of how specific sub-sectors (such as manufacturing, designing, retailing, and e-
commerce) contribute to employment opportunities. Investigating how emerging sub-sectors
within the textile industry are generating new employment opportunities, particularly in niche
areas like sustainable textiles or digital marketing.

2. Impact of Automation and Technology on Employment

There is a growing trend toward automation in textile manufacturing, but there is limited
research on how this affects employment in the Bhiwandi textile sector. Examining how
automation and technological advancements (such as AI, robotics, or digital printing) are
transforming job opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers in Bhiwandi.

3. Gender Dynamics and Employment in the Textile Sector

Much of the research in textiles tends to overlook the role of gender in the workforce,
particularly in smaller cities like Bhiwandi, which has a significant number of female workers.
A deeper look into how gender influences job creation and the barriers faced by women in
accessing employment opportunities in Bhiwandi’s textile sector. It could explore topics like
wage disparity, work-life balance, and career advancement for women.

4. Impact of Globalization and Export Markets on Local Employment

While Bhiwandi is a hub for textile goods, there is limited research on how globalization, such
as export markets and foreign competition, is influencing local employment. Investigating how
export demand and the internationalization of textile brands affect local employment trends and
wage structures in Bhiwandi.

5. The Role of Skill Development and Training Programs

There is little research on the role of vocational training or skill development programs specific
to the textile industry in Bhiwandi. Exploring how skill development initiatives, both
government-sponsored and private, impact the employability of workers and contribute to job
growth in Bhiwandi’s textile sector.

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 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES

7.1- REFERENCES
1. Dantwala, M. L. (1937). Marketing of raw cotton in India. Bombay: Longmans, Green and
Co. Ltd.
2. Vadilal Lallubhai (1947). Towards increased cloth production. Baroda: Padmaja Publication.
3. Dantwala, M. L. (1948). A Hundred Years of Indian cotton. Bombay: Orient
Longmans Ltd.
4. Thakar, N. H. (1949). Indian cotton textile industry (with special reference to war periods)
Bombay: Vora & Co. Publication Limited.
5. CTFC (1963). Study of distribution of cotton textiles in India. Bombay: Cotton Textiles Fund
Committee.
6. Pattabhiram, T. K. (1972). Essential Elements of Practical Cotton Spinning. P. 1
7. IMCER&T (1978). A Comparative Study of Cotton Marketing Systems in India.
Bombay: Indian Merchants Chamber Economic Research & Training Foundation. Sir
Purshotamdas Thakurdas Research Wing-
8. Sherry Sabbarwal (1990). Organizational Approach to Environmental Control. New Delhi:
Ashish Publishing House.
9. Jakhotiya Girish P. (1991). Study of the problems and prospects of the handloom weaver's
cooperative societies with special reference to solapur district. Ph. D thesis submitted to Dr. B.
A. M. University, Aurangabad.
10. Ektate Arvind Gangadhar (1992). Production and marketing of handloom terry cot cloth in
Nanded district. Ph. D thesis submitted to Dr. B. A. M. University, Aurangabad.
11. Shaikh, J. M. (1992). Financial working of co-operative cotton textile industry in solapur
district (1984 to 1992). Ph. D thesis submitted to Dr. B. A. M. University, Aurangabad.
12. Dhaneshwar, B. B. (1993). A study of problems and prospects of small scale industries with
special reference to Powerlooms in Beed district. Ph. D thesis submitted to Dr. B A M
University, Aurangabad.
13. Supriya Roy Chowdhury (1995). Political Economy of India's Textile Industry:
The Case of Maharashtra, 1984-89. Pacific Affairs. 68(2), pp. 231-250
14. Barua, S. (1997). Revival of cotton textile industry in India A study with special reference
to Maharashtra state. Ph. D Thesis submitted to S R T M University, Nanded.
15. Dikshita Padalkar (Oct. 25-31, 1997). Mumbai's Textile Mills and the Land Question.
Economic and Political Weekly. 32(43), pp. 2785-2787

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16. Tirthankar Roy ((Apr. 18-22, 1998). Development or Distortion? Powerlooms' in India,
1950-1997. Economic and Political Weekly. 33(16), pp. 897-911 retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org
17. Pradosh Nath, N. Mrinalini & G. D. Sandhya (Feb. 3-16, 2001). National Textile Policy
and Textile Research. Economic and Political Weekly. 36(5/6), pp. 489-496
18. Paul Kornelius (2006). A Study of Indian Textile Exports with Special Reference to Eco
Friendly Aspects. Ph. D thesis submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.
19. Project Team of (SINET) (2007). Indian Cotton Textile Sector Network Report (Draft)
Scoping & Sustainability Analysis. Project Team of Sustainable Industrial Networks and Its
applications on Micro Regional Environmental Planning (SINET).
Asia Pro Eco Programme. Retrieved from www.sinetinfo.org
20. Gunja Saluja (2008). The Indian textile industry: International Competitiveness. A
Dissertation presented in part consideration for the degree of "MA Management" the University
of Nottingham.
21. Mohanty, B. B. (Feb. 7 - 13, 2009). Regional Disparity in Agricultural Development of
Maharashtra. Economic and Political Weekly. 44(6), pp. 63-69 retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org
22. Virambhai S. Zala (2010). A Study of Productivity and Financial Efficiency of Textile
Industry of India. Ph. D Thesis Submitted to Saurashtra University Rajkot -360 005
23. Ramakrishna Nallathiga (February 2010). Redevelopment of Industrial Land in Urban
Areas: Opportunities and Constraints a Case Study of Textile Mill Land Redevelopment in
Mumbai. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management. 5(14) Retrieved from
http://um.ase.ro/No14/3.pdf
24. Kasi, S. (2011). India's Textile Industry in the Liberalized Economic Regime - An Appraisal
of Growth, Productivity and Technology. Ph. D Thesis Submitted to the University of Kerala.
25. P. Tirumala Rao (2011). Implications of WTO on Indian Cotton Textile Industry. Ph. D
thesis submitted to Acharya Nagarjuna University, (A. P.)
26. Dr. N. Rajasekar & M. Gurusamy (July 2011). Analysis of Cotton Textile Industry in Karur
District, Tamilnadu. International Journal of Research in Commerce, IT & Management. 1(2),
p. 63 retrieved from www.ijrem.org.in
27. M. Gurusamy and Dr. N. Rajasekar (Sept. 2011). Corporate Social Responsibility in Indian
Textile Industry. International Journal of Research in Computer Application & Management.
1(7), p. 48 retrieved from www.ijrcm.org.in
28. Dr. Chaudhary, Asiya. (February 2011). Changing Structure of Indian Textiles Industry
after MFA (Multi Fiber Agreement) Phase out: A Global Perspective. Far East Journal of
Psychology and Business. Vol. 2 No 2, Retrieved from http://
www.fareastjournals.com/files/V2N2P1.pdf

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7.2- BIBLOGRAPHY

https://kprmilllimited.com
https://bhilosa.com
https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/simple-search
https://www.textileinfomedia.com
https://indiantextilejournal.com
https://en.wikipedia.org
https://texmin.nic.in
https://mahatextile.maharashtra.gov.in

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 ANNEXURE

Questionnaire

1)Your name.

2)Age:

3)Work profession:

4) What is your current employment status? [Full-time, Part-time, contract-based,

Temporary, Self-employed]

5) Do you feel there are enough job opportunities in the textile sector of Bhiwandi?
[Yes, No]

6) How would you rate the working conditions in your current job?
[Excellent, Good, Average, Poor, Very Poor]

7) Are you aware of any government programs or schemes that support employment in
the textile sector? [Yes, No]

8) What challenges have you faced while seeking employment in the textile sector?
[Lack of experience, Lack of required skills, Low wages, Lack of job vacancies]

9) Have you received any formal training for your job in the textile sector?
[Yes, from a recognized institute; Yes, on-the-job training; No, self-taught; No training
at all]

10) Do you believe the textile sector in Bhiwandi offers equal opportunities for men and
women? [Yes, No]

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 Plagiarism Report

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