MODULE 2
Sanitary Plumbing Design
& Installation
Engr. Divina V. Gonzales, RCE, RMP
CONTENTS
• Sanitary Drainage and Ventilating System
• Storm and Subsurface Drainage System
Sanitary Drainage and
Ventilating System
Drainage System
The drainage system is composed of the piping network within a structure which conveys sewage, rainwater, or other
wastes from their point of origin to a point of disposal, such as a public sewer or a private treatment facility (septic tank).
This system is often known as the DWV System (Drainage, Waste and Vent). The complete drainage system is subdivided
into four (4) sub-systems, as follows:
1. SOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM - The piping that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar functions
(containing fecal matter), with or without the discharges from other fixtures.
2. WASTE DRAINAGE SYTEM - The piping that receives the liquid discharge, from plumbing fixtures other than those
fixtures (water closets) receiving fecal matter. This piping is free of fecal flow.
3. VENT SYSTEM - the piping system that receives a flow or air to or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of
air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage or back pressure.
4. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM - The piping system that receives clear water drainage from leaders, downspouts, surface
run-off, ground water, subsurface water, condensate water, cooling water or other similar discharges and conveys them
to the point of disposal. All sanitary wastes must be excluded.
Drainage System
SEWAGE - the liquid wastes conducted away from residences, business buildings, institutions, industrial
establishments, and with such ground surface, and storm water as may be present or any wastewater
containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension and solution and may include liquids containing
chemicals in solution
• SANITARY SEWAGE - wastewater containing human excrement and liquid household waste
- also called Domestic sewage
• LIQUID WASTE - discharge from any fixture, etc., which does not receive fecal matter
• INDUSTRIAL WASTE – all liquid or water-borne waste from industrial or commercial processes except domestic
sewage.
• SPECIAL WASTE - require special methods of handling (use of indirect waste piping and receptors, corrosion
resistant piping, sand, oil or grease interceptors, condensers or other pre-treatment facilities)
Drainage System
Sanitary Drainage System
The drainage pipe of a plumbing system take the waste water from the
plumbing fixtures and deliver it to the sewer or some other outlet (does
not include the mains of a public sewer system, public sewage treatment,
disposal plant
MAIN
any system of continuous piping which is the principal artery of the system
where branches are connected.
STACK
The vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent piping extending
through one or more stories and extended thru the roof.
MAIN SOIL AND WASTE STACK
Sanitary Drainage System
SOIL PIPE - conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures having
similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to
the building drain or building sewer.
• SOIL STACK - a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water.
• SOIL BRANCH - soil pipe installed horizontally
WASTE PIPE - conveys only waste water or liquid waste, free of fecal matter.
• WASTE STACK – a vertical waste pipe conveying waste water
• WASTE BRANCH – a waste pipe installed horizontally
Sanitary Drainage System
FIXTURE DRAIN
The drainpipe from the trap of a fixture to the junction of that drain with
any other pipe.
BRANCH
Any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack. It is a
drain pipe extending laterally from a soil or waste stack or building drain
with or without vertical sections or branches, which receives the
discharge from one or more fixture drains and conducts it to the soil or
waste stack or to the building drain.
BRANCH INTERVAL
A length of soil or waste stack corresponding to a story height, not less
than 8feet/2.43m, within which the horizontal branches from one floor or
storey of a building are connected to the stack
Sanitary Drainage System
HOUSE DRAIN
Is that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a
plumbing system which receives the discharges
from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside
of a building and conveys it to the house sewer
outside of the building.
HOUSE SEWER
Is that part of a plumbing system extending from
the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building
to the junction with the street sewer or to any
point of discharge and conveying the drainage of
one building site.
Sanitary Drainage System
MAIN SEWER/PUBLIC SEWER - A common sewer directly controlled by public
authority to which all abutters have equal rights of connections.
PRIVATE SEWER - privately owned/not directly controlled by the public
authority/building sewer w/c receives the discharge from more than one building
drain and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewage disposal system, or other
points of disposal
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM - a septic tank with the effluent discharging
into a subsurface disposal field and seepage pit
Sanitary Drainage System
• SEPTIC TANK - A water tight receptacle which receives the discharge of a sanitary plumbing system or part
thereof, designed and constructed to retain solids, digest organic matter through a period of detention and to
allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a system of open-jointed sub-surface
pipings or a seepage pit meeting the requirements of the national plumbing code.
• CESSPOOL - a pit for the reception or detention of sewage/non-watertight lined excavation; permitting liquid to
seep through the bottom and sides of the cesspool
• LEACHING CESSPOOL - a cesspool that is not watertight
• SEEPAGE PIT - loosely lined excavation in the ground, receives discharge of septic tank; seep through pit bottom
and sides
• PRIVY - outhouse or structure used for the deposition of excrement
• PRIVY VAULT - a pit beneath a privy in which excrement collects
• MOBILE HOME PARK SEWER - measures 0.6m downstream from the last mobile home site
Components of Sanitary Drainage System
SUMPS AND EJECTORS
• Sump Pump – designed to transport clear, non sanitary
waste water with some turbidity and suspended solids no
larger than sand grains.
• Ejector Pump – designed to transport sanitary waste and
larger solids suspended in the effluent
Components of Sanitary Drainage System
CLEANOUTS
-provide access to horizontal and vertical lines to facilitate
inspection and provide means of removing obstructions such as solid
objects, greasy waste and hair.
Location of Cleanouts (ASPE Volume 2):
• At 1.5m outside or inside the building at point of exit.
• At every change in direction greater than 45°
• At maximum distance of 15.1m for piping 100mm and smaller
and 22.9m for larger piping
• At every change in direction and every 45.7m for underground
sewer piping larger than 250mm diameter.
• At the base of all stacks
Components of Sanitary Drainage System
FLOOR DRAINS AND FLOOR SINKS
-Plumbing fixture installed in the floor to handle minor spillage
or fixture overflow. It is mainly designed to drain water preventing
flooding in areas such as bathrooms, kitchens and basements.
GRATES AND STRAINERS
-Part of drainage system that covers the top part of the drain
allowing water and air to pass through the grate and into the drain but
preventing debris from entering.
Components of Sanitary Drainage System
BACKWATER VALVES
-can be installed on a building sewer or house drain when the
drain is lower than the sewer line, or when unusual sewer surcharges
may occur due to combined storm water and sanitary sewer systems
OIL INTERCEPTORS
-designed to separate and collect oils and other light density,
volatile liquids which would otherwise be discharged into the drainage
system, and which can contaminate the sewer line and cause serious
fire or explosive condition.
Components of Sanitary Drainage System
SUPPORTS
-designed element that transfer the load from a pipe to the
supporting structures
-located to maintain a slope that is as uniform as possible and
will not change with time
-Supports shall allow free movement, but shall restrict upward
movement of lateral runs to avoid reverse grade
Sanitary Drainage System
FLOW IN STACKS
Terminal Velocity – the velocity in stack that remains
practically unchanged
Terminal Length – the distance that the terminal
velocity is attained
Sanitary Drainage System
Example 1:
FLOW IN STACKS
Find the terminal velocity of a stack when a 6” stack
is flowing 35gpm.
Terminal Velocity – the velocity in stack that remains
𝑄 2
practically unchanged 𝑉𝑇 = 3.0( )5
𝑑
35 2
𝑉𝑇 = 3.0( )5
Terminal Length – the distance that the terminal 6
velocity is attained 𝑉𝑇 = 6.07 𝑓𝑝𝑠
Example 2:
What is the terminal length of a 4” sanitary drainage
stack when the terminal velocity is 12 fps?
𝐿 𝑇 = 0.052(𝑉𝑇 )2
𝐿 𝑇 = 0.052(12)2
𝐿 𝑇 = 7.5 𝑓𝑡
Sanitary Drainage System
STACK CAPACITY
Example 3:
Find the flow capacity in an 8” stack.
5 8
𝑄= 27.8(𝑟𝑠 )3 (𝐷)3
7 5 8
𝑄 = 27.8( )3 (8)3
24
7 𝑄 = 912.9 𝑔𝑝𝑚
𝑟𝑠 =
24
Sanitary Drainage System
STEADY UNIFORM FLOW CONDITIONS IN SLOPING DRAIN
Sanitary Drainage System
STEADY UNIFORM FLOW CONDITIONS IN SLOPING DRAIN
Sanitary Drainage System
STEADY UNIFORM FLOW CONDITIONS IN SLOPING DRAIN
For full flow condition: For half flow condition: For partially full flow condition:
𝜋 1 𝜋 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑃 𝜃
𝐴 = (𝐷)2 𝐴 = ( )(𝐷)2 =
4 2 4 𝜋(𝐷) 360°
𝐴1 𝜃
𝑃 = 𝜋(𝐷) 1 𝜋 = 𝜃
𝜋
𝑃 = 𝜋(𝐷)
2 (𝐷)2 360° 𝑃= × 𝜋(𝐷)
2 4 360°
𝐴 4 (𝐷) 𝐷 1 𝜋 2 𝜃 𝜋
𝑅= = = 𝐴 2 (4 )(𝐷) 𝐷 𝐴1 = × (𝐷)2
𝑃 𝜋(𝐷) 4 𝑅= = = 360° 4 𝐴 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝑃 1 4 1 𝑅= =
2
𝜋(𝐷) 𝐴2 = × (𝑟)2 sin(360 − 𝜃) 𝑃 𝑃
2
𝐴2
𝐴1
𝜃
Sanitary Drainage System
STEADY UNIFORM FLOW CONDITIONS IN SLOPING DRAIN
Example 4: Example 5:
What is the hydraulic mean depth of flow in feet for a What is the rate of flow in a 4 inch sanitary pipe with
4inch pipe that is half full? 1% slope that is flowing half full?
𝐷 1.486 2 1
𝑅= 𝑉= (𝑅)3 (𝑠)2 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
4 𝑛
4 2
4 1.486 12 2 1 𝜋 4
𝑉= ( )3 (0.01)2 𝑄= (2.03)
𝑅 = 12 = 0.0833 𝑓𝑡 0.014 4 4 12
4
𝑉 = 2.03 𝑓𝑝𝑠 𝑄 = 0.177 𝑐𝑓𝑠
PIPE SIZE n
1.5” 0.012
2-3” 0.013
4” 0.014
5-6” 0.015
8” 0.016
Ventilating System
Ventilation of a plumbing system, is that portion of the drainage pipe installation, designed to maintain a balance
atmospheric pressure inside the system to prevent problems like:
1. Trap Seal Loss
2. Retardation of flow
3. Deterioration of materials
Trap Seal Loss
This failure can be attributed directly to inadequate ventilation of the trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressures
which occur in the piping system
Cause of Trap Seal Loss:
1. Siphonage - The withdrawal of a liquid from a trap due to a
suction caused by liquid flow in a pipe.
a. Direct Self- siphonage
b. Indirect or Momentum Siphonage
Trap Seal Loss
2. Back Pressure- pressure developed in opposition to the flow of liquid
in a pipe due to friction, gravity or some other restriction to flow of the
conveyed fluid. Excessive pressure at the lowest branch causing trap
seal to look for opening.
3. Evaporation- Occurs when a fixture is not used for a long time. A Deep
seal is the best solution but clogs the pipe due to accumulated solid
wastes.
4. Capillary Action- foreign objects in the traps absorbing trap seal
5. Wind Effects- strong winds through the vent system forcing water out
of the trap
Vent Piping System
Pipes installed to provide flow of air to or from a drainage system or to
provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from
siphonage or backpressure
Types of Ventilation
1. Main vent - The principal portion of the vent pipe system to which
vent branches may be connected. It serves as a collecting vent line.
2. Main soil and waste vent or Stack Vent - The portion of soil stack
pipe above the highest installed fixture branch extending through
the roof.
Stack Vent thru Roof – the uppermost end
of vent piping system above the roof
Types of Ventilation
3. Individual vent or back vent – a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap,
that connects with the system above the fixture served or
terminates in the open air. It shall be connected close to the fixture
trap as possible and it must be connected to the main vent above
the overflow line of the fixture
Types of Ventilation
4. Unit vent – an arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe
will serve two traps.
5. Branch vent – a horizontal vent connecting one or more individual
vertical vents with the vent stack or the stack vent
Types of Ventilation
6. Circuit vent – a group vent pipe which starts in front of the
extreme fixture connection on a horizontal branch and
connects to a vent stack.
7. Loop Vent – a vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil
or waste pipe branch at a point downstream of the last
fixture connection and turning to a horizontal line above
the highest flow level of the fixture connected thereat; the
terminus connected to the stack vent in the case of loop
venting or to the vent stack nearby in case of circuit
venting
Types of Ventilation
8. Relief Vent – a vertical vent line, the primary function of which is to
provide additional circulation of air between the drainage and vent
systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially designed system
such as “yoke vent connection between the soil and vent stacks
9. Yoke Vent – a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below
the floor and below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at
a point above the floor and higher than highest spill level of fixtures
for preventing pressure changes in stacks
Types of Ventilation
Dry Ventilation
10. Dry Vent – a vent that does not carry water or water borne waste
11. Wet Vent – that portion of a vent pipe through where wastewater also
flows through
12. Looped vent - a type of ventilation system used on fixtures on a room
away from a wall or partition
13. Local Vent – a pipe or shaft serving to convey foul air from a plumbing
fixture or a room to the outer air
COMBINATION WASTE AND VENT SYSTEM - specially designed system of
waste piping; horizontal wet venting of one or more sinks/floor drains by a
common horizontal waste and vent pipe
Storm and Subsurface
Drainage System
Storm Drainage System
-portion of a plumbing system which conveys rain or storm
water to a suitable terminal. This is usually discharged into a
street gutter conveyed by a public drain system and carried to
some natural drainage terminal such as lake or rivers.
GUTTER – a trough along the eaves to catch and carry off
rainwater
ROOF DRAIN – allows rainwater but prevents debris to pass
through the drain
DOWSPOUT or CONDUCTOR PIPE or LEADER – the vertical
portion of a rainwater conductor
CATCHBASIN – a receptacle in which liquids are retained For
a sufficient period of time to allow settleable material to
deposit
SPLASH BLOCK – concrete block placed on the ground below
a downspout to divert the water away from the building and
to prevent ground washing.
Storm Drainage System
-portion of a plumbing system which conveys rain or storm water to a suitable terminal. This is usually discharged
into a street gutter conveyed by a public drain system and carried to some natural drainage terminal such as lake or
rivers.
CLASSIFICATION OF STORMDRAIN:
Inside Storm Drain – sometimes located under the basement
floor or within the walls of the building.
Outside Storm Drain – installed outside the foundation wall of
the building
Overhead Storm Drain – adopted when the street drainage is
higher in elevation than the basement floor of the building
Storm Drainage System
Storm Drainage System
Storm Drainage System
SIZING OF RAINWATER PIPING:
Factors to be considered when determining size of storm drain:
1. Gauging the rainfall, constant, short duration or heavy shower.
2. The varying roof area and its slope including the distance of water travel before it reaches the conductors or
downspout of the roof.
3. Water drain is faster on higher pitched roof hence, requires a larger drainage pipe than that of a flat roof.
4. The height of a building contributes to the high velocity of water in the vertical conductor (pipe) and accelerate
the flow of water entering the storm drain.
5. Short offsets and indiscriminate use of fittings affect the flow of water.
Storm Drainage System
Storm Drainage System
Storm Drainage System
Storm Drainage System
Subsurface Drainage System
BUILDING SUBDRAIN -portion of an underground system; cannot drain by gravity into the building sewer
SUBSOIL DRAIN -underground drainpipe; receives only subsurface or seepage water and convey it to a sump for
disposal by gravity flow or by lift pump
SUMP - approved tank or pit; receives sewage or wastewater located below normal grade of the gravity system and
must be emptied by mechanical means
Drainage System
Types of Pumps used in plumbing applications to remove excess water and unwanted wastewater:
• Sump Pumps
- Used to remove excess water in sum pits or basins
- commonly used in flood-prone basements of homes
- either submersible or pedestal
• Effluent Pumps
- Used to transfer effluent wastewater, which is the gray wastewater left
over after solids have settled
- commonly used in septic line and sanitary sump drainage applications
• Sewage Pumps
- Used to remove liquids that contain solid pieces up to about 2inches
wide without getting clogged.
- commonly used in sewerage, septic line and drainage applications
• Grinder Pumps
- Used to breakdown solids into smaller pieces before being passed through
- commonly used in light commercial and residential applications for
wastewater from appliances to pass through
Thank you!
