Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by site of origin: - Sinus rhythms
originate from the sinoatrial node, or SA node - Atrial rhythms originate from the
atria - Ventricular rhythms originate from the ventricles. Sinus rhythm is the
normal rhythm of the heart set by its natural pacemaker in the SA node. In a
healthy heart, the SA node fires 60 to 100 times per minute resulting in the normal
heart rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute. The most common variations of sinus
rhythm include: - Sinus bradycardia: when the SA node fires less than 60 times per
minute resulting in
a slower heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute. and - Sinus
tachycardia: when the SA node fires more than 100 times per minute generating a
faster heart rate of greater than 100 beats per minute. Sinus bradycardia and sinus
tachycardia may be normal or clinical depending on the underlying cause. For
example, sinus bradycardia is considered normal during sleep and sinus tachycardia
may be normal during physical exercises. Cardiac arrhythmias that originate from
other parts of the atria are always clinical.
The most common include: atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and AV nodal
re-entrant tachycardia. These are forms of supraventricular tachycardia or SVT.
Atrial flutter or A-flutter is caused by an electrical impulse that travels around
in a localized self-perpetuating loop, most commonly located in the right atrium.
This is called a re-entrant pathway. For each cycle around the loop, there is one
contraction of the atria. The atrial rate is regular and rapid - between 250 and
400 beats per minute.
Ventricular rate, or heart rate, however, is slower, thanks to the
refractory properties of the AV node. The AV node blocks part of atrial impulses
from reaching the ventricles. In this example, only one out of every three atrial
impulses makes its way to the ventricles. The ventricular rate is therefore 3 times
slower than the atrial rate. This is an example of a “3 to 1 heart block”.
Ventricular rate in A-flutter is usually regular, but it can also be irregular. On
an ECG atrial flutter is characterized by absence of normal P wave.
Instead, flutter waves, or f-waves are present in saw-tooth patterns.
Atrial fibrillation is caused by multiple electrical impulses that are initiated
randomly from many ectopic sites in and around the atria, commonly near the roots
of pulmonary veins. These un-synchronized, chaotic electrical signals cause the
atria to quiver or fibrillate rather than contract. The atrial rate during atrial
fibrillation can be extremely high, but most of the electrical impulses do not pass
through the AV node to the ventricles, again, thanks to the refractory
properties of the cells of the AV node. Those do come through are
irregular. Ventricular rate or heart rate is therefore irregular and can range from
slow - less than 60 - to rapid -more than 100 - beats per minute. On an ECG, atrial
fibrillation is characterized by absence of P-waves and irregular narrow QRS
complexes. The baseline may appear undulating or totally flat depending on the
number of ectopic sites in the atria. In general, larger number of ectopic sites
results in flatter baseline.
AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia or AVNRT is caused by a small re-entrant
pathway that involves directly the AV node. Every time the impulse passes through
the AV node, it is transmitted down to the ventricles. The atrial rate and
ventricular rate are therefore identical. Heart rate is regular and fast, ranging
from 150 to 250 beats per minute. Ventricular rhythms are the most dangerous. In
fact, they are called lethal rhythms. Ventricular tachycardia or V-tach is most
commonly caused by a single strong firing
site or circuit in one of the ventricles. It usually occurs in people
with structural heart problems such as scarring from a previous heart attack or
abnormalities in heart muscles. Impulses starting in the ventricles produce
ventricular premature beats that are regular and fast, ranging from 100 to 250
beats per minute. On an ECG V-tach is characterized by wide and bizarre looking QRS
complexes. P wave is absent. V-tach may occur in short episodes of less than 30
seconds and cause no or few symptoms.
Sustained v-tach lasting for more than 30 seconds requires immediate
treatment to prevent cardiac arrest. Ventricular tachycardia may also progress into
ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation or v-fib is caused by multiple
weak ectopic sites in the ventricles. These un-synchronized, chaotic electrical
signals cause the ventricles to quiver or fibrillate rather than contract. The
heart pumps little or no blood. V-fib can quickly lead to cardiac arrest. V-fib ECG
is characterized by irregular random waveforms of varying amplitude, with no
identifiable
P wave, QRS complex or T wave. Amplitude decreases with time, from
initial coarse v-fib to fine v-fib and ultimately to flatline.
