I Semester

Course
Course Name LecHr Lab Hr Tut Hr SS Hr Credit
No.
BIO 101 Introduction to Biological Sciences 3 0 1 6 3
BIO 103 General Biology Laboratory I 0 3 0 0 1
CHM 101 General Chemistry 3 0 1 6 3
CHM 103 General Chemistry Laboratory 0 3 0 0 1
CDS 101 Introduction to Computers 2 1 0 6 3
HSS 103 Basics of Communication Skills 1 0 0 2 1
MTH 101 Introduction to Mathematics 3 0 1 6 3
PHY 101 Mechanics 3 0 1 6 3
PHY 103 Mathematical Methods 1 0 1 0 1
EES 101 Introduction to Earth System Sciences 3 0 1 6 3
Total 19 07 06 38 22

II Semester

Course No. Course Name LecHr Lab Hr Tut Hr SS Hr Credit

BIO 102 Biochemical and Cellular basis of life 3 0 1 6 3
BIO 104 General Biology Laboratory II 0 3 0 0 1
CHM 102 Basic Inorganic Chemistry 3 0 1 6 3
CHM 104 Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory I 0 3 0 0 1
HSS 104 Oral and Written Communication 1 0 0 2 1
EES 102 Introduction to Environmental Sciences 3 0 1 6 3
MTH 102 Calculus of One Variable 3 0 1 6 3
PHY 102 Electromagnetism 3 0 1 6 3
PHY 104 General Physics Laboratory I 0 3 0 0 1
Total 16 09 05 32 19
 III Semester

Course No. Course Name LecHr Lab Hr Tut Hr SS Hr Credit

BIO 201 Introduction to Genetics and Evolution 3 0 1 6 3
BIO 203 General Biology Laboratory III 0 3 0 0 1
CHM 211 Basic Organic Chemistry 3 0 1 6 3
CHM 213 Organic Chemistry Laboratory I 0 3 0 0 1
Foundation of Earth Sciences: Part 1 (Introduction to
EES 201 3 0 1 6 3
Mineralogy, Petrology)
HSS 209 Technical Writing 2 0 0 4 2
MTH 201 Linear Algebra 3 0 1 6 3
PHY 201 Waves and Introductory Optics 3 0 1 6 3
PHY 203 General Physics Laboratory II 0 3 0 0 1
Total 17 09 05 34 20

IV Semester

Course No. Course Name LecHr Lab Hr Tut Hr SS Hr Credit

BIO 202 Molecular Biology and Developmental Biology 3 0 1 6 3
BIO 204 General Biology Laboratory IV 0 3 0 0 1
CHM 222 Classical Thermodynamics 3 0 1 6 3
CHM 224 Physical Chemistry Laboratory I 0 3 0 0 1
Foundation of Earth Sciences: Part 2 (Introduction to
EES 202 3 0 1 6 3
Rock Deformation and Plate Tectonics)
HSS 207 Macroeconomics 1 0 0 2 1
MTH 202 Multivariable Calculus 3 0 1 6 3
PHY 202 Quantum Physics 3 0 1 6 3
PHY 204 General PHY Lab III 0 3 0 0 1
CDS 202 Information for Science and Technology 2 0 0 4 2
Total 18 09 05 36 21
 V Semester
Course
Course Name LecHr Lab Hr Tut Hr SS Hr Credit
No.
MTH 301 Group Theory 3 0 0 9 4
MTH 303 Real Analysis I 3 0 0 9 4
MTH 305 Elementary Number Theory 3 0 0 9 4
MTH *** Departmental Elective I 3 0 0 9 4
*** *** Open Elective I 3 3/4
Total 15 19/20

VI Semester
Course
Course Name LecHr Lab Hr Tut Hr SS Hr Credit
No.
MTH 302 Rings and Modules 3 0 0 9 4
MTH 304 Metric Spaces and Topology 3 0 0 9 4
MTH 306 Ordinary Differential Equations 3 0 0 9 4
MTH *** Departmental Elective II 3 0 0 9 4
*** *** Open Elective II 3 3/4
Total 15 19/20
 VII Semester
Course
Course Name LecHr Lab Hr Tut Hr SS Hr Credit
No.
MTH 401 Fields and Galois Theory 3 0 0 9 4
MTH 403 Real Analysis II 3 0 0 9 4
MTH 405 Partial Differential Equations 3 0 0 9 4
MTH 407 Complex Analysis I 3 0 0 9 4
*** *** Open Elective III 3 3/4
Total 15 19/20

VIII Semester
Course
Course Name LecHr Lab Hr Tut Hr SS Hr Credit
No.
MTH 404 Measure and Integration 3 0 0 9 4
MTH 406 Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces 3 0 0 9 4
MTH *** Departmental Elective III 3 0 0 9 4
*** *** Open Elective IV 3 3/4
*** *** Open Elective V 3 3/4
Total 15 18/20
 IX Semester
Course
Course Name LecHr Lab Hr Tut Hr SS Hr Credit
No.
MTH 501 Project Work 16
MTH 503 Functional Analysis 3 0 0 9 4
MTH 599 Reading course 4
HSS 503 Law Relating to Intellectual Property and Patents 1 0 0 2 1
Total 10 25

X Semester
Course
Course Name LecHr Lab Hr Tut Hr SS Hr Credit
No.
MTH 501 Project Work 16
MTH 599 Reading course 4
HSS 504 Law Relating to Intellectual Property and Patents 1 0 0 2 1
Total 10 21
BS-MS SYLLABUS, MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE

MTH 101: Introduction to Mathematics (3)

Course Contents:

Method of Mathematical Proofs: Induction, Construction, Contradiction, Contrapositive

Set: Union and Intersection of sets, Distributive laws, De Morgan's Law, Finite and infinite
sets.

Relation: Equivalence relation and equivalence classes.

Function: Injections, Surjections, Bijections, Composition of functions, Inverse function,

Graph of a function.

Countable and uncountable sets, Natural numbers via Peano arithmetic, Integers, Rational
numbers, Real Numbers and Complex Numbers. Sequences and series of real and complex
numbers.

Matrices, Determinant, Solving system of linear equations.

Symmetry of Plane Figures: Translations, Rotations, Reflections, Glide-reflections, Rigid

motion.

*If time permits: Divisibility of integers.

Suggested Books:

 G. Polya, "How to Solve It", Princeton University Press, 2004.

 K. B. Sinha et. al., "Understanding Mathematics", Universities Press (India), 2003.
 M. Artin, "Algebra", Prentice-Hall of India, 2007 (Chapters 1, 4, 5).
 J. R. Munkres, "Topology", Prentice-Hall of India, 2013 (Chapter 1).
 R. Goldberg, "Methods of Real Analysis", Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New
Delhi, 1976.
 R. G. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert, "Introduction to Real Analysis", John Wiley & Sons,
1992.
MTH 102: Calculus of One Variable (3)

Learning Objectives:

This is a core mathematics course for first-semester BS-MS students. The course introduces
the basic concepts of differential and integral calculus of one real variable with an emphasis
on careful reasoning and understanding of the material.

Course Contents:

Introduction to the real number system, field axioms, order axioms and the completeness
axiom

Sequences and series of numbers, convergence of a sequence, Cauchy's criterion, limit of a

sequence, supremum and infimum, absolute and conditional convergence of an infinite
series, tests of convergence, examples

Limits and continuity, definitions, continuity and discontinuity of a function at a point, left and
right continuity, examples of continuous and discontinuous functions, intermediate value
theorem, boundedness of a continuous function on a closed interval, uniform continuity

Differentiation, definition and basic properties, Rolle's theorem, mean value theorem,
Leibnitz's theorem on successive differentiation, Taylor's theorem

Integration, Riemann integral viewed as an area, partitions, upper and lower integrals,
existence of the Riemann integral, basic properties, fundamental theorem of integral
calculus, integration by parts, applications

Suggested Books:

 G. B. Thomas and R. L. Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 9th edition, Indian
student edition, Addison-Wesley, 1998
 T. M. Apostol, Calculus, Volumes 1 and 2, 2nd edition, Wiley Eastern, 1980
 R. Courant, F. John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Volume 1, Classics in
Mathematics, Springer, 1989
MTH 201: Linear Algebra (3)

Learning Objectives:

This is the second core course in calculus designed for second year BS-MS students. The
course deals with the multivariable calculus of vectors in dimension 2 and higher. The
course concludes with an introduction to first order ODEs, and their solutions.

Course Contents:

Review of complex numbers

Matrices, matrix operations, special matrices (diagonal, triangular, symmetric, skew-

symmetric, orthogonal, hermitian, skew hermitian, unitary, normal), vectors in Rn and Cn,
matrix equation Ax = b, row-reduced echelon form, row space, column space, and rank of a
matrix. Determinants. Systems of linear equations

Vector space Rn, linear independence and dependence, linear span, linear subspaces,
bases and dimensions

Vector spaces, bases and dimensions, linear transformations, matrix of a linear

transformation, rank-nullity theorem

Inner product spaces, orthonormal bases, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization, projections

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a linear operator, characteristic polynomial,

diagonalizability of a linear operator, eigenvalues of the special matrices stated above,
spectral theorem for real symmetric matrices and its application to quadratic forms, positive
definite matrices

Suggested Books:

 T. M. Apostol, Calculus, Volume 2, 2nd edition, Wiley Eastern, 1980

 H. Anton, Elementary linear algebra and applications, 8th edition, John Wiley, 1995
 G. Strang, Linear algebra and its applications, 4th edition, Thomson, 2006
 S. Kumaresan, Linear algebra - A Geometric Approach, Prentice Hall of India, 2000
 R. Rao and P. Bhimasankaram, Linear Algebra, 2nd edition, Hindustan Book
Agency, 2000
 M. Artin, Algebra, Prentice-Hall of India, 1994
 R. Bapat, Linear Algebra and Linear Models, HBA, 1999
MTH 202: Multivariable Calculus and Differential Equations (3)

Vectors in R3, dot product of vectors, length of a vector, orthogonality of vectors, cross
product of vectors

Lines, planes, and quadric surfaces

Continuity and differentiability of vector-valued functions, tangent vectors

Functions of two or more variables, limits and continuity, partial derivatives, gradient,
directional derivatives, maxima, minima and saddle points, Lagrange multipliers

Double and triple integrals, change of coordinates, vector fields, line integrals, surface
integrals, Green’s theorem, Divergence theorem, Stokes’ theorem

First order ordinary differential equations: variables separable, homogeneous, linear and
exact equations

Suggested Books:

 G. B. Thomas and R. L. Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 9th edition, Indian
student edition, Addison-Wesley, 1998
 T. M. Apostol, Calculus, Volumes 1 and 2, 2nd edition, Wiley Eastern, 1980
 J. E. Marsden and A. Tromba, Vector Calculus, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2004
 R. Courant, F. John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Vol. 2, Classics in
Mathematics, Springer, 1989
MTH 301: Groups Theory (4)

Learning Objectives:

This is an introductory course on Group theory. We will begin by studying the basic concepts
of subgroups, homomorphisms and quotient groups with many examples. We then study
group actions, and prove the Class equation and the Sylow theorems. They are in turn used
to prove the structure theorem for finite abelian groups and to discuss the classification of
groups of small order. We then turn to solvability, prove the Jordan-Holder theorem, and
discuss nilpotent groups (if time permits).

Course Contents:

 Definition of group, basic properties, examples (Dihedral, Symmetric, Groups of

Matrices, Quaternion Group, Cyclic, Abelian Groups)
 Homomorphisms, Isomorphisms, subgroups, subgroup generated by a set,
subgroups of cyclic groups
 Review of Equivalence relations, Cosets, Lagrange’s theorem, Normal subgroup,
Quotient Group, Examples, Isomorphism theorems, Automorphisms
 Group actions, orbits, stabilizer, faithful and transitive actions, centralizer, normalizer,
Cayley’s theorem, Action of the group on cosets
 Conjugation, Class equation, Cauchy’s theorem, Applications to p-groups, Conjugacy
in Sn
 Sylow theorems, Simplicity of An and other applications
 Direct products, Structure of Finite abelian groups
 Semi-Direct products, Classification of groups of small order
 Normal series, Composition series, Solvable groups, Jordan-H¨older theorem,
Insolvability of S5
 Lower and upper central series, Nilpotent groups, Basic commutator identities,
Decomposition theorem of finite nilpotent groups (if time permits)

Suggested Books:

 I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, 2 nd Edition, Wiley, 2006

 T. W. Hungerford, Algebra, Springer Verlag, 2005
 M. Artin, Algebra, Prentice-Hall of India, 1994
 D. S. Dummit, R. M. Foote, Abstract Algebra, 2 nd Edition, Wiley
 J. Rotman, A First Course in Abstract Algebra : With Applications, Prentice Hall
 J. Rotman, An Introduction to Theory of Groups, Springer GTM, 1999
 H. Kurzweil, B. Stellmacher, The Theory of Finite Groups, Springer Universitext,
2004
 M. Suzuki, Group Theory I, Springer GMW 247
MTH 302: Rings and Modules (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 301

Learning Objectives:

This is an introductory course on Group theory. We will begin by studying the basic concepts
of subgroups, homomorphisms and quotient groups with many examples. We then study
group actions, and prove the Class equation and the Sylow theorems. They are in turn used
to prove the structure theorem for finite abelian groups and to discuss the classification of
groups of small order. We then turn to solvability, prove the Jordan-Holder theorem, and
discuss nilpotent groups (if time permits).

Course Contents:

 Definition of rings, Homomorphisms, basic examples (Polynomial ring, Matrix ring,

Group ring), Integral domain, field, Field of fractions of an integral domain
 Ideals, Prime and Maximal ideals, Quotient Rings, Isomorphism theorems, Chinese
Remainder theorem, Applications
 Principal ideal domains, Irreducible elements, Unique factorization domains,
Euclidean domains, examples
 Polynomial rings, ideals in polynomial rings, Polynomial rings over fields, Gauss’
Lemma, Polynomial rings over UFDs, Irreducibility criteria
 Definition of modules, submodules, The group of homomorphisms, Quotient
modules, Isomorphism theorems, Direct sums, Generating set, free modules, Simple
modules, vector spaces
 Free modules over a PID, Finitely generated modules over PIDs
 Applications to finitely generated abelian groups and Rational and Jordan canonical
forms
 (if time permits) Tensor product of modules, Exact sequences of modules,
Homfunctor, Projective modules, Injective modules, Baer’s criterion

Suggested Books:

 D.S. Dummit, R.M. Foote, Abstract Algebra, 2 nd Edition, Wiley

 G. Birkhoff, S. McLane, Algebra (3 rd Edition), AMS
 S. Lang, Algebra (3rd Edition), Pears
 C. Musili, Rings and Modules (2 nd Edition), Narosa
 M.F. Atiyah, I.G. Macdonald, Introduction to Commutative Algebra (1 st Indian
Edition), Levant Books
 N. Jacobson, Basic Algebra (Vols - I & II), Hindustan Book Agency
MTH 303: Real Analysis I (4)

Learning Objectives:

This is an introductory course on analysis for BS-MS mathematics students. The aim of this
course is to introduce and develop basic analytic concepts of limit, convergence, integration
and differentiation. Students who have taken a first course in calculus are suitable for this
course.

Course Contents:

Real number system, limit superior, limit inferior, supremum principle, completeness, Cantor
set

Sequences and series of functions, uniform convergence and its consequences, space of
continuous functions on a closed interval, equicontinuous families, Stone-Weierstrass
theorem, Arzela-Ascoli theorem

Taylor’s theorem, power series, radius of convergence, exponential, trigonometric and

logarithmic functions

Monotonic functions, functions of bounded variation, rectifiable curves

Riemann-Stieltjes integral, properties of Riemann-Stieltjes integral, differentiation of the

integral, fundamental theorem of calculus, integration by parts, Gamma function

Suggested Books:

 T. M. Apostol, Calculus, Volumes 1 and 2 (2nd edition), Wiley Eastern, 1980

 W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd Edn.), McGraw Hill, 1953
 T. M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis (2nd Edn.), Narosa Publishing, 1985
 R. R. Goldberg, Methods of Real Analysis
 H. L. Royden, Real Analysis (3rd Edn.), Prentice Hall, 2008
 Terrance Tao, Analysis I & II, TRIM Series, Hindustan Book Agency
MTH 304: Metric Spaces and Topology (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 303 Real Analysis I

Definition, open sets, closed sets, limit points, convergence, completeness, Baire’s theorem,
continuity, spaces of continuous functions

Compactness, sequential compactness, compact metric spaces, compact-open topology,

Ascoli’s theorem

Completeness, space filling curve, nowhere differentiable functions

Topology

Definition and examples of topology, base, subbase, weaker and stronger topology

Order topology, subspace topology, product and box topology

Continuity, homeomorphisms, quotient topology

Compact spaces, examples, Tychonoff’s theorem and locally compact spaces, limit point
compactness, local compactness

Connected spaces, components, path components, totally disconnected spaces, locally

connected spaces, examples

Countability axioms, separation axioms, completely regular and normal spaces, Urysohn’s
lemma, Tietze extension theorem, Urysohn embedding theorem, Stone-
Cechcompacitification

Suggested Books:

 G. F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, Tata McGraw Hill,

2008
 J. R. Munkres, Topology (2nd Edn), Dorling Kindersley, 2006
MTH 305: Elementary Number Theory (4)

Pre-requisites (recommended): MTH 101: Calculus of One Variable

Learning Objectives:

The aim of this course is to develop a conceptual understanding of the elementary theory of
numbers and to expose the students to writing proper mathematical proofs.

Course Contents:

Foundations: Principle of mathematical induction (with emphasis on writing a few basic

proofs), binomial theorem, countable and uncountable sets, some basic results on
countability, countability of Z, Q and uncountability of R.

Divisibility: Basic properties, division algorithm, GCD, LCM, properties of GCD, relation
between GCD and LCM, Euclidean algorithm for finding GCD, Pythagorean triples, linear
Diophantine equations, fundamental theorem of arithmetic, Euclid's lemma, existence of
infinitely many primes.

Modular arithmetic: Basic properties of congruences, linear congruences, Chinese

remainder theorem, Fermat's little theorem, Wilson's theorem.

Number theoretic functions: Arithmetic functions (tau, sigma and Mobius) and their
properties (specifically multiplicative property of the functions tau, sigma and the Mobius
inversion formula), Euler's phi function and its properties, Euler's Theorem, Fermat's little
theorem as a corollary of Euler's theorem.

Quadratic reciprocity: Primitive roots (order of an integer modulo n, primitive roots for
primes), quadratic congruences, definition of quadratic residue, Legendre symbol and its
properties, quadratic reciprocity law.

Continued fractions: Finite continued fractions, approximation of rational numbers by finite

simple continued fractions, solution of linear Diophantine equations using finite continued
fractions, infinite continued fractions, unique representation of irrationals as an infinite
continued fraction, Pell's equation and its solutions using continued fractions.

Suggested Books:

Textbooks:

 David Burton, Elementary Number Theory, 7th edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2012.
 John Stillwell, Elements of Number Theory, 1st edition, Springer, 2003.

References:

 James Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, 1st edition,

Cambridge University Press, 1999.
 Ya. Khinchin, Continued Fractions, 3rd edition, Dover, 1997.
 Thomas Koshy, Elementary Number Theory with Applications, 2nd edition, Elsevier,
2007.
MTH 306: Ordinary Differential Equations (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 303 Real Analysis I

First-Order Linear equations: exact equations, orthogonal trajectories, homogeneous

equations, integrating factors, reduction of order

Second-order linear equations: equations with constant coefficients, method of

undetermined coefficients, variation of parameters, power series solutions, special functions,
applications

Higher-order linear equations

Some basic concepts of Fourier series

Quick review of elementary linear algebra, Picard’s existence and uniqueness theorem,
Sturm comparison theorem

Systems of first-order equations, homogeneous linear systems with constant coefficients

Non-linear equations: critical points and stability, Liapunov’s direct method, Poincare-
Bendixson theory

Suggested Books:

 George F. Simmons & Steven Krantz, Differential equations, Paperback edition,

Tata-McGraw Hill 2009
 G. Birkhoff& G. C. Rota, Ordinary differential equations, Paperback edition, John
Wiley &Sons, 1989
 E. Coddington& N. Levinson, Theory of ordinary differential equations, Paperback
edition, Tata-McGrawa Hill, 2008
 W. Hurewicz, Lectures on ordinary differential equations, Dover, New York, 1999
MTH 307: Programming and Data Structure (4)

Programming in a structured language such as C

Data Structures: definition, operations, implementations and applications of basic data

structures

Array, stack, queue, dequeue, priority queue, double linked list, orthogonal list, binary tree
and traversal algorithm, threaded binary tree, generalized list

Binary search, Fibonacci search, binary search tree, height balance tree, heap, B-tree,
digital search tree, hashing techniques

Suggested Books:

 Donald E. Knuth, The art of computer programming (five volumes, 0 - 4), Addison
Wesley
 V. Aho, J. E. Hopcroft & J. E. Ullman, Data Structures & Algorithm, Addison Wesley
 W. Kernighan, D. M. Richie, The C Programming Language, Prentice Hall

MTH 308: Combinatorics and Graph Theory (4)

Combinatorics: Elementary principles of combinatorics (permutations and combinations),

binomial coefficients, inclusion-exclusion principle, generating functions, recurrence relation,
pigeon-hole principle and Ramsey theory

Graph theory: definition, isomorphisms, degree sequences, connectivity, trees, colourings,

Eulerian graphs, directed graphs, network flows

Suggested Books:

 R. A. Brualdi, Introductory Combinatorics (5th Ed.), Prentice Hall

 F. Harary, Graph Theory, Westview Press
 Bondy, U. S. R. Murty, Graph Theory (1st Ed.), Springer, GTM
 S. M. Cioaba& M. Ram Murty, A First Course in Graph Theory, TRIM Series, HBA
MTH 310: Introduction to probability theory (4)

Prerequisites: NIL

Course contents:

Probability: Classical, relative frequency and axiomatic definitions of probability, addition rule
and conditional probability, total probability, Bayes Theorem and independence, equally
likely experiments, coin tossing and random walk. Random Variables: Discrete, continuous
and mixed random variables, probability mass, probability density and cumulative distribution
functions, mathematical expectation, moments, probability and moment generating function,
median and quantiles, Markov inequality, Chebyshev’sinequality,weak law of large numbers
and central limit theorem. Special Distributions (Binomial, Poisson, Normal), Joint
Distributions: Joint, marginal and conditional distributions. Joint distributions of independent
random variables and applications to find the sum, product and ratio of random variables.
Transformations, generating functions, convolution and its connection with probability
distributions.
Random walk: Reflection principle.
Markov chain: Connection with random walk. Recurrence and transience.
Stationary distribution (if time permits).

Suggested Books:

 W. Feller: Introduction to the Theory of Probability and its Applications, (Vols. 1 & 2).
 K. L. Chung: Elementary Probability Theory.
 S. M. Ross: A First Course in Probability.

References:

 R. Ash: Basic Probability Theory.

 P. G. Hoel, S. C. Port and C. J. Stone: Introduction to Probability Theory.
MTH 311: Advanced Linear Algebra (4)

Learning Objectives:

This course reviews undergraduate linear algebra and proceeds to more advanced topics.
Its purpose is to provide a solid understanding of linear algebra of the sort needed
throughout graduate mathematics.

Course Contents:

Vector spaces, subspaces, bases and dimension, some examples.

Linear transformations, rank - nullity theorem, the algebra of linear transformations, invertible
linear transformations, matrix of a linear transformation, change of basis, linear functionals,
annihilator of a subspace, dual space, double dual, canonical isomorphism between a vector
space and its double dual, transpose of a linear transformation.

Characteristic values, diagonalizable linear operator, equivalent notions of diagonalizable

operator (in terms of characteristic polynomial, dimensions of eigen spaces), annihilating
polynomials, minimal polynomial, characterization of diagonalizable operator using the
minimal polynomial, invariant subspaces, simultaneous triangulation, simultaneous
diagonalization, direct sum decompositions, projections, invariant direct sums, primary
decomposition theorem, nilpotent operators, S-N decomposition.

Rational and Jordan forms.

Inner product space, Gram-Schmidt, linear functionals and adjoints, unitary operators,
normal operators, self-adjoint operators, spectral theorem for self-adjoint operators.

Suggested Books:

 K. Hoffman and R. Kunze, Linear Algebra, Prentice-Hall, 1961

 Serge Lang, Linear Algebra (2nd Edition), Addition-Wesley Publishing, 1971
 M.W. Hirsch and S. Smale, Differential equations, dynamical systems and linear
algebra, Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 60, Academic Press, 1974
 P. Halmos, Finite dimensional vector spaces (2nd Edition), Undergraduate texts in
Mathematics, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 1987
 Serge Lang, Algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics (3rd Edition), Springer-Verlag
New York Inc., 2005
MTH 314: Probability and Statistics (4)

Course contents:

Algebra of Sets: sets, classes, limit of a sequence of sets, rings, sigma rings, fields, sigma-
fields, monotone classes.

Probability: Classical, relative frequency and axiomatic definitions of probability, addition rule
and conditional probability, multiplication rule, total probability, Bayes Theorem and
independence, problems.

Random Variables: Discrete, continuous and mixed random variables, probability mass,
probability density and cumulative distribution functions, mathematical expectation,
moments, probability and moment generating function, median and quantiles, Markov
inequality, Chebyshev’s inequality, problems.

Special Distributions, Joint Distributions: Joint, marginal and conditional distributions,

product moments, correlation and regression, independence of random variables, bivariate
normal distribution.

Transformations: functions of random vectors, distributions of order statistics, distributions of

sums of random variables.

Sampling Distributions: The Central Limit Theorem, distributions of the sample mean and the
sample variance for a normal population, Chi-Square, t and F distributions.

Descriptive Statistics: Graphical representation, Summarization and tabulation of data.

Estimation: Unbiasedness, consistency, the method of moments and the method of

maximum likelihood estimation, confidence intervals for parameters in one sample and two
sample problems of normal populations, confidence intervals for proportions.

Testing of Hypotheses: Null and alternative hypotheses, the critical and acceptance regions,
two types of error, power of the test, the most powerful test and Neyman-Pearson
Fundamental Lemma, tests for one sample and two sample problems for normal
populations, tests for proportions, Chi-square goodness of fit test and its applications.

Suggested Books:

 W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Volume 1, 3rd

Edition, Wiley, 1968
 V. Rohatgi, A. Saleh, Introduction to Probability Theory and Statistics, 2nd Edition,
Wiley, 2000
 S.M. Ross, A First Course in Probability, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall
 A. Craig, R. Hogg, J. McKean, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6th Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2004
 J.S. Milton and J.C. Arnold, Introduction to Probability and Statistics
 P. Hoel, S. Port, C. Stone, Introduction to Probability Theory, 1st Edition, Brooks
Cole, 1972
MTH 401: Fields and Galois Theory (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 301 Groups and Rings

Learning Objectives:

Field Extensions are studied in an attempt to find a formula for the roots of polynomial
equations, similar to the one that exists for a quadratic equation. The Galois group is
introduced as a way to capture the symmetry between these roots; and the solvability of the
Galois group determines if such a formula exists or not. In the 19th century, Galois proved
that a formula does not exist for a general 5th degree equation. More importantly, the use of
groups to study the symmetry of other objects is a pervasive theme in Mathematics, and this
is traditionally the first place where one encounters it.
The topics to be covered include irreducibility of polynomials, Field Extensions, Normal and
Separable Extensions, Solvable Groups, and Solvability of polynomial equations by radicals,
Finite fields, and Cyclotomic fields

Course Contents:

Polynomial rings, Gauss lemma, Irreducibility criteria

Definition of a field and basic examples, Field extensions

Algebraic extensions and algebraic closures

Classical Straight hedge and compass constructions (optional)

Splitting fields, Separable and Inseparable extensions

Cyclotomic polynomials, Galois extensions

Fundamental theorem of Galois theory

Composite and Simple extensions, Abelian extensions over Q

Galois groups of polynomials, Solvability of groups, Solvability of polynomials

Computations of Galois groups over Q

Suggested Books:

 D. S. Dummit, R. M. Foote, Abstract Algebra (2nd Ed.), Wiley

 S. Lang, Algebra (3rd Ed.), Pears
MTH 403: Real Analysis II (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 303 Real Analysis I

Learning Objectives:

This course deals with the study of functions of several real variables and the geometry
associated with such functions.
There are two parts to this course. The first part deals with the study of differentiation and
integration of such functions. The second part is devoted to the statement and proof of the
higher dimensional version of the fundamental theorem of calculus, viz, Stoke's theorem
(and its companions).
This is one of the standard courses in any mathematics curriculum. It also serves as a first
introduction to differential geometry and topology.

Course Contents:

Vector-valued functions, continuity, linear transformations, differentiation, total derivative,

chain rule

Determinants, Jacobian, implicit function theorem, inverse function theorem, rank theorem

Partition of unity, Derivatives of higher order

Riemann integration in Rn, differentiation of integrals, change of variables, Fubini’s theorem

Exterior algebra, simplices, chains of simplices, Stokes theorem, vector fields, divergence of
a vector field, Divergence theorem, closed and exact forms, Poincare lemma

Suggested Books:

 David Widder, Advanced Calculus, second edition, Dover, 1989

 M. Spivak, Calculus on manifolds, fifth edition, Westview Press, 1971
 J. Munkres, Elementary Differential topology, Princeton University Press, 1966
MTH 404: Measure and Integration (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 403 Real Analysis II

Topology of the real line, Borel, Hausdorff and Lebesgue measures on the real line,
regularity properties, Cantor function

σ-algebras, measure spaces, measurable functions, integrability, Fatou’s lemma,

Lebesgue’s monotone convergence theorem, Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem,
Egoroff’s theorem, Lusin’s theorem, the dual space of C(X) for a compact, Hausdorff
space, X

Comparison with Riemann integral, improper integrals

Lebesgue’s theorem on differentiation of monotonic functions, functions of bounded

variation, absolute continuity, differentiation of the integral, Vitali’s covering lemma,
fundamental theorem of calculus

Holder’s, inequality, Minkowski’s inequality, convex functions, Jensen’s

inequality, Lp spaces, Riesz-Fischer theorem, dual of Lp spaces

Suggested Books:

 W. Rudin, Real and Complex Analysis, third edition. Tata-McGraw Hill, 1987
 H. Royden, Real Analysis, third edition, Prentice-Hall of India, 2008
 R. Wheeden, A. Zygmund, Measure and Integral, Taylor and Francis, 1977
 J. Kelley, T. Srinivasan, Measure and Integral, Volume I, Springer, 1987
 Rana, An Introduction to Measures and Integration, Narosa Publishing House
 E. Lieb, M. Loss, Analysis, Narosa Publishing House
MTH 405: Partial Differential Equations (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 306 Ordinary Differential Equations

Learning Objectives:

This is an introductory course in partial differential equations for students majoring in

mathematics. After discussing the solutions of first-order linear and quasi-linear equations in
considerable detail we introduce the Cauchy problem for first and higher order equations and
then briefly discuss the Cauchy-Kovalevski existence theorem and Holmgren's uniqueness
theorem. We follow this by a study of second-order linear equations; here the goal is to
understand the solutions of the three prototypical equations, Laplace, Wave and the Heat
equation, in the classical set-up.

Course Contents:

First-order equations: linear and quasi-linear equations, general first-order equation for a
function of two variables, Cauchy problem, envelopes

Higher-order equations: Cauchy problem, characteristic manifolds, real analytic functions,

Cauchy-Kovalevski theorem, Holmgren’s uniqueness theorem

Laplace equation: Green’s identity, Fundamental solutions, Poisson’s equation, Maximum

principle, Dirichlet problem, Green’s function, Poisson’s formula

Wave equation: spherical means, Hadamard’s method, Duhamel’s principle, the general
Cauchy problem

Heat equation: initial-value problem, maximum principle, uniqueness, regularity

Suggested Books:

 F. John, Partial differential equations, 4th edition, Springer, 1982

 G. B. Folland, Introduction to Partial differential equations, 2nd edition, Princeton
University Press, 1995
 J. Rauch, Partial differential equations, Springer, GTM 128, 1991
 L. Evans, Partial differential equations, American Mathematical Society GSM series,
1998
MTH 406: Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 306 Ordinary Differential Equations

Curves: curves in space, tangent vector, arc length, curvature, torsion, Frenet formulas

Surfaces: parametrization, tangent plane, orientability, first fundamental form, area,

orientation, Gauss map, second fundamental form, Gauss curvature, ruled and minimal
surfaces

Geodesics, isometries of surfaces, Gauss’ TheoremaEgregium, Codazzi-Mainardi equations

Gauss-Bonnet theorem for compact surfaces

Suggested Books:

 Pressley, Elementary Differential Geometry, Springer, Indian reprint, 2004

 Manfredo do Carmo, Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Prentice Hall,
1976
 D. J. Struik, Lectures on Differential Geometry, Dover, 1988
 Barrett O’Neill, Elementary Differential Geometry, Second edition, Academic Press
(Elsevier), 2006
MTH 407: Complex Analysis I (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 303: Real Analysis I

Learning Objectives:

The aim of this course is to introduce the theory of modular forms with minimal prerequisites.
The learning objectives of this course include the definition of analyticity, the Cauchy-
Riemann equations and the concept of differentiability. Also to be learnt are the theorems on
entire functions, residue theorem and applications and finally conformal mapping.

Course Contents:

 Complex numbers: powers and roots, geometric representation, stereographic

projection
 Complex differentiability: limits, continuity and differentiability, Cauchy Riemann
equations, definition of a holomorphic function
 Elementary functions: sequences and series, complex exponential, trigonometric,
and hyperbolic functions, the logarithm function, complex powers, Mobius
transformations
 Complex integration: contour integrals, Cauchy's integral theorem in a disc, Cauchy’s
Integral Formula, Liouville’s theorem, Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, Morera’s
theorem, Schwarz reflection principle
 Series representation of analytic functions: Taylor series, power series, zeros and
singularities, Laurent decomposition, open mapping theorem, Maximum Principle
 Residue theory: residue formula, calculation of certain improper integrals, Riemann’s
theorem on removable singularities, CasoratiWeierstrass theorem, the argument
principle and Rouche's theorem
 Conformal mappings: conformal maps, Schwarz lemma and automorphisms of the
disk and the upper half plane

Suggested Books:

Texts

 Elias M. Stein, Rami Shakarchi, Complex Analysis, Princeton University Press, 2003
 Theodore W. Gamelin, Complex Analysis, Springer Verlag, 2001
 John B. Conway, Functions of one Complex Variable I, Springer, 1978
 E. Freitag and R.Busam, Complex Analysis, Springer, 2005

References

 Lars Ahlfors, Complex Analysis. McGrawHill, 1979

 R. Remmert, Theory of Complex Functions. Springer Verlag, 1991
 C. Caratheodory, Theory of Functions of a complex variable, AMS Chelsea, 2001
MTH 408: Numerical Analysis (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 303 Real Analysis I

Round off errors and computer arithmetic

Interpolation: Lagrange interpolation, divided differences, Hermite interpolation, splines,

numerical differentiation, Richardson extrapolation

Numerical Integration: trapezoidal, Simpsons, Newton-Cotes, Gauss quadrature, Romberg

integration, multiple integrals

Solution of linear algebraic equations: direct methods, Gauss elimination, pivoting, matrix
factorizations

Iterative methods: matrix norms, Jacobi and Gauss-Siedel methods, relaxation methods

Computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors: power method, householders method, QR

algorithm

Numerical solutions of non-linear algebraic equations: bisection, secan and Newton's,

zeroes of polynomials

Suggested Books:

 R. L. Burden, D. J. Faires, Numerical Analysis

 E. K. Blum, Numerical Analysis and Computation, Theory and Practice, Dover, 2010
 S. D. Conte, C. De Boor, Elementary Numerical Analysis,third edition, McGraw-Hill,
1980
 D. M. Young, R. T. Gregory, A Survey of Numerical Mathematics, volumes 1 and 2,
Dover, 1988

MTH 409: Optimization Techniques (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 303 Real Analysis I

Maxima and minima, Lagrange multipliers method, formulation of optimization problems,

linear programming, non-linear programming, integer programming problems

Convex sets, separating hyperplanes theorem, simplex method, two phase simplex method,
duality theorem, zero-sum two-person games, branch and bound method of integer linear
programming

Dynamic programming, Bellman’s principle of optimality

Suggested Books:

 Katta G. Murty, Linear Programming, Revised edition, Wiley, 1983

 Griva, S. Nash, A. Sofer, Linear and Non-linear Optimization, second edition, SIAM,
2008
 M. Bazaraa, H. Sherali, C. Shetty, Non-linear Programming: Theory and Algorithms,
third edition, Wiley Inter-Science, 2006
MTH 410: Representation Theory (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 301, MTH 302

Representations of groups, subrepresentations, Irreducible representations, tensor product

of representations, Maschke's theorem, Wedderburn decomposition

Characters of representations, Generalized characters, Schurs lemma, Orthogonality,

Regular representations, Decomposition theorems

Representations of direct product of finite groups, Induced representations, Reciprocity

theorem

Representations and characters of standard finite and infinite groups: cyclic groups, dihedral
groups, symmetric and alternating groups of small order etc.

Applications of Representation Theory

Suggested Books:

 J. P. Serre, Linear Representations of Finite groups (Graduate Texts in

Mathematics), 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 1977
 W. Fulton and J. Harris, Representation Theory, A First Course, 2nd Indian reprint,
Springer India, 2007
 G. James, M. Liebeck, Representations and Characters of Groups, Cambridge
University Press, 2001
MTH 411: Introduction to Lie Groups and Lie Algebras (4)

Pre-requisites: Required : MTH 311, Desirable : MTH 301 Groups and Rings

Learning Objectives:

The proposed course aims at providing and introduction to Lie groups, Lie algebras and their
representations. The first part of the course focuses on matrix Lie groups (closed subgroups
of GL(n; C)) and Lie algebras. The second part of the course deals with representations of
semisimple Lie groups and Lie algebras. We begin with SU(2) and SU(3), as these cases
very well illustrate the ideas of Cartansubalgebras, the roots, weights and the Wey1 group.
We also look at Semisimple Lie groups and Lie algebras in general towards the end.

Course Contents:

Matrix Lie Groups: Definition and examples; Lie group homomorphisms and isomorphisms,
Lie subgroups, polar decomposition.

Lie algebras: matrix exponential and matrix logarithm (4), one parameter subgroups, the Lie
algebra of a matrix Lie group, Lie subalgebras, complexification of a real Lie algebra

Banker-Campbell-Hausborffformula : Definition, computations on Heisenberg group, Integral

form of B-C-H formula (no proof), the series form of the B-C-H formula (no proof),
applications to exponential map

Representations of SU(3): Weights and roots, theorem of the highest weight, the Wey1
group, weight diagrams

Semisimple Lie algebras: Complete reducibility, examples of reductive and semisimple Lie
algebras, Cartansubalgebras, roots and root spaces, inner products of roots and co-roots,
the Wey1 group, root systems, positive roots, the example of sl(n,C) in detail, uniqueness
results.

Suggested Books:

 Hall, Brian Lie Groups, Lie Algebras, and Representations. Graduate Texts in
Mathematics, Vol. 222, Springer Verlag, 2003.
 Rossmann, Wulf. Lie Groups: An Introduction through Linear Groups. Oxford
Graduate Texts in Mathematics 5, Oxford University Press, 2002.
 Humphreys, James E. Introduction to Lie Alogebras and Representation Theory.
Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Vol. 9, Springer, 1973.
 Baker, Andrew. Matrix Groups: An Introduction to Lie Group Theory. Springer Veriag,
2002.
MTH 412: Combinatorics and Graph Theory (4)

Combinatorics: Elementary principles of combinatorics (permutations and combinations),

binomial coefficients, inclusion-exclusion principle, generating functions, recurrence relation,
pigeon-hole principle and Ramsey theory

Graph theory: definition, isomorphisms, degree sequences, connectivity, trees, colourings,

Eulerian graphs, directed graphs, network flows

Suggested Books:

 R. A. Brualdi, Introductory Combinatorics (5th Ed.), Prentice Hall

 F. Harary, Graph Theory, Westview Press
 Bondy, U. S. R. Murty, Graph Theory (1st Ed.), Springer, GTM
 S. M. Cioaba& M. Ram Murty, A First Course in Graph Theory, TRIM Series, HBA
MTH 414: Probability and Statistics (4)

Course contents:

Algebra of Sets: sets, classes, limit of a sequence of sets, rings, sigma rings, fields, sigma-
fields, monotone classes.

Probability: Classical, relative frequency and axiomatic definitions of probability, addition rule
and conditional probability, multiplication rule, total probability, Bayes Theorem and
independence, problems.

Random Variables: Discrete, continuous and mixed random variables, probability mass,
probability density and cumulative distribution functions, mathematical expectation,
moments, probability and moment generating function, median and quantiles, Markov
inequality, Chebyshev’s inequality, problems.

Special Distributions, Joint Distributions: Joint, marginal and conditional distributions,

product moments, correlation and regression, independence of random variables, bivariate
normal distribution.

Transformations: functions of random vectors, distributions of order statistics, distributions of

sums of random variables.

Sampling Distributions: The Central Limit Theorem, distributions of the sample mean and the
sample variance for a normal population, Chi-Square, t and F distributions.

Descriptive Statistics: Graphical representation, Summarization and tabulation of data.

Estimation: Unbiasedness, consistency, the method of moments and the method of

maximum likelihood estimation, confidence intervals for parameters in one sample and two
sample problems of normal populations, confidence intervals for proportions.

Testing of Hypotheses: Null and alternative hypotheses, the critical and acceptance regions,
two types of error, power of the test, the most powerful test and Neyman-Pearson
Fundamental Lemma, tests for one sample and two sample problems for normal
populations, tests for proportions, Chi-square goodness of fit test and its applications.

Suggested Books:

 W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Volume 1, 3rd

Edition, Wiley, 1968
 V. Rohatgi, A. Saleh, Introduction to Probability Theory and Statistics, 2nd Edition,
Wiley, 2000
 S.M. Ross, A First Course in Probability, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall
 A. Craig, R. Hogg, J. McKean, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6th Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2004
 J.S. Milton and J.C. Arnold, Introduction to Probability and Statistics
 P. Hoel, S. Port, C. Stone, Introduction to Probability Theory, 1st Edition, Brooks
Cole, 1972
MTH 415: Commutative Algebra (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 401 and its pre-requisites

Quotient Rings, Prime and Maximal ideals, units, Nilradical, Jacobson Radical, Operations
on ideals, Extensions and contractions

Tensor product of Algebras (only existence theorem), Rings and Modules of fractions, Local
properties, Structure passing between R and S-1R (resp. M and S-1M)

Primary decompositions, Uniqueness theorems, Chain conditions, Noetherian and Artinian

Rings, Lasker-Noether theorem, Hilbert basis theorem, Nakayama's lemma, Krull
intersection theorem

Integral dependence, Going up theorem, Integrally closed integral domains, Going down
theorem

Valuation rings, Discrete valuation rings, Dedekind domains, Fractional ideals

Valuations, Completions, Extensions of absolute values, residue field, Local fields,

Ostrowski's theorem

Hilbert's Nullstellensatz

Suggested Books:

 Introduction to Commutative Algebra, Atiyah, M and Macdonald, I.G., Levant Books,

Kolkata
 Graduate Algebra: Commutative View, Rowen, L.H., Graduate Studies in
Mathematics, AMS
 Commutative Algebra with a view towards Algebraic Geometry, Eisenbud, D.,
Springer
MTH 417: Programming and Data Structure (4)

Programming in a structured language such as C

Data Structures: definition, operations, implementations and applications of basic data

structures

Array, stack, queue, dequeue, priority queue, double linked list, orthogonal list, binary tree
and traversal algorithm, threaded binary tree, generalized list

Binary search, Fibonacci search, binary search tree, height balance tree, heap, B-tree,
digital search tree, hashing techniques

Suggested Books:

 Donald E. Knuth, The art of computer programming (five volumes, 0 - 4), Addison
Wesley
 V. Aho, J. E. Hopcroft & J. E. Ullman, Data Structures & Algorithm, Addison Wesley
 W. Kernighan, D. M. Richie, The C Programming Language, Prentice Hall
MTH 503: Functional Analysis (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 404: Measure and Integration

Learning Objectives:

Functional analysis is the branch of mathematics concerned with the study of spaces of
functions. This course is intended to introduce the student to the basic concepts and
theorems of functional analysis with special emphasis on Hilbert and Banach Space Theory.
This gives the basics for more advanced studies in modern Functional Analysis, in particular
in Operator Algebra Theory and Banach Space Theory.

Course Contents:

 Normed Linear spaces, Bounded Linear Operators, Banach Spaces, Finite

dimensional spaces, Quotient Spaces
 Hilbert spaces, Riesz Representation Theorem, Orthonormal sets, Bessel's
Inequality, Parseval's Identity, Fourier Series
 Dual Spaces, Dual of Lp spaces , Hahn-Banach Extension Theorem, Applications
 Open Mapping Theorem, Closed Graph Theorem, Uniform Boundedness Principle
 Weak and Weak-* topologies, Hahn-Banach Separation Theorem, Alaoglu's
Theorem, Reflexivity
 Compact Operators, Adjoint of an operator, Spectral theorem for Compact Self-
Adjoint operators
 (If time permits) Banach Algebras, Ideals and Quotients, Gelfand-Mazur Theorem,
Fredholm Alternative, Fredholm Operators, Atkinson's theorem

Suggested Books:

 J.B. Conway, A Course in Functional Analysis, 2nd Ed., (Springer-Verlag, 1990)

 S. Kesavan, Functional Analysis, TRIM 52, Hindustan Book Agency
 B.V. Limaye, Functional Analysis, 2nd Ed., (New Age International, 1996)
 Martin Schechter, Principles of Functional Analysis, 2nd Ed., Graduate Studies in
Mathematics, AMS
 P.D Lax, Functional Analysis, (Wiley, 2002)
 W. Rudin, Functional Analysis, 2nd Ed., (Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006)
MTH 504: Complex Analysis II (4)

Pre-requisites:
Required: MTH 303 Real Analysis I, MTH 407 Complex Analysis
Desirable: MTH 304 Metric Spaces and Topology, MTH 503 Functional Analysis

Review of elementary concepts: Complex differentiation, Cauchy-Riemann equations,

holomorphicity, complex integration, Cauchy’s theorem and Cauchy’s integral formula,
Taylor and Laurent series, residue theorem, definition of a meromorphic function.

Harmonic functions: definition and properties, Poisson integral formula, mean-value

property, Schwarz reflection principle, Dirichlet problem

Maximum modulus principle: Maximum modulus theorem, Schwarz lemma, Phragmen-

Lindelof theorem

Approximations by rational functions: Runge’s theorem, Mittag-Leffler theorem

Conformal mappings: definition and examples, space of holomorphic functions, Montel’s

theorem, statement of Riemann mapping theorem

Entire functions, Infinite products, Weierstrass factorization theorem, little and big Picard
Theorems, Gamma function

Suggested Books:

Texts:

 Stein E.M. and Shakarchi R., Complex Analysis (Princeton Lectures in Analysis
Series, Vol. II), Princeton University Press, 2003
 Conway J.B., Functions of One Complex Variable, Springer-Verlag NY, 1978
 Rudin W., Real and Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 2006
 Epstein B. and Hahn L-S., Classical Complex Analysis, Jones and Bartlett, 2011
 Ahlfors L., Complex Analysis, Lars Ahlfors, McGraw-Hill, 1979.

References:

 Carathodory C., Theory of functions of a complex variable, Vol. I and II, Chelsea Pub
Co, NY 1954
 Remmert R., Classical topics in complex function theory, Springer 1997
MTH 505: Introduction to Ergodic Theory (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 304 Metric Spaces and Topology, MTH 404 Measure and Integration

Discrete Dynamical systems: definition and examples - maps on the circle, the doubling
map, shifts of finite type, toralautomorphisms.

Topological and Symbolic dynamics: transitivity, minimality, topological conjugacy and

discrete spectrum, topological mixing, topological entropy, topological dynamical properties
of shift spaces, circle maps and rotation number.

Ergodic Theory: invariant measures and measure-preserving transformations, ergodicity,

recurrence and ergodic theorems (Poincare recurrence, Kac's lemma, Von Neumann's
ergodic theorem, Birkhoff's ergodic theorem), applications of the ergodic theorem (continued
fractions, Borel normal numbers, Khintchine’s recurrence theorem), ergodic measures for
continuous transformations and their existence, Weyl’s equidistribution theorem, mixing and
spectral properties.

Information and entropy - topological, measure-theoretic, and their relationship. Skew

products, factors and natural extensions, induced transformations, suspensions and towers.
Topological pressure and the variational principle, thermodynamic formalism and transfer
operators, applications of thermodynamic formalism: (i) Bowen's formula for Hausdorff
dimension, (ii) central limit theorems.

Suggested Books:

 P. Walters, An Introduction to Ergodic Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982

 M.G. Nadkarni, Basic Ergodic Theory, Second Edition, Hindustan Book Agency, India
 M. Brin and G. Stuck, Introduction to Dynamical Systems, CUP, 2002
 M. Pollicott and M. Yuri, Dynamical systems and Ergodic theory, CUP, 1998
 P. R. Halmos, Lectures on Ergodic Theory, Chelsea, New York, 1956
 W. Parry, B. Bollobas, W. Fulton, Topics in Ergodic Theory, CUP, 2004
 A.B. Katok and B. Hasselblatt, Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical
Systems, Cambridge, 1995
MTH 506: Fourier Analysis on the Real Line (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 404 Measure and Integration, MTH 503 Functional Analysis: Normed
linear spaces, completeness, Uniform boundedness principle, MTH 405 Partial Differential
Equations: Basic knowledge of Laplacian, Heat and Wave equations

The vibrating string, derivation and solution to the wave equation, The heat equation

Definition of Fourier series and Fourier coefficients, Uniqueness, Convolutions, good

kernels, Cesaro/Abel means, Poisson Kernel and Dirichlet’s problem in the unit disc

Mean-square convergence of Fourier Series, Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma, A continuous

function with diverging Fourier Series

Applications of Fourier Series : The isoperimetric inequality, Weyl’s equidistribution

Theorem, A continuous nowhere-differentiable function, The heat equation on the circle

Schwartz space*, Distributions*, The Fourier transform on R: Elementary theory and

definition, Fourier inversion, Plancherel formula, Poisson summation formula, Paley-Weiner
Theorem*, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle, Heat kernels, Poisson Kernels

(If time permits/possible project topic) Definition of Fourier transform on Rd, Definition of X-
ray transform in R2 and Radon transform in R3, Connection with Fourier Transform,
Uniqueness

Suggested Books:

Texts:

 E.M.Stein and R. Shakarchi, Fourier Analysis: An Introduction, Princeton Univ Press,

2003
 (For topics marked with a*) W. Rudin, Functional Analysis, 2nd Ed, Tata McGraw-
Hill, 2006

References:

 J. Douandikoetxea, Fourier Analysis (Graduate Studies in Mathematics), AMS, 2000

 L. Grafakos, Classical Fourier Analysis (Graduate Texts in Mathematics), 2nd Ed,
Springer, 2008
MTH 507: Introduction to Algebraic Topology (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 301 Groups and Rings, MTH 304 Metric Spaces and Topology

Suggested Books:

This is a first course in algebraic topology. The subject revolves around finding and
computing invariants associated with topological spaces. The first such invariant is the
fundamental group of a pointed topological space which we'll study in detail along with the
classification of covering spaces using fundamental group actions.

Suggested Books:

The Fundamental Group: Homotopy, Fundamental Group, Introduction to Covering Spaces,

The Fundamental Group of the circle S1, Retractions and fixed points, Application to the
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, The Borsuk-Ulam Theorem, Homotopy Equivalence and
Deformation Retractions, Fundamental group of a product of spaces, and Fundamental
group the torus T2=S1×S1, n-sphere Sn, and the real projective n-space RPn.

Van Kampen’s Theorem: Free Products of Groups, The Van Kampen Theorem,
Fundamental Group of a Wedge of Circles, Definition and construction of Cell Complexes,
Application to Van Kampen Theorem to Cell Complexes, Statement of the Classification
Theorem for Surfaces, and Fundamental groups of the closed orientable and non-orientable
surfaces of genus g.

Covering Spaces: Universal Cover and its existence, Unique Lifting Property, Galois
Correspondence of covering spaces and their Fundamental Groups, Representing Covering
Spaces by Permutations – Deck Transformations, Group Actions, Covering Space Actions,
Normal or Regular Covering Spaces, and Application of Covering Spaces to Cayley
Complexes.

Suggested Books:

 J. R. Munkres, Topology (2nd Edition), Pearson Publishing Inc, 2000

 Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press, 2002
 M. A. Amstrong, Basic Topology, Springer International Edition, 2004
 W. S. Massey, Algebraic Topology: An Introduction , Springer, 1977
 J. J. Rotman, An Introduction to Algebraic Topology, Springer, 1988
 M. J. Greenberg and J. R. Harper, Algebraic Topology: A First Course, Perseus
Books Publishing, 1981
 E. H. Spanier, Algebraic Topology, Springer, 1994
MTH 508: Introduction to Differentiable Manifolds and Lie Groups (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 303 Real Analysis I, MTH 304 Metric Spaces and Topology, MTH 306
Ordinary Differential Equations, MTH 403 Real Analysis II

Differentiable manifolds: definition and examples, differentiable functions, existence of

partitions of unity, tangent vectors and tangent space at a point, tangent bundle, differential
of a smooth map, inverse function theorem, implicit function theorem, immersions,
submanifolds, submersions, Sard’s theorem, Whitney embedding theorem

Vector fields: vector fields, statement of the existence theorem for ordinary differential
equations, one parameter and local one-parameter groups acting on a manifold, the Lie
derivative and the Lie algebra of vector fields, distributions and the Frobenius theorem

Lie groups: definition and examples, action of a Lie group on a manifold, definition of Lie
algebra, the exponential map, Lie subgroups and closed subgroups, homogeneous
manifolds: definition and examples

Tensor fields and differential forms: cotangent vectors and the cotangent space at a point,
cotangent bundle, covector fields or 1-forms on a manifold, tensors on a vector space,
tensor product, symmetric and alternating tensors, the exterior algebra, tensor fields and
differential forms on a manifold, the exterior algebra on a manifold

Integration: orientation of a manifold, a quick review of Riemann integration in Euclidean

spaces, differentiable simplex in a manifold, singular chains, integration of forms over
singular chains in a manifold, manifolds with boundary, integration of n-forms over regular
domains in an oriented manifold of dimension n, Stokes theorem, definition of de
Rhamcohomology of a manifold, statement of de Rham theorem, Poincare lemma

Suggested Books:

Texts:

 J. Lee, Introduction to smooth manifolds, Springer, 2002

 W. Boothby, An Introduction to differentiable manifolds and Riemannian
geometry, Academic Press, 2002
 F. Warner, Foundations of differentiable manifolds and Lie groups, Springer, GTM
94, 1983
 M. Spivak, A comprehensive introduction to differential geometry, Vol. 1, Publish or
Perish, 1999

References:

 G. de Rham, Differentiable manifolds: forms, currents and harmonic forms, Springer,

1984
 V. Guillemin and A. Pollack., Differential topology, AMS Chelsea, 2010
 J. Milnor, Topology from the differentiable viewpoint, Princeton University Press,
1997
 J. Munkres, Analysis on manifolds, Westview Press, 1997
 C. Chevalley, Theory of Lie groups, Princeton University Press, 1999
 R. Abraham, J. Marsden, T. Ratiu, Manifolds, tensor analysis, and applications,
Springer, 1988
MTH 509: Sturm-Liouville Theory (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 306 Ordinary Differential Equations, MTH 404 Measure and Integration

Fourier Series: Fourier series of a periodic function, question of point-wise convergence of

such a series, behavior of the Fourier series under the operation of differentiation and
integration , sufficient conditions for uniform and absolute convergence of a Fourier series,
Fourier series on intervals, examples of boundary value problems for the one dimensional
heat and wave equations illustrating the use of Fourier series in solving them by separating
variables, a brief discussion on Cesarosummability and Gibbs phenomenon

Orthogonal Expansions: A quick review of L2 spaces on an interval, convergence,

completeness, orthonormal systems, Bessel’s inequality, Parseval’s identity, dominated
convergence theorem
Sturm-Liouville Systems: linear differential operators, formal adjoint of a linear operator,
Lagrange’s identity, self-adjoint operators, regular and singular Sturm-Liouville systems,
Sturm-Liouville series, Prufer substitution, Sturm comparison and oscillation theorems,
eigenfunctions, Liouville normal form, distribution of eigenvalues, normalized eigenfunctions,
Green’s functions, completeness of eigenfunctions

Illustrative boundary value problems: A technique to solve inhomogeneous equations using

Sturm-Liouville expansions, one dimensional heat and wave equations with inhomogeneous
boundary conditions, one dimensional inhomogeneous heat and wave equations, mixed
boundary conditions, Dirichlet problem in a rectangle and a polar coordinate rectangle

Maximum Principle and applications: maximum principle for linear, second-order, ordinary
differential equations, generalized maximum principle for such equations, applications to
initial and boundary value problems, the eigenvalue problem, an extension of the principle to
non-linear equations

Orthogonal polynomials and their properties: Legendre polynomials, Legendre equation,

Legendre functions and spherical harmonics, Hermite polynomials, Hermite functions,
Hermite equation, Laguerre polynomials, Laguerre equation, zeros of orthogonal
polynomials on an interval, and a recurrence relation satisfied by them

Bessel Functions: Bessel’s equation, identities, asymptotics and zeros of Bessel functions

Suggested Books:

Texts:

 Birkhoff, G & Rota G., Ordinary Differential Equations, John Wiley & Sons
 Folland, G., Fourier Analysis & Its Applications, AMS
 Protter, M. & Weinberger, H., Maximum Principles in Differential Equations, Springer

References:

 Brown, J. & Churchill, R., Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems, McGraw-Hill
 Jackson, D., Fourier Series and Orthogonal Polynomials, Dover
MTH 510: Operator Theory and Operator Algebras (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 503 Functional Analysis

Course Contents:

Banach Algebras, Ideals, Quotients, homomorphisms, Unitization

Invertible Elements, Spectrum, Gelfand-Mazur Theorem, Spectral Radius Formula

Commutative Banach Algebras, The Gelfand Transform, Applications to Fourier Transforms,

Weiner's Theorem, Stone-Weierstrass Theorem

Compact and Fredholm Operators, Atkinson's Theorem, Index Theory

C* algebras, uniqueness of the norm, Commutative C* algebras, Gelfand-Naimark theorem,

Spectral Mapping theorem

Functional Calculus, Positive Operators, Polar Decomposition

Weak and Strong Operator Topologies, Von Neumann Algebras, Double Commutant
Theorem

Spectral measure, Spectral Theorem for Normal Operators, Borel Functional Calculus

Multiplicity Theory, Abelian Von Neumann Algebras, Classification of normal operators upto
unitary equivalence

Suggested Books:

 G. J. Murphy, C* Algebras and Operator Theory (Academic Press Inc, 1990)

 J. B. Conway, A Course in Functional Analysis (2nd Ed) (Springer, 1990)
 R. G. Douglas, Banach Algebra Techniques in Operator Theory (2nd Ed) (Springer,
1998)
 K. R. Davidson, C* Algebras by Example (Fields Institute Monograph, AMS 1996)
 R. V. Kadison and J. R. Ringrose, Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras
- Vol. I (Academic Press Inc, 1983)
 W. A. Arveson, A Short Course in Spectral Theory (Springer 2002)
MTH 511: Introduction to Lie Groups and Lie Algebras (4)

Pre-requisites: Required : MTH 311, Desirable : MTH 301 Groups and Rings

Learning Objectives:

The proposed course aims at providing and introduction to Lie groups, Lie algebras and their
representations. The first part of the course focuses on matrix Lie groups (closed subgroups
of GL(n; C)) and Lie algebras. The second part of the course deals with representations of
semisimple Lie groups and Lie algebras. We begin with SU(2) and SU(3), as these cases
very well illustrate the ideas of Cartansubalgebras, the roots, weights and the Wey1 group.
We also look at Semisimple Lie groups and Lie algebras in general towards the end.

Course Contents:

Matrix Lie Groups: Definition and examples; Lie group homomorphisms and isomorphisms,
Lie subgroups, polar decomposition.

Lie algebras: matrix exponential and matrix logarithm (4), one parameter subgroups, the Lie
algebra of a matrix Lie group, Lie subalgebras, complexification of a real Lie algebra

Banker-Campbell-Hausborffformula : Definition, computations on Heisenberg group, Integral

form of B-C-H formula (no proof), the series form of the B-C-H formula (no proof),
applications to exponential map

Representations of SU(3): Weights and roots, theorem of the highest weight, the Wey1
group, weight diagrams

Semisimple Lie algebras: Complete reducibility, examples of reductive and semisimple Lie
algebras, Cartansubalgebras, roots and root spaces, inner products of roots and co-roots,
the Wey1 group, root systems, positive roots, the example of sl(n,C) in detail, uniqueness
results.

Suggested Books:

 Hall, Brian Lie Groups, Lie Algebras, and Representations. Graduate Texts in
Mathematics, Vol. 222, Springer Verlag, 2003.
 Rossmann, Wulf. Lie Groups: An Introduction through Linear Groups. Oxford
Graduate Texts in Mathematics 5, Oxford University Press, 2002.
 Humphreys, James E. Introduction to Lie Alogebras and Representation Theory.
Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Vol. 9, Springer, 1973.
 Baker, Andrew. Matrix Groups: An Introduction to Lie Group Theory. Springer Veriag,
2002.
MTH 512: Non-commutative Algebra (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 301, MTH 302, MTH 401

Matrix Rings and PLIDs, Tensor Products of Matrix Algebras, Ring constructions using
Regular Representation

Basic notions for Noncommutative Rings, Structure of Hom(M,N), Semisimple Modules &
Rings, the Wedderburn Structure Theorem, Simple Rings, Rings with Involution

The Jacobson Radical and its properties, Primitive Rings and Ideals, Hopkins-Levitzki
Theorem, Nakayama’s Lemma , Radical of a Module, Local Rings, Chevalley-Jacobson
Theorem, Kolchin’s Theorem, Clifford Algebras.

Prime and Semiprime rings, Rings of Fractions and Goldie’s Theorems, Rings with ACC
(ideals), Tensor Algebras, Algebras over large Fields, Deformations and Quantum Algebras.

Hereditary Rings and their Modules, Division rings.

Central Simple Algebras, Cyclic Algebras, Symbol Algebras, Crossed Products, the Brauer
Group, the functor Br, the Skolem-Noether Theorem, the centralizer Theorem, calculation of
Brauer group of commutative rings.

Suggested Books:

 L. Rowen, Graduate algebra: noncommutative view, Graduate Studies in

Mathematics, 91.
 B. Farb, R. Dennis, Noncommutative algebra, GTM, Springer-Verlag.
 T. Y. Lam, A first course in noncommutative rings, GTM, Springer.
 J. Golan and T. Head, Modules and the structure of rings: A primer, Pure and
applied mathematics
MTH 513: Introduction to Riemannian Geometry (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 405 and MTH 508

Review of differentiable manifolds: vector bundles, tensors, vector fields, differential forms,
Lie groups

Riemannian metrics. Definition, examples, existence theorem; model spaces of Riemannian

geometry

Connections: connections on a vector bundle, linear connections, covariant derivative,

parallel transport, geodesics

Riemannian connections and geodesics: torsion tensor, Fundamental Theorem of

Riemannian Geometry, geodesics of the model spaces, exponential map, convex
neighborhoods, Riemannian distance function, first variation formula, Gauss' lemma,
geodesics as locally minimizing curves; completeness, statement of Hopf-Rinow Theorem

Curvature: Riemann Curvature Tensor, Bianchi identity, scalar, sectional and Ricci
curvatures

Jacobi Fields: Jacobi equation, conjugate points, second variation formula, spaces of
constant curvature (if time permits)

Curvature and topology: Gauss-Bonnet Theorem, Bonnet-Myers Theorem, Cartan-

Hadamard Theorem

Suggested Books:

Texts:

 J. M. Lee. Riemannian Manifolds, An introduction to Curvature. Graduate Texts in

Mathematics. Springer (1997).
 M. P. do Carmo. Riemannian Geometry. Birkhauser (1991).
 S. Gallot, D. Hulin, J. Lafontaine. Riemannian Geometry. Springer (2004).

References:

 I. Chavel. Riemannian geometry, a modern introduction. Cambridge University Press

(2006)
 S. Kobayashi, K. Nomizu. Foundations of differential geometry, vol. -I, Wiley
Interscience Publication (1996).
MTH 514: Representation Theory (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 301, MTH 302

Representations of groups, subrepresentations, Irreducible representations, tensor product

of representations, Maschke's theorem, Wedderburn decomposition

Characters of representations, Generalized characters, Schurs lemma, Orthogonality,

Regular representations, Decomposition theorems

Representations of direct product of finite groups, Induced representations, Reciprocity

theorem

Representations and characters of standard finite and infinite groups: cyclic groups, dihedral
groups, symmetric and alternating groups of small order etc.

Applications of Representation Theory

Suggested Books:

 J. P. Serre, Linear Representations of Finite groups (Graduate Texts in

Mathematics), 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 1977
 W. Fulton and J. Harris, Representation Theory, A First Course, 2nd Indian reprint,
Springer India, 2007
 G. James, M. Liebeck, Representations and Characters of Groups, Cambridge
University Press, 2001
 M. Suzuki, Group Theory II, Springer-Verlag, 1983
MTH 516: Topology II (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 507 or MTH 605 and MTH 302 or MTH 601

Learning Objectives:

This is an advanced course in Topology.

Course Contents:

Simplicial Homology: Simplicial Complexes, Barycentric Subdivision, and Simplicial

Homology with examples

Singular and Cellular Homology: Definition with examples, Homotopy Invariance, Exact
Sequence of Relative Homology, Excision, Mayer-Vietoris Sequence, Degree of Maps, and
Cellular Homology, Jordan-Brouwer Separation Theorem, Invariance of domain and
dimension, Borsuk-UlamTheorem, Lefschetz-Hopf Fixed Point Theorem, Axioms for
homology, Fundamental group and homology, and Simplicial Approximation Theorem

Cohomology: Universal Coefficient Theorem, Künneth Formula, Cup Product and the
Cohomology Ring, Cap Product, Orientations on Manifolds, and Poincaré Duality
Higher Homotopy Groups: Definition with examples, Aspherical Spaces, Relative
Homotopy Groups, Long Exact Sequence of a triple, n-connected spaces, and Whitehead's
Theorem

Suggested Books:

 A. Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

 E. H. Spanier, Algebraic Topology, Springer, 1994.
 J. R. Munkres, Elements of Algebraic Topology, Westview Press, 1996.
 J. J. Rotman, An Introduction to Algebraic Topology, Springer, 1988.
 M. J. Greenberg & J. R. Harper, Algebraic Topology: A First Course, Perseus Books
Publishing, 1981.
 W. S. Massey, A Basic Course in Algebraic Topology, Springer International Edition,
2007.
 G. Bredon, Topology and Geometry, Springer International Edition.
MTH 517: Introduction to Algebraic Geometry (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 301, MTH 302, and MTH 401

Learning Objectives:

This course aims to provide an introduction to some of the basic objects and techniques and
objects of algebraic geometry with minimal prerequisites. The main emphasis is on
geometrical ideas and so most of the treatment will be over algebraically closed fields.
Results from commutative algebra will introduced and proved as required and so no prior
experience with commutative algebra will be assumed. After introducing the basic objects
and techniques, they will be illustrated by application to the theory of algebraic curves.

Course Contents:

Closed subsets of affine space, coordinate rings, correspondence between ideals and
closed subsets, affine varieties, regular maps, rational functions, Hilbert's nullstellensatz

Projective and quasi-projective varieties, regular and rational functions on projective

varieties, products and maps of quasi-projective varieties

Dimension of varieties, examples and applications

Local ring of a point, tangent and cotangent space, local parameters, non-singular points
and non-singular varieties

Birational maps, blowups, disingularization of curves

Intersection numbers for plane curves, divisors on curves, Bezout's theorem, Riemann-Roch
theorem for curves, Residue theorem, Riemann-Hurwitz formula

Suggested Books:

 W. Fulton, Algebraic curves: An introduction to algebraic geometry, 2008 ed.

(available online).
 R. Shafarevich, Basic Algebraic Geometry, Vol. 1, Third Edition, Springer,
Heidelberg, 2013.
 S. Abhyankar, Algebraic geometry for scientists and engineers, Mathematical
Surveys and Monographs 35, American Mathematical Society, 1990.
 K. Smith et al, An invitation to algebraic geometry, Springer, 2004.
MTH 518: Commutative Algebra (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 401: Fields and Galois Theory

Learning Objectives:

The aim of this course is to introduce commutative algebra. This theory has developed not
just as a standalone area of algebra, but also as a tool to study other important branches of
Mathematics including Algebraic Geometry and Algebraic Number Theory.

Course Contents:

 Quotient Rings, Prime and Maximal ideals, units, Nilradical, Jacobson Radical,
Operations on ideals, Extensions and contractions
 Tensor product of Algebras (only existence theorem), Rings and Modules of
fractions, Local properties, Structure passing between R and S -1R (resp. M and S-1M)
 Primary decompositions, Uniqueness theorems, Chain conditions, Noetherian and
Artinian Rings, Lasker-Noether theorem, Hilbert basis theorem, Nakayama's lemma,
Krull intersection theorem
 Integral dependence, Going up theorem, Integrally closed integral domains, Going
down theorem
 Valuation rings, Discrete valuation rings, Dedekind domains, Fractional ideals
 Valuations, Completions, Extensions of absolute values, residue field, Local fields,
Ostrowski's theorem
 Hilbert's Nullstellensatz

Suggested Books:

 Introduction to Commutative Algebra, Atiyah, M and Macdonald, I.G., Levant Books,

Kolkata
 Graduate Algebra: Commutative View, Rowen, L.H., Graduate Studies in
Mathematics, AMS
 Commutative Algebra with a view towards Algebraic Geometry, Eisenbud, D.,
Springer
MTH 519: Introduction to Modular Forms (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 407: Complex Analysis I

Learning Objectives:

The aim of this course is to introduce the theory of modular forms with minimal prerequisites.
The course is intended for the students who have done the standard courses in Linear
Algebra and Complex Analysis. The results and techniques from these courses will be used
to understand the space of modular forms and hence the students will solidify their
understandings of some basic tools learned throughout mathematics. Numerous examples
of modular forms will be given which are useful in solving some classical problems in
number theory. The purpose is to make the modular form theory accessible without going
into the advanced algebraically oriented treatments of the subject. At the same time this
course introduces the topics which are at the forefront of the current research.

Course Contents:

 The full modular group SL 2(Z), Congruence subgroups, The upper half-plane H,
Action of groups on H, Fundamental domains, The invariant metric on H
 Modular forms of integral weight of level one, Eisenstein series, The Ramanujan τ-
function, Dedekind η-function, Poincare series, The valence formula and dimension
formula, Modular forms of integral weight of higher level
 The Petersson inner product, Hecke operators, Oldforms and newforms, Dirichlet
series associated to modular forms: Convergence, Analytic continuation, Functional
equation
 (if time permits) Modular forms of half-integral weight: Definition and examples,
Hecke operators, Shimura-Shintani correspondences between modular forms of
integral weight and half-integral weight.

Suggested Books:

 M. Ram Murty, M. Dewar, H. Graves, Problems in the theory of modular forms,

Institute of Mathematical Sciences - Lecture Notes 1, Hindustan Book Agency, 2015.
 N. Koblitz, Introduction to elliptic curves and modular forms, Graduate Texts in
Mathematics 97, Springer, 1993.
 J. P. Serre, A course in arithmetic, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 7, Springer, 1973.
 T. M. Apostol, Modular functions and Dirichlet series in number theory, GTM 41,
Springer, 1990.
 H. Iwaniec, Topics in classical automorphic forms, Graduate Studies in Mathematics
17, AMS, 1997.
 F. Diamond and J. Shurman, A first course in modular forms, Graduate Texts in
Mathematics 228, Springer, 2005.
 T. Miyake, Modular forms, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer, 2006.
 G. Shimura, Modular forms: basics and beyond, Springer Monographs in
Mathematics, Springer, 2012.
MTH 520: Introduction to Hyperbolic Geometry (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 304, MTH 407

Learning Objectives:

Hyperbolic geometry is arguably the most important area in modern geometry and topology.
This course is intended to expose the student to the foundational concepts in hyperbolic
geometry, and is specially tailored to prepare the student for advance topics in geometric
topology.

Course Contents:

The general Möbius group. The extended complex plane (or the Riemman sphere) C; The
general Möbius group Mob(Ĉ); Identifying Mob+(Ĉ) with the matrix group PGL(2;
C); Classification of elements of elements of Mob+(Ĉ); Reflections and the general Möbius
group Mob(Ĉ); Conformality of elements in Mob(Ĉ).

The upper-half plane model H2. The upper half planeH2; The subgroup Mod(H2);
Transitivity properties of Mob+(H2); Geometry of the action of Mob+(H2); The metric inH2;
Element of arc-length inH2; Path metric inH2; The Poincaré metric dH onH2; Geodesics inH2;
Identifying the group Mob+(H2) of isometries of (H2, dH) with PSL(2; R); Ultraparallel lines
in H2.

The Poincaré disk model D. The Poincaré disk D; Transitioning fromH2to D via Mob+(H2);
Element of arc-length and the metric dD in D; The Group Mob(D) of isometries of (D, dD);
Centre, radii, and length of hyperbolic circles in D; Hyperbolic structures on holomorphic
disks.

Properties of H2. Curvature of H2; Convex subsets of H2; Hyperbolic polygons; Area of a
subset of H2; Gauss-Bonnet formula - area of a hyperbolic triangle; Applications of Gauss-
Bonnet Formula: Area of reasonable hyperbolic polygons, existence of certain hyperbolic n-
gons, hyperbolic dilations; Putting a hyperbolic structure on a surface using hyperbolic
polygons; Hyperbolic trigonometry: triogometric identities, law of sines and cosines,
Pythagorean theorem.
Non-planar models (if time permits). Hyperboloid model for the hyperbolic plane; Higher
dimensional hyperbolic spaces.

Suggested Books:

 James W. Anderson, Hyperbolic Geometry (2nd Edition), Springer, 2005.

 Arlan Ramsay, Robert D. Richtmyer, Introduction to Hyperbolic Geometry, Springer,
1995.
 Harold E. Wolfe, Introduction to Non-Euclidean Geometry, Dover, 2012
 Alan F. Beardon, The geometry of discrete groups (Chapter 7), Springer, 1983.
 Svetlana Katok, Fuchsian Groups (Chapter 1), Chicago Lectures in Mathematics,
1992.
 John Stillwell, Geometry of surfaces (Chapter 4), Springer, 1992.
MTH 521: Introduction to Wavelets (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 311, MTH 404

Learning Objectives:

This is an introductory course on wavelet analysis. In this course we will introduce the basic
notion of wavelets in different settings, namely for finite groups, discrete infinite groups and
real line. This will provide the students an opportunity to know perspective applications of
linear algebra and real analysis in mathematics and beyond.

Course Contents:

Review of Linear Algebra: Complex Series, Euler’s Formula, Roots of Unity, Linear
Transformations and Matrices, Change of Basis, diagonalization of Linear Transformations
and Matrices, Inner Product, Orthogonal Bases, Unitary Matrices.

The Discrete Fourier Transform: Definition and Basic Properties of Discrete Fourier
Transform, Translation-Invariant Linear Transformations, The Fast Fourier Transform.

Wavelets on Finite Group ZN: Convolution on ZN, Fourier Transform on ZN, Definition of
Wavelets and Basic Properties, Construction of Wavelets on Z N.

Wavelets on Infinite Discrete Group Z : Definition and Basic Properties of Hilbert spaces,
Complete orthonormal Sets in Hilbert Spaces, The spaces l 2(Z) and L2([-π, π)), Basic Fourier
Series, The Fourier Transform and Convolution on l 2(Z) Wavelets on Z.

Wavelets on R: Convolution and Approximate Identities, Fourier Transform on R, Bases for

The Space L2(R), Belian-Low Theorem, Wavelets on R, Multiresolution Analysis,
Construction of Wavelets from multiresolution Analysis, Construction of Compactly
supported Wavelets, Haar Wavelets, Band-Limited Wavelets, Applications.

Suggested Books:

 Michael W. Frazier: An Introduction to Wavelets Through Linear Algebra,

Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999.
 Eugenio Hernandez, Guido Weiss: A First Course on Wavelets, Studies in Advanced
Mathematics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
 Ingrid, Daubechies: Ten Lectures on Wavelets, CBMS-NSF Regional Conference
Series in Applied Mathematics, 61. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
(SIAM), Philadelphia, PA, 1992
MTH 522: Numerical Analysis (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 303 Real Analysis I

Round off errors and computer arithmetic

Interpolation: Lagrange interpolation, divided differences, Hermite interpolation, splines,

numerical differentiation, Richardson extrapolation

Numerical Integration: trapezoidal, Simpsons, Newton-Cotes, Gauss quadrature, Romberg

integration, multiple integrals

Solution of linear algebraic equations: direct methods, Gauss elimination, pivoting, matrix
factorizations

Iterative methods: matrix norms, Jacobi and Gauss-Siedel methods, relaxation methods

Computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors: power method, householders method, QR

algorithm

Numerical solutions of non-linear algebraic equations: bisection, secan and Newton's,

zeroes of polynomials

Suggested Books:

 R. L. Burden, D. J. Faires, Numerical Analysis

 E. K. Blum, Numerical Analysis and Computation, Theory and Practice, Dover, 2010
 S. D. Conte, C. De Boor, Elementary Numerical Analysis,third edition, McGraw-Hill,
1980
 D. M. Young, R. T. Gregory, A Survey of Numerical Mathematics, volumes 1 and 2,
Dover, 1988
MTH 524: An introduction to schemes and cohomology (4)

Prerequisites: MTH 415

Desirable: MTH 517
Course contents:

Basics of Category theory , Sheaves , Schemes, Properties of Schemes, Separated and

Proper Morphisms, Sheaves of Modules, Divisors, Projective Morphisms, Differentials,
Derived Functors, Cohomology of Sheaves, Cohomology of a Noeitherian Affine Schemes,
CechCohomology, Cohomology of Projective spaces, Ext group and Scheves , Serre Duality
theorem (statement only), Flat Morphisms and Smooth Morphisms

Suggested Books:

 David Mumford,The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes, Springer; 2nd exp. ed.
1999.
 Hartshorne, Robin. Algebraic Geometry. New York, NY: Springer, 1997.
 Phillip Griffiths, Joseph Harris, Principles of Algebraic Geometry, Wiley-Interscience;
1st edition 1994.

References:

 David Eisenbud, The Geometry of Schemes: 197, Springer 2002

 Ulrich Görtz ,TorstenWedhorn, Geometry I: Schemes: With Examples and
Exercises,Vieweg+Teubner Verlag,2010
 Shafarevich, Igor .R ,Basic Algebraic Geometry 2 : Schemes and Complex
Manifolds, Springer Nature (SIE), 2014
MTH 601: Algebra I (4)

Monoids, Groups, group actions, Sylow's theorems, Finitely generated abelian groups, free
groups

Rings and homomorphisms, Chinese remainder theorem, examples as polynomial ring and
power series ring, rings of endomorphisms, Universal property of polynomial rings,
Localization, Principal and factorial rings

Modules, quotient modules, direct product and direct sum of modules, Jordan-Hölder
theorem, Free, Projective and Injective modules, Dual modules, Modules over PID

Category and Functor, Direct and Inverse limit

Polynomials in one and several variables, Gauss lemma, Irreducibility criterions, Power
series ring, group of units in power series ring

Algebraic extensions, Algebraic closure, Splitting fields, Normal extensions, Separable and
inseparable extensions, Finite fields

Galois extensions, examples, Galois correspondence theorems, solvability of equations

Suggested Books:

 Algebra (3rd Edition), Serge Lang, Addison Welsey

 Basic Algebra, Jacobson, parts-I and II, Dover Publications Inc.; 2nd edition.
 Algebra, Birkhoff and McLane, Chelsea Publishing Co.
 A course in theory of groups, D.J.S. Robinson, Springer; 2nd ed.
MTH 602: Algebra II (4)

Extension of rings, integral extensions, going up and going down theorems, integral closure,
integral galois extensions

Transcendental extension, transcendence basis, Noether normalization theorem, separable

and regular extensions

Algebraic varieties, Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, Spec of a ring

Noetherian (and Artinian) rings and Modules

Matrices and linear maps, determinants, duality, bilinear and quadratic forms

Tensor product, basic properties, bimodules, Flat modules, extension of scalars, Algebras,
Graded algebras, Tensor, symmetric and exterior algebras

Suggested Books:

 S. Lang, Algebra, 3rd Edition, Addison Wesley.

 Jacobson, Basic Algebra I and II.
 Birkhoff and McLane, Algebra.
 Dummit and Foote, Abstract Algebra, 2nd Edition, Wiley.

MTH 603: Real Analysis (4)

Several variable calculus: A quick overview, the contraction mapping theorem, the inverse
function theorem, the implicit function theorem.
Riemann integration in Rn, n≥1.

Lebesgue measure and integration: Measures, measurable functions, integration of

nonnegative and complex functions, modes of convergence, convergence theorems, product
measure, Fubini's theorem, convolution, integration in polar coordinates.

Signed measures and differentiation, complex measures, total variation, absolute continuity,
Fundamental theorem of calculus for Lebesgue integral, the Radon-Nikodym theorem and
consequences.

Lp spaces, the Hölder and Minkowski inequalities, Jensen's inequality, completeness, the
Riesz representation theorem, dual of Lp spaces.

Suggested Books:

 G.B. Folland, Real analysis: Modern techniques and their applications, 2nd Edition,
Wiley.
 W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill.
 W. Rudin, Real and Complex Analysis, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill.
 E.M. Stein and R. Shakarchi, Functional Analysis: Introduction to further topics in
analysis, Princeton lectures in analysis.
 T. Tao, Analysis I and II, 2nd Edition, TRIM Series 37, 38, Hindustan Book Agency.
MTH 604: Complex Analysis II (4)

Pre-requisites:
Required: MTH 303 Real Analysis I, MTH 407 Complex Analysis
Desirable: MTH 304 Metric Spaces and Topology, MTH 503 Functional Analysis

Review of elementary concepts: Complex differentiation, Cauchy-Riemann equations,

holomorphicity, complex integration, Cauchy’s theorem and Cauchy’s integral formula,
Taylor and Laurent series, residue theorem, definition of a meromorphic function.

Harmonic functions: definition and properties, Poisson integral formula, mean-value

property, Schwarz reflection principle, Dirichlet problem

Maximum modulus principle: Maximum modulus theorem, Schwarz lemma, Phragmen-

Lindelof theorem

Approximations by rational functions: Runge’s theorem, Mittag-Leffler theorem

Conformal mappings: definition and examples, space of holomorphic functions, Montel’s

theorem, statement of Riemann mapping theorem

Entire functions, Infinite products, Weierstrass factorization theorem, little and big Picard
Theorems, Gamma function

Suggested Books:

Texts:

 Stein E.M. and Shakarchi R., Complex Analysis (Princeton Lectures in Analysis
Series, Vol. II), Princeton University Press, 2003
 Conway J.B., Functions of One Complex Variable, Springer-Verlag NY, 1978
 Rudin W., Real and Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 2006
 Epstein B. and Hahn L-S., Classical Complex Analysis, Jones and Bartlett, 2011
 Ahlfors L., Complex Analysis, Lars Ahlfors, McGraw-Hill, 1979.

References:

 Carathodory C., Theory of functions of a complex variable, Vol. I and II, Chelsea Pub
Co, NY 1954
 Remmert R., Classical topics in complex function theory, Springer 1997
MTH 605: Topology I (4)

General Topology: Connectedness, Compactness, Local Compactness, Paracompactness,

Quotient Spaces, Topological Groups, and Baire Category Theorem.

Fundamental Gruops and Covering Spaces: Homotopy, Homotopy Equivalence and

Deformation Retractions, Fundamental Group, Van Kampen Theorem, Deck
Transformations, Group Actions, and Classification of covering spaces.

Cellular and Simplicial Complexes: Operations on Cell Complexes and Homotopy Extension
Property. Simplicial Complexes - Barycentric Subdivision and Simplicial Approximation
Theorem.

Suggested Books:

 A. Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

 J. R. Munkres, Topology, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 2011.
 G. Bredon, Topology and Geometry, Springer International Edition, 2006.
 W. S. Massey, A Basic Course in Algebraic Topology, Springer International Edition,
2007.
 J. J. Rotman, An Introduction to Algebraic Topology, Springer, 1988.
 J. R. Munkres, Elements of Algebraic Topology, Westview Press, 1996.
MTH 606: Ordinary Differential Equations (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 201, MTH 303, MTH 403

First-order equations

 Direction fields, approximate solutions , the fundamental inequality, uniqueness and

existence theorems, solutions of equations containing parameters
 Comparison theorems

Systems of first-order equations

 Linear systems with constant coefficients: exponentials of linear operators, the

fundamental theorem for linear systems, linear systems in the plane, canonical forms
of linear operators on a complex vector space (S+N decomposition, nilpotent
canonical forms, Jordan and real canonical forms), stability theory (saddle, spiral,
and nodal points), phase portraits
 Linear equations of higher order: fundamental systems, Wronskian, reduction of
order, non-homogeneous linear systems, Green’s function
 Non-linear systems: the fundamental existence-uniqueness theorem, dependence on
initial conditions and parameters, the maximal interval of existence, the flow defined
by a differential equation, linearization, the Stable Manifold theorem, the Hartman-
Grobman theorem, stability theory of equilibria (saddles, nodes, foci and centres),
Liapunov functions, La-Salle’s invariance principle, gradient systems
Poincare-Bendixson theory: Limit sets, local sections, theorem of Poincare-Bendixson,
Poincare's index, orbital stability of limit cycles, index of simple singularities

Suggested Books:

 G. Birkhoff& G. C. Rota, Ordinary differential equations, Paperback edition, John

Wiley & Sons, 1989
 W. Hurewicz, Lectures on ordinary differential equations, Dover, New York, 1997
 Morris Hirsch and Stephen Smale, Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems, and
Linear Algebra (Pure and Applied Mathematics (Academic Press), 1974
 P. Hartman, Ordinary Differential Equations, New York, Wiley, 1964
MTH 607: Complex Analysis I (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 303: Real Analysis I

Learning Objectives:

The aim of this course is to introduce the theory of modular forms with minimal prerequisites.
The learning objectives of this course include the definition of analyticity, the Cauchy-
Riemann equations and the concept of differentiability. Also to be learnt are the theorems on
entire functions, residue theorem and applications and finally conformal mapping.

Course Contents:

 Complex numbers: powers and roots, geometric representation, stereographic

projection
 Complex differentiability: limits, continuity and differentiability, Cauchy Riemann
equations, definition of a holomorphic function
 Elementary functions: sequences and series, complex exponential, trigonometric,
and hyperbolic functions, the logarithm function, complex powers, Mobius
transformations
 Complex integration: contour integrals, Cauchy's integral theorem in a disc, Cauchy’s
Integral Formula, Liouville’s theorem, Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, Morera’s
theorem, Schwarz reflection principle
 Series representation of analytic functions: Taylor series, power series, zeros and
singularities, Laurent decomposition, open mapping theorem, Maximum Principle
 Residue theory: residue formula, calculation of certain improper integrals, Riemann’s
theorem on removable singularities, CasoratiWeierstrass theorem, the argument
principle and Rouche's theorem
 Conformal mappings: conformal maps, Schwarz lemma and automorphisms of the
disk and the upper half plane

Suggested Books:

Texts

 Elias M. Stein, Rami Shakarchi, Complex Analysis, Princeton University Press, 2003
 Theodore W. Gamelin, Complex Analysis, Springer Verlag, 2001
 John B. Conway, Functions of one Complex Variable I, Springer, 1978
 E. Freitag and R.Busam, Complex Analysis, Springer, 2005

References

 Lars Ahlfors, Complex Analysis. McGrawHill, 1979

 R. Remmert, Theory of Complex Functions. Springer Verlag, 1991
 C. Caratheodory, Theory of Functions of a complex variable, AMS Chelsea, 2001
MTH 608: Introduction to Differentiable Manifolds and Lie Groups (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 303 Real Analysis I, MTH 304 Metric Spaces and Topology, MTH 306
Ordinary Differential Equations, MTH 403 Real Analysis II

Differentiable manifolds: definition and examples, differentiable functions, existence of

partitions of unity, tangent vectors and tangent space at a point, tangent bundle, differential
of a smooth map, inverse function theorem, implicit function theorem, immersions,
submanifolds, submersions, Sard’s theorem, Whitney embedding theorem

Vector fields: vector fields, statement of the existence theorem for ordinary differential
equations, one parameter and local one-parameter groups acting on a manifold, the Lie
derivative and the Lie algebra of vector fields, distributions and the Frobenius theorem

Lie groups: definition and examples, action of a Lie group on a manifold, definition of Lie
algebra, the exponential map, Lie subgroups and closed subgroups, homogeneous
manifolds: definition and examples

Tensor fields and differential forms: cotangent vectors and the cotangent space at a point,
cotangent bundle, covector fields or 1-forms on a manifold, tensors on a vector space,
tensor product, symmetric and alternating tensors, the exterior algebra, tensor fields and
differential forms on a manifold, the exterior algebra on a manifold

Integration: orientation of a manifold, a quick review of Riemann integration in Euclidean

spaces, differentiable simplex in a manifold, singular chains, integration of forms over
singular chains in a manifold, manifolds with boundary, integration of n-forms over regular
domains in an oriented manifold of dimension n, Stokes theorem, definition of de
Rhamcohomology of a manifold, statement of de Rham theorem, Poincare lemma

Suggested Books:

Texts:

 J. Lee, Introduction to smooth manifolds, Springer, 2002

 W. Boothby, An Introduction to differentiable manifolds and Riemannian
geometry, Academic Press, 2002
 F. Warner, Foundations of differentiable manifolds and Lie groups, Springer, GTM
94, 1983
 M. Spivak, A comprehensive introduction to differential geometry, Vol. 1, Publish or
Perish, 1999

References:

 G. de Rham, Differentiable manifolds: forms, currents and harmonic forms, Springer,

1984
 V. Guillemin and A. Pollack., Differential topology, AMS Chelsea, 2010
 J. Milnor, Topology from the differentiable viewpoint, Princeton University Press,
1997
 J. Munkres, Analysis on manifolds, Westview Press, 199
 01254217
 C. Chevalley, Theory of Lie groups, Princeton University Press, 1999
 R. Abraham, J. Marsden, T. Ratiu, Manifolds, tensor analysis, and applications,
Springer, 1988
MTH 609: Sturm-Liouville Theory (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 306 Ordinary Differential Equations, MTH 404 Measure and Integration

Fourier Series: Fourier series of a periodic function, question of point-wise convergence of

such a series, behavior of the Fourier series under the operation of differentiation and
integration , sufficient conditions for uniform and absolute convergence of a Fourier series,
Fourier series on intervals, examples of boundary value problems for the one dimensional
heat and wave equations illustrating the use of Fourier series in solving them by separating
variables, a brief discussion on Cesarosummability and Gibbs phenomenon

Orthogonal Expansions: A quick review of L2 spaces on an interval, convergence,

completeness, orthonormal systems, Bessel’s inequality, Parseval’s identity, dominated
convergence theorem
Sturm-Liouville Systems: linear differential operators, formal adjoint of a linear operator,
Lagrange’s identity, self-adjoint operators, regular and singular Sturm-Liouville systems,
Sturm-Liouville series, Prufer substitution, Sturm comparison and oscillation theorems,
eigenfunctions, Liouville normal form, distribution of eigenvalues, normalized eigenfunctions,
Green’s functions, completeness of eigenfunctions

Illustrative boundary value problems: A technique to solve inhomogeneous equations using

Sturm-Liouville expansions, one dimensional heat and wave equations with inhomogeneous
boundary conditions, one dimensional inhomogeneous heat and wave equations, mixed
boundary conditions, Dirichlet problem in a rectangle and a polar coordinate rectangle

Maximum Principle and applications: maximum principle for linear, second-order, ordinary
differential equations, generalized maximum principle for such equations, applications to
initial and boundary value problems, the eigenvalue problem, an extension of the principle to
non-linear equations

Orthogonal polynomials and their properties: Legendre polynomials, Legendre equation,

Legendre functions and spherical harmonics, Hermite polynomials, Hermite functions,
Hermite equation, Laguerre polynomials, Laguerre equation, zeros of orthogonal
polynomials on an interval, and a recurrence relation satisfied by them

Bessel Functions: Bessel’s equation, identities, asymptotics and zeros of Bessel functions

Suggested Books:

Texts:

 Birkhoff, G & Rota G., Ordinary Differential Equations, John Wiley & Sons
 Folland, G., Fourier Analysis & Its Applications, AMS
 Protter, M. & Weinberger, H., Maximum Principles in Differential Equations, Springer

References:

 Brown, J. & Churchill, R., Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems, McGraw-Hill
 Jackson, D., Fourier Series and Orthogonal Polynomials, Dover
MTH 610: Fourier Analysis on the Real Line (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 404 Measure and Integration, MTH 503 Functional Analysis: Normed
linear spaces, completeness, Uniform boundedness principle, MTH 405 Partial Differential
Equations: Basic knowledge of Laplacian, Heat and Wave equations

The vibrating string, derivation and solution to the wave equation, The heat equation

Definition of Fourier series and Fourier coefficients, Uniqueness, Convolutions, good

kernels, Cesaro/Abel means, Poisson Kernel and Dirichlet’s problem in the unit disc

Mean-square convergence of Fourier Series, Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma, A continuous

function with diverging Fourier Series

Applications of Fourier Series : The isoperimetric inequality, Weyl’s equidistribution

Theorem, A continuous nowhere-differentiable function, The heat equation on the circle

Schwartz space*, Distributions*, The Fourier transform on R: Elementary theory and

definition, Fourier inversion, Plancherel formula, Poisson summation formula, Paley-Weiner
Theorem*, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle, Heat kernels, Poisson Kernels

(If time permits/possible project topic) Definition of Fourier transform on Rd, Definition of X-
ray transform in R2 and Radon transform in R3, Connection with Fourier Transform,
Uniqueness

Suggested Books:

Texts:

 E.M.Stein and R. Shakarchi, Fourier Analysis: An Introduction, Princeton Univ Press,

2003
 (For topics marked with a*) W. Rudin, Functional Analysis, 2nd Ed, Tata McGraw-
Hill, 2006

References:

 J. Douandikoetxea, Fourier Analysis (Graduate Studies in Mathematics), AMS, 2000

 L. Grafakos, Classical Fourier Analysis (Graduate Texts in Mathematics), 2nd Ed,
Springer, 2008
MTH 612: Non-commutative Algebra (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 301, MTH 302, MTH 401

Matrix Rings and PLIDs, Tensor Products of Matrix Algebras, Ring constructions using
Regular Representation

Basic notions for Noncommutative Rings, Structure of Hom(M,N), Semisimple Modules &
Rings, the Wedderburn Structure Theorem, Simple Rings, Rings with Involution

The Jacobson Radical and its properties, Primitive Rings and Ideals, Hopkins-Levitzki
Theorem, Nakayama’s Lemma , Radical of a Module, Local Rings, Chevalley-Jacobson
Theorem, Kolchin’s Theorem, Clifford Algebras.

Prime and Semiprime rings, Rings of Fractions and Goldie’s Theorems, Rings with ACC
(ideals), Tensor Algebras, Algebras over large Fields, Deformations and Quantum Algebras.

Hereditary Rings and their Modules, Division rings.

Central Simple Algebras, Cyclic Algebras, Symbol Algebras, Crossed Products, the Brauer
Group, the functor Br, the Skolem-Noether Theorem, the centralizer Theorem, calculation of
Brauer group of commutative rings.

Suggested Books:

 L. Rowen, Graduate algebra: noncommutative view, Graduate Studies in

Mathematics, 91.
 B. Farb, R. Dennis, Noncommutative algebra, GTM, Springer-Verlag.
 T. Y. Lam, A first course in noncommutative rings, GTM, Springer.
 J. Golan and T. Head, Modules and the structure of rings: A primer, Pure and
applied mathematics
MTH 613: Introduction to Riemannian Geometry (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 405 and MTH 508

Review of differentiable manifolds: vector bundles, tensors, vector fields, differential forms,
Lie groups

Riemannian metrics. Definition, examples, existence theorem; model spaces of Riemannian

geometry

Connections: connections on a vector bundle, linear connections, covariant derivative,

parallel transport, geodesics

Riemannian connections and geodesics: torsion tensor, Fundamental Theorem of

Riemannian Geometry, geodesics of the model spaces, exponential map, convex
neighborhoods, Riemannian distance function, first variation formula, Gauss' lemma,
geodesics as locally minimizing curves; completeness, statement of Hopf-Rinow Theorem

Curvature: Riemann Curvature Tensor, Bianchi identity, scalar, sectional and Ricci
curvatures

Jacobi Fields: Jacobi equation, conjugate points, second variation formula, spaces of
constant curvature (if time permits)

Curvature and topology: Gauss-Bonnet Theorem, Bonnet-Myers Theorem, Cartan-

Hadamard Theorem

Suggested Books:

Texts:

 J. M. Lee. Riemannian Manifolds, An introduction to Curvature. Graduate Texts in

Mathematics. Springer (1997).
 M. P. do Carmo. Riemannian Geometry. Birkhauser (1991).
 S. Gallot, D. Hulin, J. Lafontaine. Riemannian Geometry. Springer (2004).

References:

 I. Chavel. Riemannian geometry, a modern introduction. Cambridge University Press

(2006)
 S. Kobayashi, K. Nomizu. Foundations of differential geometry, vol. -I, Wiley
Interscience Publication (1996).
MTH 614: Functional Analysis (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 404: Measure and Integration

Learning Objectives:

Functional analysis is the branch of mathematics concerned with the study of spaces of
functions. This course is intended to introduce the student to the basic concepts and
theorems of functional analysis with special emphasis on Hilbert and Banach Space Theory.
This gives the basics for more advanced studies in modern Functional Analysis, in particular
in Operator Algebra Theory and Banach Space Theory.

Course Contents:

 Normed Linear spaces, Bounded Linear Operators, Banach Spaces, Finite

dimensional spaces, Quotient Spaces
 Hilbert spaces, Riesz Representation Theorem, Orthonormal sets, Bessel's
Inequality, Parseval's Identity, Fourier Series
 Dual Spaces, Dual of Lp spaces , Hahn-Banach Extension Theorem, Applications
 Open Mapping Theorem, Closed Graph Theorem, Uniform Boundedness Principle
 Weak and Weak-* topologies, Hahn-Banach Separation Theorem, Alaoglu's
Theorem, Reflexivity
 Compact Operators, Adjoint of an operator, Spectral theorem for Compact Self-
Adjoint operators
 (If time permits) Banach Algebras, Ideals and Quotients, Gelfand-Mazur Theorem,
Fredholm Alternative, Fredholm Operators, Atkinson's theorem

Suggested Books:

 J.B. Conway, A Course in Functional Analysis, 2nd Ed., (Springer-Verlag, 1990)

 S. Kesavan, Functional Analysis, TRIM 52, Hindustan Book Agency
 B.V. Limaye, Functional Analysis, 2nd Ed., (New Age International, 1996)
 Martin Schechter, Principles of Functional Analysis, 2nd Ed., Graduate Studies in
Mathematics, AMS
 P.D Lax, Functional Analysis, (Wiley, 2002)
 W. Rudin, Functional Analysis, 2nd Ed., (Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006)
MTH 615: Operator Theory and Operator Algebras (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 503 Functional Analysis

Course Contents:

Banach Algebras, Ideals, Quotients, homomorphisms, Unitization

Invertible Elements, Spectrum, Gelfand-Mazur Theorem, Spectral Radius Formula

Commutative Banach Algebras, The Gelfand Transform, Applications to Fourier Transforms,

Weiner's Theorem, Stone-Weierstrass Theorem

Compact and Fredholm Operators, Atkinson's Theorem, Index Theory

C* algebras, uniqueness of the norm, Commutative C* algebras, Gelfand-Naimark theorem,

Spectral Mapping theorem

Functional Calculus, Positive Operators, Polar Decomposition

Weak and Strong Operator Topologies, Von Neumann Algebras, Double Commutant
Theorem

Spectral measure, Spectral Theorem for Normal Operators, Borel Functional Calculus

Multiplicity Theory, Abelian Von Neumann Algebras, Classification of normal operators upto
unitary equivalence

Suggested Books:

 G. J. Murphy, C* Algebras and Operator Theory (Academic Press Inc, 1990)

 J. B. Conway, A Course in Functional Analysis (2nd Ed) (Springer, 1990)
 R. G. Douglas, Banach Algebra Techniques in Operator Theory (2nd Ed) (Springer,
1998)
 K. R. Davidson, C* Algebras by Example (Fields Institute Monograph, AMS 1996)
 R. V. Kadison and J. R. Ringrose, Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras
- Vol. I (Academic Press Inc, 1983)
 W. A. Arveson, A Short Course in Spectral Theory (Springer 2002)
MTH 616: Topology II (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 507 or MTH 605 and MTH 302 or MTH 601

Learning Objectives:

This is an advanced course in Topology.

Course Contents:

Simplicial Homology: Simplicial Complexes, Barycentric Subdivision, and Simplicial

Homology with examples

Singular and Cellular Homology: Definition with examples, Homotopy Invariance, Exact
Sequence of Relative Homology, Excision, Mayer-Vietoris Sequence, Degree of Maps, and
Cellular Homology, Jordan-Brouwer Separation Theorem, Invariance of domain and
dimension, Borsuk-UlamTheorem, Lefschetz-Hopf Fixed Point Theorem, Axioms for
homology, Fundamental group and homology, and Simplicial Approximation Theorem

Cohomology: Universal Coefficient Theorem, Künneth Formula, Cup Product and the
Cohomology Ring, Cap Product, Orientations on Manifolds, and Poincaré Duality
Higher Homotopy Groups: Definition with examples, Aspherical Spaces, Relative
Homotopy Groups, Long Exact Sequence of a triple, n-connected spaces, and Whitehead's
Theorem

Suggested Books:

 A. Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

 E. H. Spanier, Algebraic Topology, Springer, 1994.
 J. R. Munkres, Elements of Algebraic Topology, Westview Press, 1996.
 J. J. Rotman, An Introduction to Algebraic Topology, Springer, 1988.
 M. J. Greenberg & J. R. Harper, Algebraic Topology: A First Course, Perseus Books
Publishing, 1981.
 W. S. Massey, A Basic Course in Algebraic Topology, Springer International Edition,
2007.
 G. Bredon, Topology and Geometry, Springer International Edition.
MTH 617: Introduction to Algebraic Geometry (4)

Learning Objectives:

This course aims to provide an introduction to some of the basic objects and techniques and
objects of algebraic geometry with minimal prerequisites. The main emphasis is on
geometrical ideas and so most of the treatment will be over algebraically closed fields.
Results from commutative algebra will introduced and proved as required and so no prior
experience with commutative algebra will be assumed. After introducing the basic objects
and techniques, they will be illustrated by application to the theory of algebraic curves.

Course Contents:

Closed subsets of affine space, coordinate rings, correspondence between ideals and
closed subsets, affine varieties, regular maps, rational functions, Hilbert's nullstellensatz

Projective and quasi-projective varieties, regular and rational functions on projective

varieties, products and maps of quasi-projective varieties

Dimension of varieties, examples and applications

Local ring of a point, tangent and cotangent space, local parameters, non-singular points
and non-singular varieties

Birational maps, blowups, disingularization of curves

Intersection numbers for plane curves, divisors on curves, Bezout's theorem, Riemann-Roch
theorem for curves, Residue theorem, Riemann-Hurwitz formula

Suggested Books:

 W. Fulton, Algebraic curves: An introduction to algebraic geometry, 2008 ed.

(available online).
 R. Shafarevich, Basic Algebraic Geometry, Vol. 1, Third Edition, Springer,
Heidelberg, 2013.
 S. Abhyankar, Algebraic geometry for scientists and engineers, Mathematical
Surveys and Monographs 35, American Mathematical Society, 1990.
 K. Smith et al, An invitation to algebraic geometry, Springer, 2004.
MTH 618: Commutative Algebra (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 401: Fields and Galois Theory

Learning Objectives:

The aim of this course is to introduce commutative algebra. This theory has developed not
just as a standalone area of algebra, but also as a tool to study other important branches of
Mathematics including Algebraic Geometry and Algebraic Number Theory.

Course Contents:

 Quotient Rings, Prime and Maximal ideals, units, Nilradical, Jacobson Radical,
Operations on ideals, Extensions and contractions
 Tensor product of Algebras (only existence theorem), Rings and Modules of
fractions, Local properties, Structure passing between R and S-1R (resp. M and S-1M)
 Primary decompositions, Uniqueness theorems, Chain conditions, Noetherian and
Artinian Rings, Lasker-Noether theorem, Hilbert basis theorem, Nakayama's lemma,
Krull intersection theorem
 Integral dependence, Going up theorem, Integrally closed integral domains, Going
down theorem
 Valuation rings, Discrete valuation rings, Dedekind domains, Fractional ideals
 Valuations, Completions, Extensions of absolute values, residue field, Local fields,
Ostrowski's theorem
 Hilbert's Nullstellensatz

Suggested Books:

 Introduction to Commutative Algebra, Atiyah, M and Macdonald, I.G., Levant Books,

Kolkata
 Graduate Algebra: Commutative View, Rowen, L.H., Graduate Studies in
Mathematics, AMS
 Commutative Algebra with a view towards Algebraic Geometry, Eisenbud, D.,
Springer
MTH 619: Introduction to Modular Forms (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 407: Complex Analysis I

Learning Objectives:

The aim of this course is to introduce the theory of modular forms with minimal prerequisites.
The course is intended for the students who have done the standard courses in Linear
Algebra and Complex Analysis. The results and techniques from these courses will be used
to understand the space of modular forms and hence the students will solidify their
understandings of some basic tools learned throughout mathematics. Numerous examples
of modular forms will be given which are useful in solving some classical problems in
number theory. The purpose is to make the modular form theory accessible without going
into the advanced algebraically oriented treatments of the subject. At the same time this
course introduces the topics which are at the forefront of the current research.

Course Contents:

 The full modular group SL 2(Z), Congruence subgroups, The upper half-plane H,
Action of groups on H, Fundamental domains, The invariant metric on H
 Modular forms of integral weight of level one, Eisenstein series, The Ramanujan τ-
function, Dedekind η-function, Poincare series, The valence formula and dimension
formula, Modular forms of integral weight of higher level
 The Petersson inner product, Hecke operators, Oldforms and newforms, Dirichlet
series associated to modular forms: Convergence, Analytic continuation, Functional
equation
 (if time permits) Modular forms of half-integral weight: Definition and examples,
Hecke operators, Shimura-Shintani correspondences between modular forms of
integral weight and half-integral weight.

Suggested Books:

 M. Ram Murty, M. Dewar, H. Graves, Problems in the theory of modular forms,

Institute of Mathematical Sciences - Lecture Notes 1, Hindustan Book Agency, 2015.
 N. Koblitz, Introduction to elliptic curves and modular forms, Graduate Texts in
Mathematics 97, Springer, 1993.
 J. P. Serre, A course in arithmetic, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 7, Springer, 1973.
 T. M. Apostol, Modular functions and Dirichlet series in number theory, GTM 41,
Springer, 1990.
 H. Iwaniec, Topics in classical automorphic forms, Graduate Studies in Mathematics
17, AMS, 1997.
 F. Diamond and J. Shurman, A first course in modular forms, Graduate Texts in
Mathematics 228, Springer, 2005.
 T. Miyake, Modular forms, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer, 2006.
 G. Shimura, Modular forms: basics and beyond, Springer Monographs in
Mathematics, Springer, 2012.
MTH 620: Introduction to Hyperbolic Geometry (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 304, MTH 407

Learning Objectives:

Hyperbolic geometry is arguably the most important area in modern geometry and topology.
This course is intended to expose the student to the foundational concepts in hyperbolic
geometry, and is specially tailored to prepare the student for advance topics in geometric
topology.

Course Contents:

The general Möbius group. The extended complex plane (or the Riemman sphere) C; The
general Möbius group Mob(Ĉ); Identifying Mob+(Ĉ) with the matrix group PGL(2;
C); Classification of elements of elements of Mob+(Ĉ); Reflections and the general Möbius
group Mob(Ĉ); Conformality of elements in Mob(Ĉ).

The upper-half plane model H2. The upper half planeH2; The subgroup Mod(H2);
Transitivity properties of Mob+(H2); Geometry of the action of Mob+(H2); The metric inH2;
Element of arc-length inH2; Path metric inH2; The Poincaré metric dH onH2; Geodesics inH2;
Identifying the group Mob+(H2) of isometries of (H2, dH) with PSL(2; R); Ultraparallel lines
in H2.

The Poincaré disk model D. The Poincaré disk D; Transitioning fromH2to D via Mob+(H2);
Element of arc-length and the metric dD in D; The Group Mob(D) of isometries of (D, dD);
Centre, radii, and length of hyperbolic circles in D; Hyperbolic structures on holomorphic
disks.

Properties of H2. Curvature of H2; Convex subsets of H2; Hyperbolic polygons; Area of a
subset of H2; Gauss-Bonnet formula - area of a hyperbolic triangle; Applications of Gauss-
Bonnet Formula: Area of reasonable hyperbolic polygons, existence of certain hyperbolic n-
gons, hyperbolic dilations; Putting a hyperbolic structure on a surface using hyperbolic
polygons; Hyperbolic trigonometry: triogometric identities, law of sines and cosines,
Pythagorean theorem.
Non-planar models (if time permits). Hyperboloid model for the hyperbolic plane; Higher
dimensional hyperbolic spaces.

Suggested Books:

 James W. Anderson, Hyperbolic Geometry (2nd Edition), Springer, 2005.

 Arlan Ramsay, Robert D. Richtmyer, Introduction to Hyperbolic Geometry, Springer,
1995.
 Harold E. Wolfe, Introduction to Non-Euclidean Geometry, Dover, 2012
 Alan F. Beardon, The geometry of discrete groups (Chapter 7), Springer, 1983.
 Svetlana Katok, Fuchsian Groups (Chapter 1), Chicago Lectures in Mathematics,
1992.
 John Stillwell, Geometry of surfaces (Chapter 4), Springer, 1992.
MTH 621: Introduction to Wavelets (4)

Pre-requisites (Desirable): MTH 311, MTH 404

Learning Objectives:

This is an introductory course on wavelet analysis. In this course we will introduce the basic
notion of wavelets in different settings, namely for finite groups, discrete infinite groups and
real line. This will provide the students an opportunity to know perspective applications of
linear algebra and real analysis in mathematics and beyond.

Course Contents:

Review of Linear Algebra: Complex Series, Euler’s Formula, Roots of Unity, Linear
Transformations and Matrices, Change of Basis, diagonalization of Linear Transformations
and Matrices, Inner Product, Orthogonal Bases, Unitary Matrices.

The Discrete Fourier Transform: Definition and Basic Properties of Discrete Fourier
Transform, Translation-Invariant Linear Transformations, The Fast Fourier Transform.

Wavelets on Finite Group ZN: Convolution on ZN, Fourier Transform on ZN, Definition of
Wavelets and Basic Properties, Construction of Wavelets on Z N.

Wavelets on Infinite Discrete Group Z : Definition and Basic Properties of Hilbert spaces,
Complete orthonormal Sets in Hilbert Spaces, The spaces l 2(Z) and L2([-π, π)), Basic Fourier
Series, The Fourier Transform and Convolution on l 2(Z) Wavelets on Z.

Wavelets on R: Convolution and Approximate Identities, Fourier Transform on R, Bases for

The Space L2(R), Belian-Low Theorem, Wavelets on R, Multiresolution Analysis,
Construction of Wavelets from multiresolution Analysis, Construction of Compactly
supported Wavelets, Haar Wavelets, Band-Limited Wavelets, Applications.

Suggested Books:

 Michael W. Frazier: An Introduction to Wavelets Through Linear Algebra,

Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999.
 Eugenio Hernandez, Guido Weiss: A First Course on Wavelets, Studies in Advanced
Mathematics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
 Ingrid, Daubechies: Ten Lectures on Wavelets, CBMS-NSF Regional Conference
Series in Applied Mathematics, 61. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
(SIAM), Philadelphia, PA, 1992
MTH 623: Introduction to Ergodic Theory (4)

Pre-requisites: MTH 304 Metric Spaces and Topology, MTH 404 Measure and Integration

Discrete Dynamical systems: definition and examples - maps on the circle, the doubling
map, shifts of finite type, toralautomorphisms.

Topological and Symbolic dynamics: transitivity, minimality, topological conjugacy and

discrete spectrum, topological mixing, topological entropy, topological dynamical properties
of shift spaces, circle maps and rotation number.

Ergodic Theory: invariant measures and measure-preserving transformations, ergodicity,

recurrence and ergodic theorems (Poincare recurrence, Kac's lemma, Von Neumann's
ergodic theorem, Birkhoff's ergodic theorem), applications of the ergodic theorem (continued
fractions, Borel normal numbers, Khintchine’s recurrence theorem), ergodic measures for
continuous transformations and their existence, Weyl’s equidistribution theorem, mixing and
spectral properties.

Information and entropy - topological, measure-theoretic, and their relationship. Skew

products, factors and natural extensions, induced transformations, suspensions and towers.
Topological pressure and the variational principle, thermodynamic formalism and transfer
operators, applications of thermodynamic formalism: (i) Bowen's formula for Hausdorff
dimension, (ii) central limit theorems.

Suggested Books:

 P. Walters, An Introduction to Ergodic Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982

 M.G. Nadkarni, Basic Ergodic Theory, Second Edition, Hindustan Book Agency, India
 M. Brin and G. Stuck, Introduction to Dynamical Systems, CUP, 2002
 M. Pollicott and M. Yuri, Dynamical systems and Ergodic theory, CUP, 1998
 P. R. Halmos, Lectures on Ergodic Theory, Chelsea, New York, 1956
 W. Parry, B. Bollobas, W. Fulton, Topics in Ergodic Theory, CUP, 2004
 A.B. Katok and B. Hasselblatt, Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical
Systems, Cambridge, 1995
MTH 624: An introduction to schemes and cohomology (4)

Prerequisites: MTH 415

Desirable: MTH 517
Course contents:

Basics of Category theory , Sheaves , Schemes, Properties of Schemes, Separated and

Proper Morphisms, Sheaves of Modules, Divisors, Projective Morphisms, Differentials,
Derived Functors, Cohomology of Sheaves, Cohomology of a Noeitherian Affine Schemes,
CechCohomology, Cohomology of Projective spaces, Ext group and Scheves , Serre Duality
theorem (statement only), Flat Morphisms and Smooth Morphisms

Suggested Books:

 David Mumford,The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes, Springer; 2nd exp. ed.
1999.
 Hartshorne, Robin. Algebraic Geometry. New York, NY: Springer, 1997.
 Phillip Griffiths, Joseph Harris, Principles of Algebraic Geometry, Wiley-Interscience;
1st edition 1994.

References:

 David Eisenbud, The Geometry of Schemes: 197, Springer 2002

 Ulrich Görtz ,TorstenWedhorn, Geometry I: Schemes: With Examples and
Exercises,Vieweg+Teubner Verlag,2010
 Shafarevich, Igor .R ,Basic Algebraic Geometry 2 : Schemes and Complex
Manifolds, Springer Nature (SIE), 2014