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Biometric System Components Guide

A biometric system consists of four main components: an input interface (sensors), a processing unit, a database store, and an output interface. The system captures biological data, processes it to extract features, compares it with stored samples, and communicates the access decision. This process involves acquiring a live sample, feature extraction, comparison, and presenting the result for authentication or identification.

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4 views3 pages

Biometric System Components Guide

A biometric system consists of four main components: an input interface (sensors), a processing unit, a database store, and an output interface. The system captures biological data, processes it to extract features, compares it with stored samples, and communicates the access decision. This process involves acquiring a live sample, feature extraction, comparison, and presenting the result for authentication or identification.

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mythily.bme
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Components of a Biometric System

In general, a biometric system can be divided into four basic


components. Let us see them briefly −

Input Interface (Sensors)


It is the sensing component of a biometrics system that converts
human biological data into digital form.

For example,

 A Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) imager or a Charge


Coupled Device (CCD) in the case of face recognition,
handprint recognition, or iris/retinal recognition systems.
 An optical sensor in case of fingerprint systems.
 A microphone in case of voice recognition systems.

Processing Unit
The processing component is a microprocessor, Digital Signal
Processor (DSP), or computer that processes the data captured
from the sensors.

The processing of the biometric sample involves −

 Sample image enhancement


 Sample image normalization
 Feature extraction
 Comparison of the biometric sample with all stored samples
in database.
Database Store
The database stores the enrolled sample, which is recalled to
perform a match at the time of authentication. For identification,
there can be any memory from Random Access Memory (RAM),
flash EPROM, or a data server. For verification, a removable
storage element like a contact or contactless smart card is used.

Output Interface
The output interface communicates the decision of the biometric
system to enable the access to the user. This can be a simple
serial communication protocol RS232, or the higher bandwidth
USB protocol. It could also be TCP/IP protocol, Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID), Bluetooth, or one of the many cellular
protocols.

General Working of a Biometric System


There are four general steps a biometric system takes to perform
identification and verification −

 Acquire live sample from candidate. (using sensors)


 Extract prominent features from sample. (using processing
unit)
 Compare live sample with samples stored in database.
(using algorithms)
 Present the decision. (Accept or reject the candidate.)

The biometric sample is acquired from candidate user. The


prominent features are extracted from the sample and it is then
compared with all the samples stored in the database. When the
input sample matches with one of the samples in the database,
the biometric system allows the person to access the resources;
otherwise prohibits.

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