Sets

A set is a well defined collection of distinct objects.

Example:
The collection of first five prime natural numbers is a set
containing the elements 2, 3, 5, 7, 11.

Example:
Days in a week.
 Sets

A set is a well defined collection of distinct objects.

Is this a set?
The collection of your favorite cricketer.
IMPORTANT SETS
 Representing Sets
1. Roster Form: A set is described by listing elements, separated by
commas and enclose them by curly brackets.

Note:
Don’t repeat any element.
Order doesn’t matter.

Example:
The set of letters of word MISSISSIPPI may be written as {M, I, S, P}.
Express set A = {x3 : x < 5, x is a whole number}
in roster form
 Representing Sets

2. Set builder Form:

In this we write down a property or rule which gives us all the element of
the set.

A = {x : P(x)}
where P(x) is the property by which x ∈ A and colon ( : ) stands for ‘ such
that ’
Express set of

A. even numbers

A. even numbers less than equal to 10

A. even numbers less than 10

A. odd numbers less than 9

Express set C = in set builder form
Express set B = {2, 5, 10, 17, 26} in set builder form
The number of elements in the set A = { (a, b) : 2a2 + 3b2 =35 , a, b ∈ N },
where N is the set of Natural Numbers:

A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. None
The number of elements in the set A = { (a, b) : 2a2 + 3b2 =35 , a, b ∈ Z},
where Z is the set of Integers is:

A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. None
 Types of Sets
1. Null set or empty set:
A set having no element in it. It is denoted by ф or {}.

Example:
A = { x : 0 < x < 1; x 𝝐 Integers}

Is this a null set?

A = { x : 0 < x < 2; x 𝝐 Integers}
Which of the following sets is empty ?

A. {x ∈ R | x2 = 9 and 2x = 6}
B. {x ∈ R | x2 = 9 and 2x = 4}
C. {x ∈ R | x + 4 = 4}
D. {x ∈ R | 2x + 1 = 3}
 Types of Sets
2. Singleton set:
A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.

Example:
A = { x : 0 < x < 2; x 𝝐 Integers }
 Types of Sets
3. Finite set: A set which has countable number of elements

Example: Set of prime numbers less than 10.

Order/Cardinal number of a finite set:

The number of elements in a finite set A
Denoted by O(A) or n(A)

e.g : A = {a, b, c, d} ⇒ n(A) = 4

 Types of Sets
4. Infinite set: A set which has uncountable (infinite) number of elements

Example: Set of prime numbers

Consider the following sets
A = The set of lines which are parallel to the X-axis.
B = The set of letters in the English alphabet. and
C = The set of animals living on the earth.
Which of these is finite or infinite set ?
A. Finite set ➝ B, Infinite set ➝ A, C
B. Finite set ➝ B, C, Infinite set ➝ A
C. Finite set ➝ A, C, Infinite set ➝ B
D. None of the above
 Types of Sets
5. Equivalent sets
Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their number of
elements are same i.e. n(A) = n(B)

e.g. A = {1, 3, 5, 7} , B = {a, b, c, d} n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 4

⇒ A and B are equivalent sets
 Types of Sets
6. Equal sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A is
member of B, and every element of B is a member of A.

Example
A = {1, 3, 5, 7} , B = {7, 5, 1, 3}
n(A) = 4 and n (B) = 4 and all the elements of A & B are
exactly same.
⇒ A and B are equal sets
 Types of Sets #DADAJI
7. Universal Set:
A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the
discussion is called a universal set and is denoted by U.
Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {2, 4, 5, 6},
C = {1, 3, 5, 7} then
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken as the universal set.
 Subset & Superset
Let A and B be two sets. If every element of A is an element B then
A is called a subset of B and B is called superset of A. We write it as
A ⊆ B.
e.g: A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} ⇒ A⊂B
If A is not a subset of B then we write A ⊈ B
 Subset & Superset

SUPERSET = PAPAJI SUBSET = BACCHA JI

 Subset & Superset

Subset is Kuch nahi, kuch-kuch, sab-kuch

Write subsets of A = {1, 2}.
Write subsets of A = {1, 2, 3}.
Difference between ⊂ & ∈
 Proper Subset
If A is a subset of B but A ≠ B then A is a proper subset of B and we
write A ⊂ B. Set A is not proper subset of A so this is improper
subset of A.

Example:
Write the proper subsets of A = { 1, 2, 3 }
SUBSET IS KUCH NAHI, KUCH-KUCH, SAB-KUCH
Example:
Write the proper and improper subsets of A = {1, 2}
 Important Results
1 Every set is a subset of itself

2 Empty set, ф, is a subset of every set

3 A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A ⇔ A = B

4 ф is proper subset of every set except itself.

 Difference between ⊂ & ⊆

If A is a subset of B but A ≠ B then A is a proper subset of B and we

write A ⊂ B. Set A is not proper subset of A so this is improper
subset of A.

Example:
Write the proper subsets of A = { 1, 2, 3 }
Let A = {1, 2, {3, 4}, 5}. Which of the following statements are correct.

A. {3, 4} ⊂ A B. {3, 4} ∈ A C. { {3, 4} } ⊂ A D. {1, 2, 3} ⊂ A

 Important Results
5 The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2n
 Important Results
6 Number of proper subsets of a set having n elements is 2n - 1
Number of improper subsets of a set having n elements is 1
If A = {x : x = 4n + 1, 2 ≤ n ≤ 5}, then number of subsets of A is -

A. 16
B. 15
C. 4
D. None of these
Let A = {a, b , c, d} and B = {a, b, c}. Then the number of sets X
contained in A and not contained in B is

A. 8 B. 6 C. 16 D. 12
Two finite sets have m and n elements. The number of subsets of the
first set is 112 more than that of the second set. The values of m and n
are respectively,
A. 4, 7 B. 7, 4 C. 4 , 4 D. 7, 7
 Power Set

Let A be any set. The set of all subsets of A is called power set of A & is denoted by
P(A)

Example #BACHA -
Find power set of set A = {1, 2} PARTY
HOMEWORK QUESTION
 Venn Diagram
Relationships between sets can be represented by means of
Venn diagrams.
Example-

If, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 3},
B = {3, 4, 5},

U = Rectangular box
A, B and every other set = Circle in the box
 Venn Diagram
Example-

If, A={ },
B={ },
U={ }

Example-

If, A={ },
B={ },
U={ }
 Venn Diagram
Example-

If, A={ },
B={ },
U={ }

Example-

If, A={ },
B={ },
U={ }
 Operations on Sets & Venn Diagram
Union of two sets: A ∪ B = {x: x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
e.g. A = {1, 3}, B = {2, 3} then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3}
 Operations on Sets & Venn Diagram
Intersection of two sets: A ∩ B = {x: x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} then A ∩ B = {2, 3}
 Operations on Sets & Venn Diagram
Complement of a Set: A’ = {x: x ∉ A but x ∈ U}
e.g. U = {1, 2, …, 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then
A’ = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

Also, represented as AC
 Operations on Sets & Venn Diagram
Difference of two sets: A - B = {x: x ∈ A and x ∉ B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4}; A - B = {1}
 Operations on Sets & Venn Diagram
Difference of two sets:
A - B = A ∩ B’
B - A = B ∩ A’
 Operations on Sets & Venn Diagram
Symmetric difference of two sets:
It is denoted by A Δ B and A Δ B = (A - B) U (B - A)
 Operations on Sets & Venn Diagram
Symmetric difference of two sets:
A Δ B = (A U B) - (A ∩ B)
 Operations on Sets & Venn Diagram
Disjoint Sets:
If A ∩ B = ø, then A and B are disjoint.
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {5, 6} then A ∩ B = ø
Let A = {x : x is a prime factor of 300}
B = {x : x is the sum of any two prime factors of 52},
C = {x : x is even prime number}, then
A. 5 ∉ A ∩ B B. 2 ∈ A ∩ B
C. 2 ∈ A ∩ B∩ C D. 3 ∈ A U B
If U = {x: x5 - 6x4 + 11x³ - 6x² = 0},
A = {x: x² - 4x + 3 = 0} and B = {x: x² - 2x = 0}
What is (A ∩ B)’ equal to ?

A. {1, 3} B. {1, 2, 3}
C. {0, 1, 3} D. {0, 1, 2, 3}
If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13} and B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18},
find: (A-B) and (A Δ B)
Let P(x) denote the power set of a set X. For any two sets A and B,
if P(A) = P(B) then

A. A U B = A Δ B B. A = B
C. A ∩ B = Ø D. A Δ B = Ø
Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The number of different ordered pairs (Y, Z) that can
be formed such that
Y ⊆ X, Z ⊆ X and Y ∩ Z is empty is

A. 5² B. 35 C. 25
D. 5³
 Laws of Algebra of Sets (Properties of Sets)
Commutative Law:
A ∪ B = B ∩ A;
A ∩ B = B ∪ A;
 Laws of Algebra of Sets (Properties of Sets)
Associative Law:
(A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C);
(A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C);
 Laws of Algebra of Sets (Properties of Sets)
Distributive Law:
(A ∪ B) ∩ C = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
 Laws of Algebra of Sets (Properties of Sets)

De Morgan’s Law:
(A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
(A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’
 Laws of Algebra of Sets (Properties of Sets)
Identity Law:
A∪Ø=A
A∪U=U
 Laws of Algebra of Sets (Properties of Sets)

Complement Law:
A ∪ A’ = U
A ∩ A’ = Ø
(A’)’ = A
 Laws of Algebra of Sets (Properties of Sets)

Idempotent Law:
A ∩ A=A
A ∪ A=A
 If X and Y are two sets and X’ denotes
the complement of X, then X ∩ (X ∪ Y)’ equals

A. X B. Y C. ø D. None of these

M-1 Algebraic approach M-2 Visual approach using Venn Diagram

Let A and B be 2 sets, then (A ∪ B)’ U (A’ ∩ B):
A. A’
B. B’
C. A
D. None
If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17}, B = {2, 4, …, 18} and N the set of natural
numbers is the universal set, then A’ ∪ ((A ∪ B) ∩ B’) is

A. ø B. N C. A D. B
Identify the incorrect statement:
A. For all sets A and B, (A-B) U (A ∩ B) = A
B. For all sets A, B and C, if A ⊂ B, then A ∩ C ⊂ B ∩ C
C. For all sets A, B and C, if A ⊂ B, then A U C ⊂ B U C
D. For all sets, A, B and C, A-(B-C) = (A-B)-C
Let A and B are two sets in a universal set U. Then which of these is/are
correct?

A. A - B = A’ - B’
B. A- (A - B) = A ∩ B
C. A - B = A’ ∩ B’
D. A U B = (A - B ) U (B - A) U (A ∩ B)
 Formula for Cardinal Number of Sets
If A, B, C are finite sets and U is the finite universal set, then,

1. n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)

 Formula for Cardinal Number of Sets
If A, B, C are finite sets and U is the finite universal set, then,

1. n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)

In a group of 65 people, 40 like cricket, 10 like both cricket and tennis.
The number of persons liking tennis only and not cricket is

A. 35
B. 25
C. 15
D. None of these
Let X be the universal set for sets A and B. If n(A) = 200, n(B) = 300 and
n(A ∩ B) = 100, n(A’ ∩ B’) = 300 then n(X) is equal to

A. 600
B. 700
C. 800
D. 900
 Cardinal Number of Sets

If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then

2. n(A - B) = n(A) - n(A ∩ B)

 Cardinal Number of Sets

If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then

2. n(A - B) = n(A) - n(A ∩ B)

 Some Other Important Rules

3. n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) A, B are disjoint non-void sets.

If A and B are two sets such that n(A - B) = 24, n(B - A) = 19 and
n(A ∩ B) = 11, then n(A U B) =

A. 43
B. 30
C. 54
D. 35
 Some Other Important Rules

4. n(A Δ B) = No. of elements which belong to exactly one of A or B

= n((A - B) U (B - A))
= n(A - B) + n(B - A) [since,(A - B) and (B - A) are
disjoint]
= n(A) - n(A ∩ B) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)
= n(A) + n(B) - 2n(A ∩ B)
 Some Other Important Rules

4. n(A Δ B) = No. of elements which belong to exactly one of A or B

= n(A) + n(B) - 2n(A ∩ B)
 Some Other Important Rules

5. n(A’ U B’) = n((A ∩ B)’) = n(U) - n(A ∩ B)

 Some Other Important Rules

6. n(A’ ∩ B’) = n((A U B)’) = n(U) - n(A U B)

In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 who can speak Hindi and 400
who can speak Bengali. How many can speak Hindi only ? How many can
speak Bengali ? How many can speak both Hindi and Bengali?
In a class of 30 students, 16 passed in Maths, 12 passed in physics
and
9 passed in both. Find the number of students who failed in both.
In a survey of 700 students in a college, 180 were listed as drinking
Limca, 275 as drinking Mirinda and 95 were listed as both drinking
Limca as well as Miranda. How many students were drinking neither
Limca nor Miranda?
A. 340
B. 350
C. 360
D. 330
 Cardinal Number of Sets

If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then

7. n(A U B U C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A ∩ B) - n(B ∩ C) - n(A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩
C)
 Cardinal Number of Sets

If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then

7. n(A U B U C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A ∩ B) - n(B ∩ C) - n(A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩
C)
In a city, three daily newspapers A, B and C are published. 42% of the
people in that city read A, 51% read B and 68% read C. 30% read A and
B; 28% read B and C; 36% read A and C; 8% do not read any of three
newspaper. The percentage of persons who read all the three
newspapers is
A. 25%
B. 18%
C. 20%
D. None of these
 Cardinal Number of Sets
If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then
8. Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C
= n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C) + n(A ∩ C) - 3n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
 Cardinal Number of Sets

If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then

9. Number of elements in at least two of the sets A, B, C

= n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C) + n(A ∩ C) - 2n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
 Cardinal Number of Sets

If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then

10. Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C

= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - 2n(A ∩ B) - 2n(B ∩ C) - 2n(A ∩ C) + 3n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
A class has 175 students. The following data shows the number of
students opting one or more subjects: Mathematics 100, Physics 70,
Chemistry 40, Mathematics and Physics 30, Mathematics and
Chemistry 28, Physics and Chemistry 23, Mathematics & Chemistry &
Physics 18.
How many students have opted Mathematics alone?
A. 35
B. 48
C. 60
D. 22
In a class of 140 students numbered from 1 to 140, all even numbered
students opted for Mathematics course, those whose number is
divisible by 3 opted Physics course and those whose number is
divisible by 5 opted Chemistry course. Then the number of students
who did not opt for any of the courses is:
A. 102
B. 42
C. 1
D. 38
In a survey of 25 students, it was found that 15 had taken mathematics, 12 had
taken Physics and 11 had taken Chemistry, 5 had taken mathematics and
chemistry, 9 had taken mathematics and physics, 4 had taken physics and
chemistry and 3 had taken all the three subjects. Find the number of students
that had

(i) only chemistry

(ii) only mathematics
(iii) only physics.
(iv) physics and chemistry but not mathematics
(v) mathematics and physics but not chemistry
(vi) only one of the subjects.
(vii) at least one of the three subjects.
(viii) none of these
From the Venn diagram, we have
n(M) = a + b + d + e
n(P) = b + c + e + f
n(C) = d + e + f + g
n(M ∩ P) = b + e, n(P ∩ C) = e + f, n(M ∩ C) = d + e (i) Required number of students = g = 5
n(M ∩ P ∩ C) = e (ii) Required number of students = a = 4
It is given that, n(M ∩ P ∩ C) = 3, e = 3 (iii) Required number of students = c = 2
n(M ∩ P) = 9 ⇒ b + e = 9 ⇒ b + 3 = 9 ⇒ b = 6 (iv) Required number of students = f = 1
n(P ∩ C) = 4 ⇒ e + f = 4 ⇒ 3 + f = 4 ⇒ f = 1 (v) Required number of students = b = 6
n(M ∩ C) = 5 ⇒ d + e = 5 ⇒ d + 3 = 5 ⇒ d = 2 (vi) Required number of students
n(M) = 15 ⇒ a + b + d + e = 15 = a + c + g = 4 + 2 + 5 = 11
⇒ a + 6 + 2 + 3 = 15 (vii) Required number of students
⇒a=4 = a + b + c + d + e + f + g = 23
n(P) = 12 ⇒ b + c + e + f = 12 (viii) Required number of students
⇒ 6 + c + 3 + 1 = 12 = 25 - (a + b + c + d + e + f + g)
⇒c=2 = 25 - 23 = 2
n(C) = 11 ⇒ d + e + f + g = 11
⇒ 2 + 3 + 1 + g = 11
⇒g=5