CH5

SET AND RELATIONS

 What is a set:

A set is a collection of distinct elements (if we can specify that)

For example:
A-The natural number is a set and writes N={1,2,3,….}
B-The real numbers between 1 and 0 are set and written {x: 1 < x < 0}
C-( A university student over twenty years old )is a set .
D-(reddish colors) This is not a set as color selection here is a matter of discretion.
E- “Tall students” This is not a set , since we did not specify the height that if a
person exceeds it, he is considered tall.
 symbols of set and elements

▪ We denote of set with capital letters ……, D, C, B, A

▪The elements in the set are denoted by lowercase letters....., d, c, b, a
▪ When something belongs to a certain number of it, we denote this affiliation with the
symbol ∈.
For example, a specific one belongs to a ∈ A we write a set.
▪ While we express non-belonging with the symbol ∉, for example, if it is from set A,
then we write a∉ A

Example: S = {1, 2, 3}

then 3 ∈ S and 4 ∉ S.
 Representation of sets:

1-Tabulation method:
Examples:
1- A={a, b, c, h, e }
2- N={1, 2, 3, 4,……. }

2 -Rule method:
Examples:
A ={ x: x∈ N, 3≤ x< 11 }={3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

B={ x: x∈ Z ,-5≤ x≤ 7 }={-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

 Subsets:

For two sets A and B we say that A is a subset of B if each element of A is also an element of B .
In formal notation A ⊂ B if for all x∈A we have x ∈ B .
Example
If A = {a, b, c} then A has eight different subsets:
∅ {a} {b} {c} {a, b, c}
{a, b} {a, c} {b, c}
Notice :that A ⊂ A and in fact each set is a subset of itself.
The empty set ∅ is a subset of every set .
B = {1,2} , A = {1,2,3,4}
B⊂A
A⊄B
 Equality of sets
Two sets are equal if and only if each is a subset of the other. In symbolic
notation:

(A = B) ⇔ (A ⊂ B) ∧ (B ⊂ A)

Example: If A={ a, b, c, d, e ,f } and B={ f, a, d ,b ,e ,c } Then

{ a, b, c, d, e ,f } = { f, a, d ,b ,e ,c }
 The empty Set
The empty set is a set containing no objects. It is written as a pair of curly braces
with nothing inside {} or by using the symbol ∅.

Example
•The set of odd numbers that is divisible by 2 is an empty set.
•The group of university students under the age of 12 is an empty set.
Theory
An empty group is a subset of any empty set
 The universal set
The universal set is the set of all possible elements.
For example:
❑If we want to talk about the faculties of a particular university, the university is
the universal set, while the faculties are considered a subset set. For example,
theoretical colleges are a set, practical colleges are a set, and colleges whose
students exceed a certain number are a third set.
❑Example of odd numbers, even numbers, prime numbers, and numbers that are
divisible by a certain number, so the universal set is the set of natural numbers
N= {1,2,3,4,…..}
➢ The universal set is usually denoted by the symbol S
Operations on sets:

1 Union of two groups

2 The intersection of two groups
3 The difference between two groups
4 Complementary group
5 Symmetric Difference between two groups
 The Union
The union of two sets A and B is the collection of all elements that are in either set.
It is written A ∪ B. Using curly brace notion.

A ∪ B={x: x ∈A or x ∈B}

Example: Unions of sets.

Suppose A={1,2,3} and B={3,4,5}

Find A∪ B.

The solution:
A ∪ B={1,2,3,4,5,}
 The Intersection
The intersection of two sets A and B is the collection of all elements that are in
both sets. It is written A ∩ B. Using curly brace notation

A ∩ B= {x: x ∈A and x ∈B}

Example(1) :
intersection of sets. Suppose A={1,3,5,7,9}
and B={2,4,6,8,9}
Find A ∩ B.
The solution:
A ∩ B= {1,3,5,7,9} ∩ {2,4,6,8,9}={9}
 Example (2):

A = {6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}, B = {9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24} The intersection of these 2 sets can be expressed as,
A ∩ B Let us identify the common elements of the given sets.

The solution:

12 is the only common element in A, B Therefore,

A ∩ B = {12}

Example (3) :

If the group A = {1.3.5.7.9} is the group of odd numbers

If the group B = {2.4.6.8.10} is the group of Even numbers

A∩B=φ
Example (4):

▪ Let S the set of natural numbers be between 1 and 20

▪Let A the set of numbers that are divisible by 2

▪ Let B the set of natural numbers be between 1, 20 and which is divisible by 3

find the solution A ∩ B :
The solution:

A ∩ B ={2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18}∩{3,6,9,12,15,18} = {6,12,18}
 The Difference:
The difference of two sets A and B is the collection of objects in
A that are not in B . The difference is written A – B In curly brace
notation.
A – B= {x: x ∈A and x ∉B}

A − B = {x : (x ∈ A) ∧ (x ∉ B )}

Note that A – B is not equal to B – A, i.e. A – B ≠ B – A

Example (1)
Suppose A={1,3,5,7,9} and B={2,4,6,8,9}
Find A− B and B− A.

Solution:

A− B= { 1,3,5,7}

B− A= { 2,4,6,8 }

Exampl (2)
If A = {2,5,6,7,10} and B = {2,5,8,9,10}, then find A – B and B – A.
Solution:
Given,
A = {2,5,6,7,10}
B = {2,5,8,9,10}
A – B = {6,7} since the elements 6, 7 are there in A but not in B.
Similarly, B – A = {8,9}, since the elements 8 and 9 belong to B and not to A.
Also, we can show that A – B ≠ B – A.
 Symmetric Difference:

The symmetric difference of two sets A and B is the set of elements that are in one and only
one of the sets. The symmetric difference is written A ∆ B. In curly brace notation:
A ∆ B={(A − B ) ∪ (B − A)}

Example:
Suppose A={1,3,5,7,9} and B={2,4,6,8,9}

Find A ∆ B and B ∆ A .
Solution:
A ∆ B={1,3,5,7, 2,4,6,8, }

B ∆ A ={1,3,5,7, 2,4,6,8, }
 The complement
The compliment of a set B is the collection of elements in the universal set that
are not in B. The compliment is written . In curly brace notation

B’= {x : (x ∈ S) ∧ (x ∉ B)} OR B’ = S -B
 Venn Diagrams:
A Venn diagram is a way of depicting the relationship
between sets. Each set is shown as a circle and circles
overlap if the sets intersect.

Example :
The following are Venn diagrams for the intersection and
union of two sets. The shaded parts of the diagrams are the
intersections and unions respectively.