JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND RESEARCH
CENTRE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Class – VI Semester /III Year
Subject –S&HWM
Chapter – 2(Introduction to SWM)
Presented by – Teekam Singh (Assistant Professor )
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Teekam Singh (Assistant Professor) , JECRC, JAIPUR
UNIT-II
Introduction to SWM:
Definition of waste and solid waste,
classification solid waste,
sources of solid waste,
composition,
factors affecting waste generation,
traditional methods of waste collection and disposal
1. Introduction:
Waste:
Depending on their physical state they are classified as:
Liquid wastes
Gaseous wastes
Solid wastes.
Solid waste: Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials
generated from combined residential, industrial and commercial activities
in a given area.
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Solid Waste Management:
• Solid waste management is the process of
collection, transportation and disposal of solid
waste in a systematic, economic and hygienic
manner.
• ‘Or’
• Solid-waste management is the process of the
collecting, treating, and disposing of solid
material that is discarded because it is of no
longer use. 4
Kinds of Wastes
Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial
wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes
Examples: plastics, containers, bottles,
cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste
water from ponds, manufacturing industries
and other sources
Classification of Wastes according to their Properties
Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, containers and others)
Classification of Wastes according to
their Effects on Human Health and the Environment
Hazardous wastes
waste that is reactive, toxic, corrosive, or
otherwise dangerous to living things and/or the
environment. Many industrial by-products are
hazardous.
Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically.
• Solid wastes are classified as:
Based on their sources of origin:
Residential wastes
Commercial wastes
Institutional waste
Municipal wastes
Industrial wastes
Agricultural wastes
Based on physical nature:
Garbage
Ashes
Combustible and non-combustible wastes
Demolition and construction wastes
Hazardous wastes
Type Description Sources
S. No.
1. Garbage Residual vegetable or animal Houses, Hotels, Dairies, Meat
(Biodegradable wastes resulting from the handling, stalls etc.
food wastes) preparation, cooking and eating of
foods. They are putrescible, and
decompose rapidly, especially in
warm weather.
2. Combustible and Combustible solid wastes, as Households, Offices, Hotels,
non-combustible paper, cardboard, plastics, textile, Markets etc.
solid waste rubber, leather, wood, furniture and
garden trimmings. Non-
combustible solid wastes as glass,
crockery, tin cans, ferrous and non
ferrous metals.
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3. Ashes Residues remaining after the Fire places and Kitchens of
burning of wood, coal, coke and houses, hotels, hostels etc.
other combustible wastes.
4. Demolition and Inert wastes such as dirt, stones, Demolition and Construction
construction concrete, bricks, pieces of of buildings
wastes plumbing and heating and
electrical parts
5. Industrial wastes They are specific for a specific Different types of Industries,
industry. Their characteristics Thermal power plants etc.
vary widely as inert, highly
biodegradable, toxic, reactive,
odorous, corrosive, hot, cold,
coloured, viscous, inflammable
and dusty
From where these comes???
Solid Waste in India
7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these
wastes
In addition to this industries discharge about 150
million tonnes of high volume low hazard waste
every year, which is mostly dumped on open low
lying land areas.
Source: Ministry of Environment & Forest
Growth of Solid Waste In India
In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from
8.2 million to 12.3 million
During the same period, municipal solid waste has
grown from 3200 tonnes to 5355 tonnes, an
increase of 67%
Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities
City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste
per annum, the ever increasing waste has put
pressure on hygienic condition of the city
Source: The Energy &Resources Institute, New Delhi
Estimated waste generation is 1,00,000 MT/day.
Per capita waste generation ranges between 0.20 to
0.60 kg.
Waste collection efficiency in bigger sized cities
ranges from 70 to 90% and in small sized towns it is
up to 50-60%.
Local authorities spend less 5% of their budget on
waste disposal and maximum cost is incurred on
street sweeping and collection and transportation of
waste.
S.No City Municipal solid Waste (TPD) Per capita waste (Kg/day)
1. Ahmadabad 1,683 0.585
2. Bangalore 2,000 0.484
3. Bhopal 546 0.514
4. Bombay 5,355 0.436
5. Calcutta 3,692 0.383
6. Coimbatore 350 0.429
7. Delhi 4,000 0.475
8. Hyderabad 1,566 0.382
9. Indore 350 0.321
10 Jaipur 580 0.398
11 Kanpur 1,200 0.640
12 Kochi 347 0.518
13 Lucknow 1,010 0.623
14 Ludhiana 400 0.384
15 Madras 3,124 0.657
16 Madurai 370 0.392
17 Nagpur 443 0.273
18 Patna 330 0.360
19 Pune 700 0.312
20 Surat 900 0.600
21 Vadodara 400 0.389
22 Varanasi 412 0.400
23 Visakhapatnam 300 0.400
MAJOR DEFICIENCIES
Littering of garbage due to unorganized primary
collection
Provision and operation of interim storage facilities
unsatisfactory
Irregular garbage lifting
Transportation system not synchronize with storage
facilities
Processing/ treatment of MSW not practiced
Final disposal through dumping and not SLF
Effects of waste if not managed wisely
Affects our health
Affects our socio-economic conditions
Affects our coastal and marine environment
Affects our climate
Composition of solid waste
The general composition of solid waste being
generated from the cities of India is 40% Food
& Garden waste, 5% glass & Ceramics, 3%
Metal, 15% inert, 4% Plastic/ Rubber, 6 %
Textile, 27 % Paper.
Total Organic Fraction - 40%, Combustible
Fraction - 37%, Recyclables - 8%, Inert - 15%
Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2005
Factors affecting solid waste management:
There are certain factors that affect the management of solid waste:
management. They are:
Per capita income and status
Climate and percentage moisture
Systematic growth of city
Status of the municipality
Resources available
Characteristics of solid waste
Three types of characteristics:
1. Physical
2. Chemical and
3. Biological
Solid waste collection and transport
Factors considered:
i) Types of Containers:
- Depend on:
- characteristics of SW collected
– E.g. Large storage containers (Domestic SW:
flats/apartment)
– Containers at curbs
– Large containers on a roller (Commercial/Industrial)
• Collection frequency
• Space available for the placement of containers
- Residential; refuse
bags (7 -10 litres)
- Rubbish bins - 20 -30 litres
- Large mechanical containers - more commonly
used to cut costs (reduce labor, time , &
collection costs)
- must be standardized to suit collection
equipment.
ii) Container Locations:
- side/rear of house
- alleys
- special enclosures (apartment)
- Basement (apts. in foreign countries)/ newer
complexes
iii) Public Health:
- relates to on-time collection to avoid the spread
of diseases by vectors, etc.
iv) Aesthetics:
- must be pleasing to the eye (containers must
be clean, shielded from public’s view).
v) Collection of SW
- 60-80 percent of total SWM costs.
- Malaysia (other developing nations) - labor and
capital intensive.
- Major problems:
– Poor building layouts - e.g. squatters
– Road congestion - time cost, leachate, transport
costs.
– Physical infrastructure
– Old containers used (leaky/ damaged)
– Absence of systematic methods (especially at
apartments, markets with large wst. volume).
Collections were made by:
1.Municipal/ District Council
2. Private firm under contract to municipal
3. Private firm contract with private
residents
Types of collection
Municipal Collection Services:
a. Residential:
1. Curb (Kerb-side)
2. Alley
3. Set out and set back
4. Backyard collection
Curb (Kerb-side)
House owner is responsible for placing solid waste
containers at the curb on scheduled day.
The work man come, collect and empty the
container and put back at the curb.
House owner is required to take back the empty
containers from the curb to his house.
Quickest/ economical
Crew: 1 driver + 1 or 2 collectors
No need to enter property
Set-out, set back
Collectors have to enter property
Set out crew carries full containers from
resident storage location to curb/ alley before
collection vehicle arrives.
Collection crew load their refuse into vehicle
Set-back crew return the container to storage
area.
Alley service
The containers are placed at the alley line from
where they are picked up by workmen from
refuse vehicles who deposit back the empty
container.
Backyard service
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel
– barrow or sack or cloth to the yard and empty
the solid waste container in it.
The bin is taken to solid waste vehicles where it
is emptied.
Commercial-Industrial
Collection Services:
i. Large movable and stationary containers
ii. Large stationary compactors (to form bales)
Collection Frequency:
residential areas : everyday/ once in 2 days
communal/ commercial : daily
food waste - max. period should not exceed :
• the normal time for the accumulation of
waste to fill a container
• the time for fresh garbage to putrefy and
emit fouls odor
• the length of fly-breeding cycle ( < 7 days).
Treatment and disposal of solid waste
Several methods are used for treatment and
disposal. These are:
1. Composting
2. Incineration
3. Landfilling
4. Pyrolysis
5. Recycling
Composting
It is a process in which organic matter of solid waste is
decomposed and converted to humus and mineral
compounds.
Compost is the end product of composting, which
used as fertilizer.
Three methods of composting:
(a) composting by trenching
(b) open windrow composting
(c) mechanical composting
Composting by
trenching
Trenches 3 - 12 m long, 2 – 3 m wide and 1- 2 m deep
with spacing 2 m.
Dry wastes are filled up in 15 cm. On top of each layer
5 cm thick sandwiching layer of animal dung is sprayed
in semi liquid form.
Biological action starts in 2- 3 days and decomposition
starts.
Solid waste stabilize in 4- 6 months and changed into
brown colored odorless powdery form known as
humus.
Open windrow
composting
Large materials like broken glass, stone, plastic articles
are removed.
Remaining solid wastes is dumped on ground in form
of piles of 0.6 – 1 m height.
The width and length of piles are kept 1- 2 m and 6 m
respectively.
Moisture content maintained at 60%.
Temp. increases in side pile.
After pile for turned for cooling and aeration to avoid
anaerobic decomposition.
The complete process may take 4- 6 week.
Mechanical composting
It requires small area compare to trenching and
open windrow composting.
The stabilization of waste takes 3- 6 days.
The operation involved are
reception of refuse
segregation
shredding
stabilization
marketing the humus
Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that
involves the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials.
Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are described as "thermal
treatment".
Incineration of waste materials converts the
waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
Incinerators are used for this process.
Important points regarding incineration
Supplying of solid waste should be continuous.
Waste should be proper mixed with fuel for
complete combustion.
Temp. should not less than 670 ˚C.
Advantages
Most hygienic method.
Complete destruction of pathogens.
No odor trouble.
Heat generated may be used for steam power.
Clinkers produced may be used for road
construction.
Less space required.
Adverse weather condition has no effect.
Disadvantages
Large initial expense.
Care and attention required otherwise
incomplete combustion will increase air
pollution.
Residues required to be disposed which require
money.
Large no of vehicles required for
transportation.
Landfilling
A landfill site is a site for the disposal
of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form
of waste treatment.
Historically, landfills have been the most common
methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in
many places around the world.
The dumping is done with layers of 1- 2 m.
The layer is covered with soil of 20 cm thickness.
Advantages
Simple method.
No costly plant required.
No residues or by products need to be
disposed.
Separation not required.
Unused land can be used.
Methane gas can be used ass fuel.
Disadvantages
Large land required.
Proper dumping site may not be available.
Odor problem.
Use of insecticides required.
Leachate should be collected regularly.
Methane gas should be collected properly.
Green house gas problem.
Pyrolysis
Heating of the solid waste at very high temp. in
absence of air.
Carried out at temp. between 500 ˚C – 1000
˚C.
Gas, liquid and chars are the by products.
Recycling
Recycling is processing used materials into new
products .
It reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials,
reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution
(from incineration) and water pollution
(from landfilling).
Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.
Recyclable materials include many kinds
of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles,
and electronics.
Although similar in effect, the composting or
other reuse of biodegradable waste – such
as food or garden waste – is not typically
considered recycling.
Materials to be recycled are either brought to a
collection centre or picked up from the
curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed
into new materials.
